IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


■tt  Itt    1122 
12.0 


■40 


lli& 


■ 

Iiiisii4u& 

< 

6"     

► 

Sdmoes 
Carporation 


^ 


r  4. 


^. 


'V 


<«^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMIT 

«VnSTm,N.Y.  14SM 

(71«)t72-4S03 


;\ 


^ 


<> 


m 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHJVI/ICJVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inatituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Technical  and  BibllograpMc  Notaa/Notaa  tachnlquaa  at  Mbliographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attamptod  to  obtain  tha  baat 
oriflinai  copy  availabia  for  fttming.  Faaturaa  of  tttia 
copy  wfiich  may  ba  biMiographicaHy  uniqua. 
wMch  may  altar  any  of  tlM  intagaa  in  tba 
raproduction.  or  which  may  aignifieantiy  ehanga 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


□   Cdourod  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 

□  Covara  damagad/ 
Couvartura  andommag^a 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 

n 
a 

n 


D 


Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  roataurAa  at/ou  pallicul4a 

Covar  titta  miaaing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua  ■ 

Colourad  mapa/ 

Cartaa  gAographiquaa  it  coulaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  ottiar  tfian  Mua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  Maua  ou  noira) 

Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 
Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 

Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
RalM  avae  d'autraa  documanta 

Tight  binding  may  cauaa  ahadewa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

Laraiiura  aarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
diatorakw  la  long  da  la  marga  intiriaura 

Blank  laavaa  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibia.  thaaa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  80  paut  qua  cartainaa  pagaa  Wanchaa  aiout4«a 
tora  d'una  raatauration  apparaiaaant  dana  la  taxta. 
mala,  loraqua  cala  4tait  poaaibia.  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  *tA  film4aa. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairaa  tupplAmantairaa: 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lul  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Laa  ditails 
da  cat  mamplaira  qui  sont  paut**tra  uniquaa  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modifiar 
una  imaga  raproduita.  ou  qui  pauvant  axigar  una 
modifleation  dana  la  mithoda  normala  da  filmaga 
aont  indiquAa  ci*daaaoua. 


pn  Colourad  pagaa/ 


D 


Pagaa  da  coulaur 

damagad/ 
andommagiaa 

raatorad  and/oi 
Pagaa  raatauriaa  at/ou  pallicuMaa 

Pagaa  diacolourad.  ttainad  or  foxM 
Pagaa  dAcoioriaa.  tachatiaa  ou  piquAaa 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagaa  dAtachiaa 


□   Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommai 

r~l   Pagaa  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
r~~|   Pagaa  diacolourad.  ttainad  or  foxad/ 
rn   Pagaa  datachad/ 


rri   Showthrough/ 


Tranaparanca 

Quality  of  prin 

Qualit*  inAgaia  da  I'lmpraaaion 

includoa  aupplamantary  matarii 
Comprand  du  material  auppMmantaira 

Only  adition  availabia/ 
Saula  Mition  diaponibia 


rn   Quality  of  print  variaa/ 

rn   includaa  aupplamantary  material/ 

rn   Only  edition  availabia/ 


Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slipa.  tisauaa.  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  beat  poaaibia  image/ 
Lea  pages  totalement  ou  partieiiement 
obacurcias  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  una  pelure, 
etc..  ont  *ti  filmies  A  nouveeu  de  faqon  i 
obtanir  la  meilleure  imaga  poasibia. 


Thia  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  da  riduction  indiqu*  ei'deeaoua. 

10X  14X  ItX  22X 


2SX 


30X 


J 


12X 


ItX 


2DX 


2«X 


nx 


32X 


TlW  copy  fHflMCl  IMfS  IMS  bCMI 

to  th«  flcnaraaity  of : 

Saminwry  of  QufbM 
Lftrary 


roproduood  thonko 


L'OKomplalro  fUmA  fut  roproduit  ^loo  A  la 
g4n4roait«  tf  o: 


BibHotMoiM 


Tno  inMQOo  appoonnf  hofo  ofo  tho 
nnaalhla  nnnaidorinn  IIm  oondMon 
of  tlio  orlflinal  oopy  and  in 
fllnNnfi  oontfoot 


boot  quality 


pluo 
dolo 


imofoo  aiiivantoa  ont  4tA  roproduitoo  ovoo  io 
irand  aoin,  oompto  tonu  do  io  eondltlon  ot 
notiotd  do  i'ONomploifO  fRmA,  ot  on 
iti  ovoo  ioo  oondMono  du  eontrot  do 


Ofifjinol  oopioo  in  pfintod 
dobhhuiiQ  wnn  nw  iiinh  ^wvr 
tho  loot  pogo  with  a  printsd  or 
•Ion,  or  tho  book  covor  whon 
othor  Oflglnol  oopioo  oro  fNmod 
first  pofpo  with  o  printod  or 
•Ion,  ond  ondlnfl  on  tho  loot  pogo 
or  illuotrotod  improosion. 


iHuotraiod  iniproo* 


originoux  dont  Io  eouvorturo  on 
poplor  oot  Imprimdo  •ont  fiimdo  on  eommon^ont 
por  io  promior  plot  ot  on  tormlnont  •oit  por  Io 
domliro  pogo  qid  oowporto  uno  omprolnto 
dimpraarion  ou  dIMuotratlon.  aolt  por  Io  •oeond 
plot,  •olon  Io  oaa.  Tmia  laa  autroo  mamplalraa 
orlglnoiM  aont  fHmda  an  eommon^^ont  por  Io 
proiniiro  pogo  qid  eomporto  uno  omprolnto 
dimproaaion  on  dlNuotration  ot  on  tormlnont  por 
io  dornlAro  pogo  qui  oomporto  uno  toHo 


Tho  loot  rooofdod  f^amo  on  oooh  ndorofioho 
•hod  eontain  tha  aymbol  «-^  (mooning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tho  aymbol  ▼  (mooning  "WHO"). 


Un  doo  aymboloa  aulvanta  apparattra  aur  la 
damlira  hnaga  da  ohaciuo  mieroficho.  aoion  Io 
goo:  io  •ymbolo  — ^  aignlfio  "A  SUIVRE".  Io 
aymooia  ▼  atgnma    riiv  . 


Mapa,  plataa,  charta,  ata.,  may  ba  fitmad  at 
diffaiant  raduotion  ratioo.  TImoo  too  lorgo  to  bo 
ontiroly  inohidod  in  ono  oxpoouro  oro  IPmod 
boglnning  in  tho  uppor  loft  hond  oomor,  loft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  oo  mony 
roquiroda  Tno  following  diograma 


Laa  oartaa.  planchoa.  tobiaaun,  ate.,  pouvom  Atro 
fibndo  A  doo  taux  da  rAduetion  dIffAiontt. 
luwaqua  la  doeumont  oot  trop  grond  pour  Atro 
roproiduit  on  un  aaul  cMehA,  H  aat  fHmA  A  partir 
da  i'angia  aupArlaur  gauoha,  da  gaueiia  A  ^oita. 
at  da  haut  mt  baa,  an  pranant  la  nombro 
dtmogoo  nAcoaaaito.  Laa  diagrammaa  sulvanta 
Hluatrant  ia  mAthodo. 


1  2  a 


TUX  AXKBIOAM  FALLS  UY  UOOVUQWt. 


■■..«*t;r.> 


THE  GREAT  LAKES, 


N^ 


INLAM)  SEAS' OF  AMERICA; 


■wnAomc  ▲  wix  naoBinioK  or 


LAKES  SUPERIOB,  HURON;  MIGHI6AN,  ERIE,  AITD  ONTARIO; 

telYBBS  ST.  ICABY,  ST.  OLAIB,  DETBOIT,  KIAGARA,  AND  ST.  LAWRBNOB: 

LAKE   WINNIPEG,   ETC.: 


voomm  ?fm 


COMMERCE   OF  THE  LAKES, 


iun» 


TRIPS  THROUGH  THJ 


OIYINO    ▲    DEBOBIPTION    Ot    OIT, 

fOBlOHO  ALTOonnnB 


FOB    THB    PLBASUBB    TBAYELLBB'^ND    BlCH 


^*»^>#»#^»N^i*»^*^>»»^>^<^^^^^ 


COMPILED   BY  J./DISTTJBNELii.« 

▲mHOB  or  THB  **n<mTBM|«a^MnBta;**,|R«r         ^^ 

NEW   YORK: 

SY    OKilLRZ^SS  *  SC 

NO.     124     GBAND     STBEBTjv-^ 
1863. 

■    r 


I 


Entered  aooordinlf  to  Act  of  Oongress,  in  the  j9ta  1868,  bj 

JOHN   DISTURNELL, 

In  the  GIerk*B  Offloe  of  the  Distriet  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 
*  District  oC  New  York. 


m 


r 


i>- 


PREFACE^ 


In  presenting  to  tbe  Pabllo  the  present  Tdlnme,  entitled  **  Tes  Qumjlt 
Lakes,  or  *  Inlaitd  Sxas*  of  Amsbioa,*'  embraong  the  Magnitude  of  the 
Lakesr— Commerce  of  the  Lakes— Trip  through  the  Lakes— Jlonte  from 
Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Winnipeg — Tables  of  Distances,  etc.*  together 
with  a  Description  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  the 
Compiler  wishes  to  return  his  sincere  thanks  fbr  the  liberal  patronage 
and  the  many  kind  &vors  receiyed  from  those  who  have  doubly  assisted 
him,  by  contributing  reliiA>le  and  useful  information  in  regard  to  the 
many  interestbg  localities  in  which  the  Great  Valley  of  the  Lakes  and  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  abounds,  affording  altogether  many  new  and  interest- 
ing &cts  of  great  importance  to  the  Tourist,  who  may  wish  to  visjit  the 
Inland  Seas  of  America  for  health  or  pleasure ;  -the  tour  being  one  of 
the  most  healthy,  picturesque,  and  wonderful— when  viewed  as  a 
whole,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  to  Lake  Superior,  and  thence  to  the  Gtdf 
of  St.  Lawrence— on  the  &ce  of  the  globe. 

In  the  arrangement  and  compilation  of  this  work  every  attempt  has 

I  been  made  to  render  the  information  it  contains  concise  and  truthfUL 

The  Magnitude  and  also  the  Commerce  of  the  Lakes  are  themes  of  great  > 

interest,  they  now  being  whitened  .by  a  large  fleet  of  sail-vessels,  in  ad- 

[dition  to  the  swift  steamers  and  propellers  which  plough  the  waters  <ji 

lese  Great  Lakes,  transporting  annually  large  numbers  of  passengers, 

id  an  unmense  amount  of  agricultural  and  mineral  products,  to  and 

rem  the  different  ports. 


u 


PBWAOI. 


|P 


Lake  Snperiofy  the  mtimm  ThuU  of  many  travellen,  ten  now  pe 
easily  reached  by  lines  of  steamers  starting  firbm  Cleveland  and  Detroit, 
ninning  throogh  Lake  Hnron  and  the  St  Mary's  River ;  or  from  Chi- 
cago and  Milwankee,  passing  through  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Straits 
<^Maokinaa  All,  these  routes  are  fully  described,  in  connection  with 
the  ColUngwood  Route,  and  Route  to  Green  Bay;  affording  altogether- 
Imple  and  cheap  opportunides  to  visit  every  portion  of  the  Upper 
Lakes  and  their  ad[)acent  shores. 

The  most  noted  places  of  Resort  are  Mackinac,  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Muni- 
iring,  near  the  Pictured  Rocks,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Copper  Harbor, 
Ontonagon,  Bayfield,  and  Superior  City.  If  to  these  should  be  added 
a^p  to  the  North  Shore?  of  Canada,  visiting  Mchipicoten  Iskind,  Fort 
William,  and  other  interesting  localities — passing  Isle  Royale,  attached 
to  the  State  of  Michigan — ^the  intelligent  Tourist  would  see  new  wonders 
of  almost  indescribable  interest,  while  inhaling  the  pure  atmosphere  of 
this  whole  region  of  Lake  Country.  Among  the  Mineral  Regions  may 
be  found  objects  of  interest  sufficient  to  induce  the  tourist  to  spend 
some  weeks  or  months  in  exploration,  hunting,  and  fishing ;  and  i(  added 
to  this,  should  be  included  a  journey  to  the  Fpper  Mississippi  Valley, 
or  Lake  Winnipeg,  an  entire  season  could  be  profitably  employed. 

For  a  fhll  description  of  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  Lake  Champlain, 
Sagnenay  River,  etc.,  the  Traveller  is  referred  to  the  ^^Pictusbsqub 
TovBiST,'*  issued  a  few  years  since.  J.  D.  < 

New  Yobk,  «7ti/y,  1868. 


[■• 


^f" 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I 

nanlt«4«  Of  tiM  liSkM  or  ««1bImm1  ••M.^^Iik*  8iiMifor,1S 
Lake  MloUna— GrsMi  Baj— Liktt  HuroB— QMigiia  Ba^^Uk»  St  Olidiw 

Lik«BH0, t 14 

Lake  Ontario— Tribntariea  of  the  Lake%  Ao, 1ft 

Lake  and  River  Nayintioii. 16 

Altitudea— Topograpiy  and  Meteoiokigj, }1 

Upper  Lakea—tiie  white  Fiah, 18 

Fiahof  the  Upper  Lakea, 19 

Physioal   Character  of  the  MiaaiaB^  Baria— Fhjiioal  Gharaolar  of  the 

St  Lawrence, *. 10 

Dimenaiona  of  the  Ofeal  Lakea— Pragreaa  of  Detelopmant^ ;  fl 

Xunar  Tidal  Wave  in  the  Great  Lakea, 13 

BemarkaMe  Phenjomena    Riaing  and  griMng  of  the  Watera^ %i 

PARTH 

Commerce  off  the  lAket.— Eaity SBatorj, ...../. aft-J8 

Firat  Steamboat  on  Lake  Erie. i» 

Gommeroe  of  BuflUo^  186S— United  Statea  and  Oanadian  Tomuife^ $0 

Tonnage  of  the  Lake  Distrieta— Fkrar  and  Grain, .....31-32 

Imports  of  Breadatoflli  into  Gv^at  Britain  Ilaheriea,  Ac., 8jB 

Lumber  and  Staves — GomMr  ^'  Lake  Superior,. ^ 

Business  on  Lake  Superfor — tih'pmenta  of  Ooiqper, .*.'    8ft 

Iron  md  Iron  Ore— Shipmenta,  Ac, 86 

Salt— Saginaw  Salt  Springe— Onondaga  Salt  Springa, .B%^ 

Petroleum,  in  Canada  WMt,  andPransylvania^. 88 

Canal  Commerce— Erie  Canal, .40-41 

Trade  and  Commerce  of  Chicago^ .43-48 

Product  of  Breadstuflb  for  Bzportatioin, 44 

Pork  and  Beef  Padung— Beef  Cattle, 4ft 

PARTIDL 

Trip  Through  the  l4ihe«.— BuflUo^.... 46 

BnrrALo  TO  Drboit— North  Shore  Route, ........;...^...;...  47 

Port  Cdbome— Port  Doyer— Port  BurweH— Pert  Stanley,  Ao, 48 

Point  Pcilee— Detroit  River— Amherstburg— Sandwich— Windsor— Ac, 48 

Ronn  FBOic  Nuqaba  Falls  to  Hamii.tov  amo  Bitboit.— Si  Catharines— 

Bundas,  ftc, /t ............ .  80 


Piria—Woodstodt—IngeraoH— London— Chatham,  Ao. 


,•«...«.•..*.. 


81 


» 

Ti  CPOimMTS* 

Buffalo  to  Oodibiob,  a  W.— DmiTfll*— Brantflird,  kj^ M 

Ooderich— Table  of  DittMOM  tnm  BvfMo  to  ToMo, 68 

BoFFALO  TO  GUBYiLAin)^  ToUDt,  Ifo.— Duaiiilc,  BmmIo^  fta, 64 

■lie— OoniiMuk^Aahteba]*— Fftirport,  P»liiMTill«^  *&,.., 66 

COeTelMid— Perry  Monument, 69 

BfflAMBOAT  Boim  FBOM  OlMVELAXD  TO  DlfMR, 6t 

Bbok  BiTer--yeriiiilk>ii--Hiiroii--8eadiudc7-»Toledo^  kc^ 68 

BaUroadi  Divewing  firom  Toledo— Perrysburgh, 69 

Ifawee  O^y— Monroe— Tfeaten,  Aft—Borte  Aioand  Latee  Biie^ 80 

Ohio  Mid  Brie  Oetoeli  -Port  Wayne, 61 

Table  of  IMstanoee  firom  OleTeland  and  Detroit  to  Superior, 68 

Pbtboit— Railroada,  fto., 63 

Detroit  BiTor— lie  la  Perohe, * 64 

DmoiT  TO  MiiiWAUKn— Inoreaae  of  Lake  Oitlea, 66 

Grand  Bapida — Grand  Haven,  fto^ 66 

Tbip  fbom  Dstboit  to  Maokihao,  Ohioaqo,  fta— Trip  Aflvoaa  Lake  Michigan, . .  67 

Aahley,  Algontao— Newport— St  COair,  As., 68 

Southerland— Port  Huron— Fdrt  Gratiot— Samia,  ke^ 69 

Boun  JTBDM  Sabmia  to  OoDBBlOH,  fta— KinoBTdine— Saugeon, tO 

BODTI  FBOM  Pobt  Hubov  TO  Saodtaw  Crt— Beat  Saginaw,  ko, 71 

Laki  Hubov— Saginaw  Bay— Tawaa  Bay,  Aa, 12 

LowiB  Pbhinbula  of  Michigan — Alpena^Duncan,  Ac., . .  * .'. 73 

Old  Madrinao — Grand  Traverse  CKty—>Mani8tee— Grand  Haven,  fto, 74 

SraAMBOAT  BOUTB  FBOM  DBTBOIT  TO  GbBBN  BaY,  &0., 76 

Green  Bay— {"ort  Howard — Ooonto,  Ae^ 7*6 

ll'enomee  (3ity — Penaaukee— Peihtigo— Gena,  Ac., 77 

C^BUK  Bat  to  Fomd  Du  LAa— DePere — Eaukauna— Appleton— Neenah — 

Oahkoah,  ftc, 77-78 

Fond  Du  Lac — Meeting  of  the  Waters, 79 

PoBTB  OF  Lakb  Miohioak. — Michigan  City,  Ao., 79 

New  Bnflhlo— St  Joseph— Niles— South  Haven:— HoUand,  kc 80 

CteiOAOO.— Railroad  Routes,  Ac, 80-81 

Dis^noes  from  Chicago  to  Mackinac,  Ac.,. . 82 

Naval  VBSBBLa  on  thb  LAKxa— MiaaiMippi and  Michigaii  Canal,. . ^ 83 

BOUTB  FBOM  GHXOAOO  TO  MAOKINAO  AND  SaUT  SIB.  MaBOI, 84 

Waukesan — ^Kenosh»— Bacine — ^Milwaokee, t 86 

Granai^  of  Iowa,  Minnesota  and  Wiscmsin, 86 

.  Sheyboygan — Manitouwcc — ^Kewaunee— Ahneepee,  Ac., 87 

Manitou  IsUnds— Fox  Ldands— Beaver  Islanda— Strait  of  Mackinac,  Ac. 88 

HAOKiNAa— The. Town  and  Fortrep^. 89 

Lover*8  Leap — Altitudes  of  Various  Pointi, 90 

Arched  Rook— Sugar  Loaf,  Ac, ...« 91 

Idand of  Maokhiac, ...W-92 

Bound  Island— St  Martin's  Bay— Doint  de  Town— St  Joseph's  Island— 

,         time  Island,  Ac 93 

Nebish  Island— Sugar  Island— Lake  George— Church's  Landing,  Ac, 94 

i|r  Mabt'8  BivxB— Description  of 95 

Baut  Sts.  Mabib— F6rt  Brady, 96 

^t  Mail's  Ship  Oanalr— Deacription'of. . . . ... . . . .... . . . .. . . ...:....;  97 


OOMMA'fi*  fii 

DUTAVOM  fiOM  OoLinrowooD  TO  Ekxn  SM.  lCABi»-Opening  tnd  Oloeing  of 

Navigation,. ^ 98 

OolliBgVMd-^FiahoriM,  Aol, 99 

QeosauN  BAT«-GoLLnr«wooD  to  Saot  Sn.  Maba— PonttaiiguiflMDe,  Aa,. . . .  100 

Owon'a  SouBd^-JjOBol/  Iiiaad    8Mith*t  Baj— fiho-b^-WMuA-ikiiig,  Ac, 101 

MMi44ou-wah-iiiDg— utile  Current— Braoa  MiMea,  Aa, 102 

Tbip roox  CkMxmawoop to  Fon  Wiuuif,  a  W., .108-105 

Diitaooea  Afound  Lake  Si^ierior) 106 

GbaVD  PUtAAinUi  BXOITMIOII  AiooiiB  Laxb  BonBuoi^ 106 

Keweoaair  Pdiat— Light  Houaei,  *(v, 107 

White  Fish  Point— Point  au  8aUe, 108 

FieruBio  Books— The  Ohapel,  Ae., 109-113 

Lake  Superior  Region    Grand  Island— Muniafaig,  Ao, 114 

Bamabkabl*  PHiMoiiniA— Monumental  Roelc, llfr-116 

Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Waters  of  Lalce  Superior, 117 

llAHapMii    Iron  Mountain, 118 

Trout  Fishing— Bay  de  Noquet  and  Marquette  Railroad, Il9 

Granite  Island— Huron  Isle*— L'Anoe^^-Portage'BntrT^Hottghton, ISO 

Portage jpslf e '  Hanooekt— Keweenaw  Point, Ift^l 

Copper  &rlMMN-Agate  Harbor— lagle  Harbor— BmIo  River— pntonagon. . .  132 

POpulatkMi  of  Ontonagon  County— Lake  Superior— 0»pper  Mining  Companies,  1^ 

La  Points— Madeline  Island, fS4 

Bayfield— >Ashland — ^Twelve  Apostles*  Ldands, 13S 

Healthy  Influence  <^  Lake  Superior,. . 12< 

Superior  City— Table  of  Distance*— Fond  du  Lac^ ••  191. 

St  Louis  River— Portland— Clifkon — ^JBuchanan— Encampment— Beaver  Bay— > 

Pigeon  Bay  and  River,. \ 1|8 

NoBTBSBN  Shosb  or  Laxb  Supbbiob— Isle  Royale, IM 

Fisheries  of  Lake  Superior— Trout  Fishing, 190 

Vessels  Lost  in  the  Lake  Superior  Trads^ , .  Ill 

The  Lakes— Land  of  the  Free,  Ac, 132 

Tup  AxoKf^  tbv  Nobtb  Sbou  or  Lakb  Supbbiob, 183 

T?4iuamenon  Bay — ^Mainainse  Pdnt — Mmitreal  Island — Michiptooten  Harbor,  188 

Mkshipicoten  Island— Cariboo  Islokd— Otter  Bay— ^te  Island, ... 184 

Copper  Regions  of  Lake  Si^rioi^-Korth  Shore, 134 

Fort  William,  C.  W.— McKay's  MountuiiH-Kaministiquai  Bivei, 185 

Thunder  Bay— Pie  Island— BlsfOk  Bi^n— fieepigon  Bsj— Island  of  Si  Ignaee^  186 


PAimv. 


Borne  IVoHi  lAlte  S«»erior  to  lAke  WUkwOipwgm 

Dog  Lake— Savan  <«  Prane  PortaM,  Ac, IIT 

Sevan  River— Rainy  Lake  and  River^-Oiake  of  the  Woods,. 138 

Winnipeg  River— Lake  Winnipeg, 188 

Lakes  in  the  Valley  of  the  Saskatchewan— Red  River  of  the  North,. . .  .„  ^ .  140 

iteci  Aiver  oettiement, .....«..*•••.•...•.•.... .........^i.tt**ttit»tt*  14a 

Bistanoes  from  Fort  William  to  Fort  Alexander,  Fort  Cfany,  Ac„«tt  mi*  •«•  1^ 


vMi. 


ooimvT0* 


*       PARTV.  V 

|Uaii>Mi4  MidlMattaikoal  Bovtofkroai  BMflMo  to  llteg«ra 

ITtil'fi  TiTT^Mtir  Ac ,,7,,,,,  148 

W«torloo^%and  UMid^-NATj  bland— Ohippewa». ! .  .* .        ! ! .' '.  .*  .*  .*  *.  .* .' .'  ! !  148 

Vail*  of  KiaganH-DfunuaoBdifflto    Battto  cir  Lun4j*i  Lmm, 144 

OUfVm—<)ii6«iialo»— Brook's  Monumoat^ 145 

Fort  Gtorg*— Fort  Viagara—Niafara  Bivw, 146 

Ckraad  talaad— Tonawanda--8chloaier'a  landii^^The  Bapida    Qoat  Idand,  147 

OoatldiadBridm— Bathldand,  Aa,....  , 148 

Niagara— Horsa-Shoe  Fall,  fto., ^ 149-160 

Whirlpool  and  Rapids— YUlage  of  Niagara  FaU»— Niagara  Oi^, 161 

Suspension  Bridge  and  the  Oateraot  and  Bapids  of  Niagara, 163-164 

Bate  of  Ohargefl  at  Niagara  Falls— Lewiston—Toungstown, 166-166 

Boute  Around  Lake  Ontario, ...- 166 

Lake  Ontario^ r. • 15T 

Fort  Niagara— Mouth  of  Niagara  Rirer,. 168 

Steamboat  Boute  ttom  Lewiston  to  Oswego,  Kingston  and  Ogdensburgb,.. . .«  169 

Steamboat  Boute  from  Lewiston  to  Toronto^  Kingston,  Montreal,  fta,..  ^ 159 

▲Iphabetioal  List  of  the  Pilndpal  ^orts  on  the  areat  Lake*— Siliation, 

Temneratura,  Aa, , . . .  160-1 68 

Bapids  of  the  St  Lawrence— Thousand  Islands, 168 

•         PART  VL 

A4TMtiteBieiita.— Olereland,  Detroit  and  Lake  Superior— Steamers  Meteor 

andBlinds, 163 

Steamers  Northern  Light,  sad  Oity  of  Oleyeland, * .  164 

Steamer  Traveler — ^Pleasure  Ezoursions, 166 

Steamer  Iron  0it7— Detroit  and  Cleyeland  line  of  Steamboats, 166 

Ohioago  Line  ibr  Lake   Superioi^^Steamer   Planet— Steamboat  line   for 

Mttwaukee,  Ao., 167 

North«m  Transportation  Company  of  Ohio, 168 

Qfand  Trunk  line  of  Steamers,  and  Grand  Trunk  Railway, 169 

Bufhio  ttid  Lake  Huron  Railway  and  Screw  Steamers, 170 

Amerioan  Bxpresi  Line — ^Lake  Ontario  and  Birer  St.  I#twrenoe,. 171 

Boyal  Mail  line  from  Toronto  to  Kingsyn,  Offdensbtirgh  and  Montreal, 173 

Bay  Shove  Boute  from  Green  Bay  to  Ooonto,  Sturgeon  Bar,  Ac, 173 

Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Bailroad  and  Steamship  line, 173 

Milwaukee,  Prairie  du  Ghien,  and  St  Paul  Bailway  line, 174 

Gfeat  Northwestern  Boute  from  Ohioago  to  St.  Paul,  Green  Bay  and  Lake 

Superior,.. 176 

CNdena  and  Ohioago  Union  Bailroad, .., 176 

mfaiois  Oehtral  Bailroad  Boutes  fttm  Chicago  to  Cairo,  Aa,.. 177 

Neiw  York  Central  Bailroad— People's  line  of  Steamers,  New  York  to  Albany,  178 
Chraat  Western  Baflway  of  Canada, 179 

BoCHIb^  In  (Sdeago^  Mackinac^  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Detroit,  Aa, 180-187 


ButUttB  ADyWKnSMMMKTBt . 


.188-193 


r 


fist  fff  CmkiUistntiifs* 


1.    FioimBPiiai— magurft  lUIs  bj  Moonlight^ 

5.  Buff ALO  Habbob, : 40 

3.    FiBBTlCovuimT— 01«Ttlaacl,OhiOk...! %% 

4b    DiTBon  Habbob, 68 

6.  Obbbb  Bat— Wisooofin, 96 

6.    GmoAao  Habbob, 84 

f.    If ILWAUnB  Eabbob, 85 

&     ISLABD  Of  llAOXDrAO^ 88 

9.    Abohbd  Book— HmUiim^ 81 

10.  St.  Mabt*8  BiTBB— Outlet  of  Like  Saperior, 88 

11.  Sapt  Sim  .Mima    From  Amerioea  Side, 98 

13.    PiOTUBBD  Books— The  Ghepel, 113 

13.  MoKUMBHT  Book— Like  Superior, 116 

14.  FuLLiNO  A  Oavob  OP  THB  Bapids— KaminiftMiaolah  BiTer, 138 

16.    Bbook*b  Mohumbbt— Queeoftoii  Heighti, 145 

16.  HoBBB^OB  FALir-Niegan» 149 

17.  FoBT  NiAOABA— Mouth  of  Niflgar*  Bi^er, 168 

[18.    Obdab  Bafido    Si  Lawrence  Biver. 168 


)i 


.   *    .  TABLE  OF  BIST  AHCE8, "" 

From  Boston,  Mew  York,  PhlladelpHIa  and  Baltlniore*  to 
Bflaffttra  Falls,  BnlRilOy  ClovolanC  *g« 

MUea. 

1.    BOBTOV  to  Albany,  via  Western  Railroad  of  Massadiusettfl, 20a 

Albany  to  Nfaoara  Falls,  via  Kew  York  Central  Railroad^ 306 — 506 

KlAQABA  Falls  to  Dbtboit,  Mioh.,  via  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada,.  230—736 

a.   Kiw  ToBK  to  Albany,  vis  iETtMiMm  JT^twr /ZiaOrood, 145 

Albany  to  fiurf  alo,  via  New  Torl^Ceniral  Railroad, 298—443 

3k   Nbw  YoBK  to  Buffalo,  via  iHe  JSmZtooy,. 432 

Buffalo  to  Glbvbland,  Ohio,  via.  Lake  shore  Railroad, 183 — 616 

4.   Kbit  Tobk  to  Habbisbub^,  via  Ni  J.  Centrai  Railway, 182 

Habbisbubo  to  PmsBUBQH,  via  Penneylvtmta  Central  J^Hroad, 249—431 

Pitobuboh  to  CutVELAVtu,  VIA  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  Railway, ..... .150—681 

6.    PHiLAi>BLttHiA  to  FiTTSBUBOB,  Via  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad, 366 

PiTCBBUBOH  to  Clbvblakd,  via  Pittsburgh  and  deodand  Railroad, 160—606 

6.  PhiladBLphia  to  Elmiba,  via  Phihdelphia  and  Blmira  Railway, 2)6 

Elmiba  to  Buffalo,  viai^ie  Railway, 169—434 

7.  BALTtHOftB  to  HiBluSBUBO,  via  Northern  Central  Railway, 86 

Habbxbbubg  to  Slioba,  N.  Y.       "  *'  ** 171—356 

Elhiba  to  Buffalo,  via  Erie  Railway, 159—416 

8.  Baltdiobb  to  PiTTSBUROH,  Via  Penmsybfaniu  Central  RaHroad, 334 

FiTTBBUBaH  to  Glbvbland,  Ohio,  via  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland  Railroad,.  150—484 
Olbvelano  to  DBtBOfr,  Mich.,  via  Steamboat  Route, 120—604 

Boston  to  Nbw  YoBK,  Railroad  Route,., 236 

Kbw  Yobk  to  Philadblphla,  Railroad  Route, 90—326 

Pbiladblphia  to  Baltdiobb,       "  "    98-^424 

Baltdiobb  to  Washinqton,         **  **    40 — 464 


RAILBOAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  WTTO, 

Fbox  Nxw  Tobk  to  Nllgaba  Falls  ahd  Tobomto,  0.  W.,  lAAYOfO  Niw  ToiK 

▲T  SB  P.  M.  ST  SlSAX^B. 

Statioofli  eta  liilei.  Usual  Time. 

E.  ML 

NEW  YORK 0 

Albajkt,  (Steamer) U5  13  00 

Schenectady,  {BaOroad). 162  13  00 

Utica>                   " 240  16  00 

Rome,                   ** 254  16  30 

Syracuse,              " 293  18  00 

ROOHISTBB,  (iSL  to  Tbronto) 874  22  45 

Lockport,              {BaUroad) ........  480  26  00 

I^USPSNSIOM  BBIDGI^    " 448  26  00    . 

txwtstov,                   ** 452 

TORONTO,  (<S»Mmer) 494  80  00 


EAUKOAD  AHD  STEAMBOAT  EOUTE, 

Fbom  Niw  Tobk  to  Oswbqo,  Toronto,  ito^  LiAriNa  Niw  Yobk  as  1  k  10 

A.  IL,  ASD  6  p.  IL,  BT  HUD60N  RiVBB  RaILBOAD. 

Stations,  eta  Miles.  Usual  TiAa 

NBWYORK 0 

Poughkeepsie,  (/Z^it^raad) •    75  2  40 

Hudson,                 " 116  4  00 

Albakt,                 " 144  6  00 

Schenectady,           " 162  6  00 

Uticia»                      " 240  8  30 

Rome,                     ".. 264  9  00 

Syracuse^                " 293  10  30 

OSWBOO,                  « 328"  1300 

Lbwiston,  (iSieeomer  UO  m.) 468 

TORONTO,  {SkarMT  150i».) 478  27  00 

NoTB. — Passengers  by  continuing  on  by  Railroad  from  Syracuse,  via  Rochester  and 
ILockport,  will  arrive  at  Suspension  Bric^,  448  miles,  hi  sixteen  hours  after  leaving 
INew  York,  st^  at  Niagara  Falls  if  desired,  and  reach  Toronto  by  Railroad,  t;^ 
IHamilton,  0.  W^  81  miles  farther;  making  the  total  distance  from  New  York  to 
[Toronto  by  RaOroad,  via  Suspension  Bridge,  629  miles. 


BAILBOAD  AVB  BTSAMBOAT  BOUTS, 
From  Hew  Tork  to  Lake  Superior. 

8I0PPIHO  PLion.  TotalSiaief.     Usual  TIbm. 

Hours. 

Nbw  Yobx  to  Albany,  hj  Ba&road 145  6 

Albany  to  Butfalo,              ** < . .    298     443  10 

Albany  to  NiAaABA  Falls^     " 304  ^ 

Bvitalg  to  Glbvbland,  Ohio,  '* 183     626  ^ 

Olsvvlaiij)  TO  J)«mors^hj  Steamboat, 120     t46  8 

DiTBOIT  TO  POBT  HuBON,         " IB      819  6 

Pobt  Hubon  to  Saut  Stb.  ICabob  " 27*7  1,096  24 

SAurlnB.  Mabib  to  Mabqubttb  " 160  1,256  14 

Mabqubttb  to  Ontonagon,         " 226  1,482  20 

Ontonagon  to  Bayheld,            ** 18  1,660  t 

Bayfibld  to  Su^ebiob  City,       *' 80  1,640  1 

Total  Running  Time,  4  days  and  12  hours. 

Usual  Fabx  from  Kew  York  to  Buffalo. $  9  35 

»*         "             New  York  to  Cleveland,  0. 14  36 

"         «             New  York  to  Detroit,  Mich 16  36 

Bbtboit  to  Lakb  Supibiob  and  Return 25  00 


r""v 


MAGNITUDE  OF  THE  LAKES,  OR  "INLAND  SEAS." 


)THIN€I-  but  » 
[voyage  oye^  all  of 

the  great  bodies  of 
[water  forming  the 

"  IXLAXD     SXAS," 

lean  furnish  the 
tourist,  or  scientific 
explorer,  a  just 
idea  of  the  extent, 
depth,  and  clear- 
ness of  the  waters 
of  the  Great  Lakes  of  America)  tog^er 
with  the  healthy  influence,  fertility,  and 
romantic  beauty  of  the  numerous  islands, 
and  surrounding  shores,  forming  a  drcuit 
of  about  4,000  miles,  with  an  area  of 
90,000  square  miles,  or  about  twice  the 
extent  of  the  State  of  New  York—- ex- 
tending through  eight  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  sixteen  degrees  of  longitude— this 
region  embracing  the  entire  north  half  of 
the  temperate  zone,  where  the  purity  of 
the  atmosphere  vies  with  the  purity  of 
these  extensive  waters,  or  "  Inland  Seas," 
being  connected  by  navigable  rivers  or 
straits. 

The  States,  washed  by  the  Great  Lakes, 
are  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Mich- 
igan, Indiaui*^  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota, and  Canada  West — ^the  boundary 
line  betwoen  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Possessions  gunning  through  the 
centre  of  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  St. 
Clair,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  together  with 
1  the  connecting  rivers  or  straits,  and  down 
I  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  46th  paral- 
lel of  latitude.  From  thence  the  St. 
Lawrence  flows  in  a  northeast  direction 
through  Canada  into  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 


rence. The  romantie  beauty  of  the  rapids 
of  this  noble  stream,  and  its  majestic  flow 
through  a  healthy  and  rich  section  of 
counl^,  is  unsurpassed  for  grand  lake 
and  river  scenery. 

Ijake  Superior,  the  largest  of  the 
Inland  Seas,  lying  between  46"  30^  and 
49*  north  latitude,  and  between  84"^  SCK 
and  92*^  30'  west  longitude  from  Qreen- 
widi,  iff  situated  at  a  height  of  600  feet 
above  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence,  from 
which  it  is  distant  about  1,500  miles  by 
the  course  of  its  outiet  and  the  St  Law- 
rence river.  It  is  460  miles  long  ft^m 
east  to  west,  and  170  miles  broad  in  its 
widest  part,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
85  miles;  the  entire  drcuit  beuig  about 
1,200  miles.  .It  is  800  feet  in  greatest 
depth,  extending  200  feet  below  ue  level 
of  the  ocean.  Estimated  area,  31,600 
square  miles,  being  by  far  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  fece  of  the 
globe— celebrated  aiUke  for  its  sparkling 
purity,  romantic  scenery,  and  healthy  in- 
fluence of  its  surrounding  climate.  About 
one  hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
flow  into  the  lake,  the  greatest  part  being 
small  streams,  and  but  few  navigable  ex- 
cept for  canoes,  owing  to  numerous  falls 
and  rapids.  It  discharges  its  waters  east- 
ward, by  the  strait,  or  river  St.  Mary,  60 
miles  long,  into  Lake  Huron,  which  lies 
26  feet  l^low,  there  being  about  20  feet 
descent  at  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  which  is 
overcome  by  means  of  two  looks  and  a 
ship  canaL  Its  outiet,  is  a  most  lovely 
ana  romantic  stream,  embosoming  a  num^ 
ber  of  large  and  fertile  islands,  covered 
with  a  rich  foUage. 


14 


MAOHITimB  OF  THB  hAXMB, 


the  ••%  Is  830  milM  knig,  85  miles  breed, 
S«d  900  feet  deep:  area,  32,000  square 
Miles.  This  take  lies  whoUT  within  the 
ooafinee  of  the  Uilted  Skates.  It  pre- 
sents a  large  expanse  of  water,  with  but 
few  islands,  except  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  through  which  it 
discharges  its  suri^tts  waters.  The  strait 
is  80  or  40  miles  in  l^pgth,  and  discharges 
its  aooomulated  waters  into  Lake  Huron, 
<m  nearly  n  leyel  with  Lake  Michigan, 
▲t  the  nmrth  end  of  the  lake,  and  in  the 
Straits,  Me  several  laige  and  romantic 
islands,  affording  delightftil  resorts. 

Oretm  9*F«  *  ^^^  beautiM  ex- 
panse of  wat<^,  containing  several  small 
Islands,  lies  at  about  the;  same  elevation 
as  Lake  Michigan ;  it  is  100  miles  long, 
30  mUes  hnmS,  and  00  feet  ^eep;  area, 
3,000  sqnaie  miles.  This  is  a  remarkably 
j^ire  body  of  water,  presenting  lovely 
aborea,  surrounded  by  a  fruitful  and 
healthy  section  of  country. 

liiiKe  Hnron,  lying  at  a  height  of 
674  feet  above  ^b»  sea,  is  260  miles  long, 
100  mil^s  broad,  and  760  feet  greatest 
depth ;  area,  31,000  square  miles.  This 
lake  is  almost  entirely  free  of  islands, 
presenting  a  large  expanse  of  pure  water. 
Its  most  remarlukble  feature  isS^pinaw 
Bay,  lying  on  its  western  border.  The 
waters  of  this  lake  are  now  whitened  by 
the  sails  of  commerce,  it  being  the  fl^t 
fhofoui^are  to  and  from  Lakes  Micmgan 
and  Superior. 

GeovglaB  Baj,  lying  northeast  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  of  the  same  altitude, 
being  separated  by  islands  and  headlands, 
lies  whdly  within  the  confines  of  Canada. 
It  is  140  miles  l<mg,  66  miles  broad,  and 
600  /eet  in  depth;  area,  6,000  square 
miles.  In  the  Nortfi  Ckannd,  which  com- 
municates with  St.  Mary's  Biver,  and  in 
Georgian  Bay,  are  innumerable  islands 
ai^  islets,  forming  an  interesting  and  ro- 
aumtio  feature  to  diis  pure  bod^  of  water. 
All  tfa«  above  bodies  of  water,  into  which 


are  diadiarsed  a  great  nnmber  of  streamy 
ifaid  an  outtet  by  the  River  8L  Ckdr^  c^ae* 
mencinff  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huroil, 
where  it  has  only  a  width  of  1,000  feet, 
and  adepth  of  from  30  to  60  feet,  flewlftg 
with  a  rapid  current  downward,  38  mttoi^ 
into 

liBke  8t.  Clair,  which  is  36  miles 
long  and  about  as  many  broad,  With  a 
small  depth  ef  water}  «M  most  dUBcul^ 
navigation  being  eneonaiefed  in  pairing 
oyer  "£VL  (^Kat^i%«f^'*^wliei<eciihrebout 
13  feet  of  water  ieiibNM  ZMMiNiwr, 
37  miles  hi  length,  iiltke  itcipieBt  of  aU 
the  above  wateik  IMirtag  so«thw|k»d 
through  a  fine  seem  «f  eoMry  into 

I4ik6  Eric,  a»  >Mf«»  greallake 
of  this  immense  chakt  TUs  latter  lrite> 
agam,  at  an  devaticB  above  the  eea  of 
664  feet,  360  mUes  lonft  «!  ntflii  broad, 
and  304  feet  at  its  greatest  depth,  Iwt,  on 
an  average,  considerably  le^  than  IQO 
feet  deep,  discharges  its  simufe  waters  by 
the  Niagara  Biver  and  Falls,  into  Lake 
Ontario,  330  feet  bdow;  61  feet  of  tills 
descent  being  in  the  rapids  immediate^ 
aboTe  the  Falls,  160  feet  at  the  Fi^ 
themselves,  and  the  rest  chiefly  in  tiie 
rapids  between  the  FaQs  itnd  the  moul^ 
of  the  river,  36  miles  below  Lake  Bile. 
Tins  is  comparatively  a  shaHpw  body  6f 
water;  and  the  relieve  depths  Of  the 
great  series  of  lakes  may  be  iUustrited 
by  saying,  that  the  suridus  waters  poured 
from  the  vast  hasiiM  ot  Superior,  Michi- 
fBOkf  and  Huron,  flowacrossthe  j^tfof  Erie 
mto  the»dc«p  bowl  of  Ontario.  .  Lake  Brie 
is  reputed  to  be  tilie  only  one  of  the  series 
in  which  any  current  is  perceptible.  The 
fact,  if  it  is  one,  is  usually  ascribed  to 
its  shallowness;  but  the  vast  volume  of 
its  outlet — ^the  Niagara  BiVer-— with  its 
strong  current,  is  a  much  more  favorable 
cause  than  the  small  deptii  of  its  water, 
which  may  be  far  more  appropriately  ad- 
duced as  the  reason  why  the  navi|^OA 
is  obstructed  by  ice  much  more  than  either 
of  the  other  graai  lakea. 


tAMM  OimMO---THB«TASiM  im  !«■  LAUM. 


4S 


The  aMorteined  tempenitim  in  tha  iiiiA> 
die  of  Lake  Brie,  Avmutt^  184S»  WM  tom- 
peratore  of  air  7fl*  wrenhei^  aft  nooiif— 
water  at  surfaoe  YS"— at  bottDOU  93*". 

EAke  ajiUU*i«,  Hhn/ifth  ind  laat 
of  the  Great  Lakea  of  Atame^  i«  elev»« 
ted  234  fbet  above  tide-water  at  Three 
Rivers  on  the  8t.  lAwrespe;  it  ia  180 
mUes  loog,  60  milea  hroiMl,  000  feet  deafu 

Thus  taiAisiiaoaedB  B«Mi^  like  fhakxska 
of  a  great  oanal,  tha  whole  tourfh  of 
waters  from  Laka  CNiperiof  to  the  Golf  of 
Ift.  Lawreaoe  being  iMidered  narigahie 
for  Teasels  of  a  lane  olaaa  hf  meaa^  of 
the  WeHand  and  ot  Lawrenee  canals-* 
thus  enabling  a  loaM  veaael  to  ascend  or 
descend  000  feet  «bov»  the  level  of  the 
ocean,  or  tide-water.  Of  these  five  great 
hikes,  Lake  Superior  haa  by  fer  the  larg- 
est area^  and  Lake  Ojntario  haa  iSb»  l^ast, 
having  a  surfeioe  nj/lf  aboirt  (me^flflh  of 
that  of  Lake  Gktperior,  and  being  some- 
what less  in  area  tilfDi  Lake  Brie,  although 
not  much  less,  tf  al^^in  tStte  circuit  of  its 
shores.  Lake  Ontario  is  the  safest  body 
of  water*  for  |iavi|^tti(»i,  and  Lake  Arie 
the  most  dangeronib  ^e  lakes  c^  great- 
est hiterest  to  tha  tourist  or  scdentifio 
traveler  are  Ontario^  Huram  together  with 
Georgian  B|^  and  North  Channel,  and 
Lake  Superiw.  The  many  picturesque 
lahunds  and  headhpds,  together  ¥fith  the 
pure  daric  gteen  waters  of  the  Upper 
lahes^  f<nm  a  most  lovdy  contrast  during 
the  summer  and  autumn  months. 

The  altitude  of  the  land  which  forms 
the  «yater-shed  of  the  Vjpper  Laktt  does 


net  aseeed  from  000  to  S,60rfeatiAov« 

the  level  of  the  ooeao^  whOa  the  altitaia  I 
of  the  land  which  feims  the  water-shed 
of  lake  Ohaim^i^  and  tha  lower  tribn« 
taries  of  the  ^  Lawraaoe  WLmt  ri«M 
from  4^000  to  6,000  above  the  level  of  thf 
sea  or  tide-water,  in  the  Statea  of  Yw 
mont  and  New  Ydrk. 

Tha  divide  which  saparatss  tha  wafeft 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico^  from  those  flow  ' 
ing  northeaat  into  the  St  L%wra»C0i  .da» 
not  in  some  plaoea  exceed  ten  ot  tfm9r 
feet  above  Idle  tovel  of  Lakaa  If  Id^iili 
and  Superior;  in  feot^  it  is  said  that  Lakia 
Michigan,  when  under  the  inQuanoi  of 
high  water  and  a  strong  nMthefly  wii^ 
discharges  some  dT  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  BUneia  River,  a«d  thence  hito  tha 
Mississippi  i|nd  Gulf  of  Mexico— «o  low 
ia  Ha  diiide  at  Its  soothem  tanattua^ 

When  we  coaaidaff  tim  mafhitiida  of 
these  Great  Lakes,  tha  laigeat  bo^^^ 
fresh  wister  on  the  i^be,  baSif  ooMittiid 
by  navigable  Stridts,  or  caaali,  wa  aufp 
quote  With  emphana  tha  wofds  of  im 
Bni^  writer:  "How  Bttla  are  lliegr 
aware^  ih  Burope,  of  the  extent  of  «olBi>t 
ineroe  u|>on  these  *  Inland  Saas,'  whoap 
coasts  are  how  Uned  with  fiouriahhic 
towns  and  dties ;  whose  watera  are  plowv 
dd  with  magnificent  steamara,  and  hwid* 
r«ds  of  VessMS  crowded  with  mwchandlaiil 
iBven  the  Americans  thwnselves  are  l|0| 
fiitly  awwre  of  the  rising  iniwrtwtca  ^af 
thesegreat  lakes,  as  connected  wiUi  tha 
Far  west 


TBIBXTTABIES  OF  THE  GBEAT  I,A08  AHB  8T.  LAWUVGI 


BIVEB. 


Unlike  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, the  streams  felling  into  the  Great  Lakes 
lor  the  St  Lawrence  River  are  mostly 
I  rapid,  and  aavigpaila  only  fer  »  short  dia- 
Itaaoa  froos  thafar  maiithBk 


The  foil* 
that  are  xm 
length: 


are  the  principal  Rivera 
tof  any  copMidaBabia 


10 


XA«mTVfi«  0W  fBM  LAKM; 


11 


'  ^ 


LL 


BtLoolf  Bim  1C^..|...' ..,.  Superior  to  Ited  da  lie..; ..\|0 

f^orNo«Mh,Wk..l , 0«H«Bi^toLikeWiBiiebtgo».....  H 

BMofS^lfidi .V. ......  St  Jofl^toNlle8.......7..,..,.,  16 

g^»»^'»  " ■•• Orand^TOQ^toOnad  Bapidi. . . . . .  40 

Jtottegon,      •• ICudcegon to Newi^rgo. 40 

^meo,0]iio ..^MaumeoBa7toP«57gblM^..,.,..  la 

GraoM^  N.T....I ChMlotte to |UK!heit|^.. ,.:....!....    e 

TbufM.,*,, .., lAeStOtalrtoOliirtluUi $4 

"WjW».. I*OhiiiatoOBriUoii.... ».  40 

Bi<flieliea  or  Sord d(»el  to  Lake  GfamiOaln  Ay  JpSr)        90 

wr»wiay ,.. TaduMO to  Ohlooutlnar... ..........  M 


(theuoe  to  Lake  St  John,  00  m.) 


LABAnBXYSB 

nov  WKm  pu  ulo,  lamm  aupnuoBi 

LAn.  Srmi.«ia      <  ^^gl.** 

Superior. , . .  „ 460 

St  Maiy'i Bi?er 60 

Miehigsn.... I.....  820 

Green  Baj 100 

Straitof  Ifaokinae 40 

Huron.. S60 

KorfehOhannd. I6O 

Georgian  Baj 140 

StOlairBiTer 33 

Lake  St  Glair* 35 

Detroit  BiTor. %1 

Brie.......... 260 

Kiagara  BIfer. 35  - 

Onterio .-. 180 

St  Lawrence  Biver ^60 

Lake  St  Btauicis,  foot  Long  Saut . . 
Lake  St  Xoois,  foot  Oascade  Bapida 

At  Montreal. , 

Lake  St  Peiter. ............... .,  #* 

Tide^water  at  Three  Bivers f . 

At  Quebeo. 


VATCOATIOV, 

TO  TBI  auur  or  er. 

QicatMt      At. 

tWMdtli.   hnadih. 

170         80 


6 
86 
26 
20 
100 
20 
66 

1* 
26 
8 

no 

3 

68 
100 


2 
68 
18 
10 

no 

10 

40 
1 

18 
1 

40 
1 

40 
2 
4 
6 
3 

12 
1 
1 


10 


20 

20 

20 
10 
10 


800 

to  100 

900 

100 

to  200 

too 

to  200 
600 
to  60 
to  20 
to   60 


600  ft. 

696  «« 
696  " 
696-" 
694  " 
694*  =• 
694  ** 


668 


It 


m       664 


ir 


600        234  ** 


142 

68 

13 

6 

0 

0 


II 

M 

I 
II 

II 

II 

II 


Total  milea  navigation 2,836 

•  B^  iiiMuit«f  IT  toeka,  oyeroomlng  an  «IeV»ti<m  of  ITOifiMt 


*  T^  SL  OMrFli;a»^whkk  hare  to  t>e  pMMd  by  all  luge  ttMinen  and  aaU  ▼MMlanuuiiaff  Ikwi 

now  tttmeiB  twelTO  feet  of  water,  the  «^p  ajWhmmI  Mag  viimMiow 
it  aad  baojri  to  goide  the  mariaer. 


Like  M  to  the  Upper 

and  windlai^  whore  ataads  a 


,     ▲LTlTUDIS-r'AOlPOOBAPBT  AWD  IIXIS0B0I.0OT. 

ALvmmi  0F  WAMUnmam  oir  ihb 

91J?1SI0]L 

|«k«6a9«ter ^ OOOIbet 

l^oiiit  Iroqttoi&  BoaHi  CSion 860    ** 

ChNW  Oml  01  w.,  Nbrlli  Shon tOO    *' 

OnadSbl^       8onlh8hon........  B4ft    » 

»etan4IM{%          **          SOO    ^ 

Iran  MouotafaiiL          *< «60<* 

<)iilD^GQf^r  IftaM,  Portage  Laks 650    ** 

M<Hmfe  uoiiBitoii,  netr  KAWtentiir  Point 1,000    ** 

P^roosiiM  JtoiitM^  IBontti  Shan. 1,880    <* 

IdoBoTdiL  Ifioliigw..... 800    <* 

MinneaotekcmntiSit (estiniatod) 1,800    " 

lGoliiplooteiiIdML<?'F* ••  800    « 

PieUlaai,                   '* »60    « 

8tLmMe(e8ti]iMtod)  "    ^, 1,800    ** 

W&'MUoatMa,      *' 1,000    ** 

^^dsrOi^             «* V860    ** 


fr 


WUMM 


eOOftiii 

810  ^ 

l,8bO  * 

800  <*, 

1,460  •• 

1,180  « 

1.600  « 

1,886  " 

800  f 

1,800  « 

l,40a  " 

1,800  ** 

1,800  •* 

1,800  •• 

1,860  <* 


TOP  ooEAWR  Am  mrsonoiMT. 


"ThA  aiottBliiikf  of  tt«  fMion  along 
the  jouili  than  of  Lake  Sapenor,  oooilii 
of  two  granite  belta  in  the  northweit,  the 
Ainm  MmUaiiu  to  the  aouthwafcLft  trap 
range  atari^ag  ttom  Ihe  liend  of  Kewee- 
naw Polniiiid  fannfiig ireil  and aoiiti^ 
west  into  Wiaooni^  f&  Fmmriite  Moim- 
foini^  and  the  dettitel  rodpi.  mHorim 
Xoontafaia  itt  plaoea  attain  an  etetiiion  of 
L800  Ibet  aboye  tiie  Xeke.  The  hifldw8t 
eiemttien  aittained  1^  Hie  Ponmpine  Moon- 
taina  is  1,880  feet 

"Keteorolodoal  ohaarntions  wiie*in- 
■titated  bj  Older  of  the  Qovemment  at 
three  mflttary  poab  in  the  I>iatriott  tie.: 
Porto  WiUdna  (Oqpper  HarhorX  Bmty, 
andlfaddnaa  Wmo.  theee  obeerratkma 
it  wpp69n  that  the  mean  annnali  temper** 
tore  of  Port  Biafy  ia  ibont  one  degree 
lower  than  that  of  Port  WOkhu^  althongh 
the  latter  poet  is  neazlj  e  degree  ftirther 
north.  This  diflbrenoe  arises  from  the 
insular  position  of  Keweenaw  Poii^t, 
whioh  is  si^iinded  on  ttiree  sldea  bj 
The  oUnato  al  Port  Brady,  dor* 
S 


ing  the  fdiole  season,  ootienoodi  in  • 
rvmalkidiie  degree  wiUi  that  of  8t  PMsri- 
b0ig.  The  temperttme  of  the  region  if 
tary  (kvocme  to  flie  nowth  of  cntikC\ 
The  anniial  ratto  of  Air  d^ff  M  Pci(i 
^radyis  168;  of  doodj dsyi^  VV;  na^ 
dnyivTl;  inowy  day%  41 

^*  The  te^meratoie  of  the  ii«*er  oir  Xiilee 
Superior  dfeinng  the  smnmer,  *  htbtmm 
t#a  below  the  sinlhofiL  is  bnt  n  fi»rde- 
grees  above  the  freesmg  poUii  In  i^ 
western  portion,  the  wg^  is  nnMih  oolaiir 
than  in  tbe  eastern  thesiirflipe  flow  be- 
oomhig  wsrnier  as  it  advimoes  toward  tbe 
ootlet  The  mirage  Whi^liAednin^oe- 
Oiirs,  is  ooQSikmed  by  ^  mmam  be> 
tween  the  tempenitiue  of  tl^  air  itifltilie 
Xake.  Great  oKlieiiltleS  are  e^petf^noid 
ftona.  this  oanse  in  making  aiitronomall 
observations. 

"AnrcHras,  even  in*midsiimmer,  are  of 
frequent  ooonrrenoe,  and  exhibit  e  biiU 
liancy  rarely  observed  in  lower  latitudes." 
— JMbt  S  WkHmnffB  Bfrnt 


\ 


u 


llA«nTUDB  OV  VBS  LAKBli 


THB  mpm  zjank  <«  "ivLAn  sia,"  07  AxmieA. 


I^  MpMllilioB  •ppliM  to.LtkM  Hq- 
wm,  Mkmgaii.  wad  Superior,  iadudinf 
OtMB  Bi^.  hrinf  wUhia  the  oonflneii  of 
tke  Vailed  States,  ead  Georgtea  Bay, 
wkkh  liee  eatirelT  ia  Ouiada. 
.  Theie  bodies  of  water  embrace  aa  area 
hi  about  96,000  square  aiilea,  aad,  as  a 
wiMile,  are  deserriag  of  the  aaow  of  the 
*lKhM  Bma,*  being  doeelx  oonneeled  by 
atNiti  or  water-oourse%  nafigable  for  the 
largest  class  of  steaners  or  sail  vessels. 
The  shores,  atthoogh  aot  eleTated,  are 
bold,  and  free  from  manh  or  swampj 
leads,  piesenting  one  ciean  range  of  coast 
fbr  about  8,000  rnOes. 

Bf  a  late  decision  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.  States,  the  Upper  Lakes 
'  indnding  Lake  Erie,  with  thei|  connect 
ing  watersy  were  dedared  to  be  »ea»,  com* 
mercially  and  legally.  Conffreas,  under 
m  tills  dedsion,  is  empowered  to  improve 
t^  harbors  of  the  laKes  and  the  oonnect- 
{bg  straitSi  precisely  as  it  has  power  to 
do  the  sfme  on  the  seaboard.  This  will 
probabiy  lead  to  a  vigorous  poUcqr  in  the 
sMlatenance  of  Federal  authority,  both  in 
hiiprorhig  tiie  harbors,  aad  msiking  pro- 
Tision  fbr  the  safety  of  oooameroe^  and 
promotion  of  life,  as  well  as  guarding 
agaihst  fordgn  invitsion.  The  ooliy  focti- 
l^oiition  of  impottanoe  that  Is  garrisoned 
is  JFbrI  Maekmaci  guarding  the  passage 
tlffou^  the  Straits  of  Mackinae. 

The  idands  of  th^se  lakes  are  numer> 
ous,  pertiouhvly  in  the  Strslts  of  MackinAO^ 
and  in  Oeoigiiin  9ay.  retaining  the  saase 
bold  and  ^riifin  i^pearance  aa  the  main- 
iHBd:  asbst  of  them  are  fertile  aadsus- 
oejptiols  of  high  cuttivation,  although,  as 
yet,  but  fow  are  inhabited  to  ear  oonaid- 


The  dark  green  waters  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  when  agitated  by  a  storm,  or  the 
motion  of  a  passing  steemer,  presents  a 
Inilliancj  pecuUar  only  to  these  tradk- 
parent  waters  they  then  assume  the  ad- 
mixture of  white  foam,  with  a  lively  green 
tinge,  assumbg,  a  crystal-like  appearance. 
In  this  pure  water,  the  wAite  /M,  and 
other  spedes  of  the  flnny  tribe,  delighk 
to  gambol,  affording  the  sportsman  snd 
epicurean  untold  pleasure,  which  is  well 
described  in  the  foUowiag  poem: 

fER  WHITE  USE. 

Hkiibt  B.  Soboolobavt,  in  .his  po^. 
**tHa  Wmn  FUB,"  saya: 

**  All  Mends  to  good  llTing  by  tnroen  and  dlik, 
Coneur  Id  •xtfutlof  this  prlnee  of  •  flsh ; 
80  JSne  la  s  pUttor,  so  tempUnf  •  try. 
Bo  ridi  on  n  gridiron,  so  sweet  In  •  pie : 
That  even  before  It  uie  solmon  mnstfUl, 
And  that  mighty  Aomm^oimA^^  of  the  Isadw 
benver^s  tnll. 

•  e  0  • 
TTIs  »  morsel  aHke  fbr  tlto  fonnMMd  or  tMter, 
While,  white  as  •  tablet  <^  pore  atoliasler  t 
Its  beanty  or  flavor  no  person  can  donbt. 
When  seen  In  the  water  or  tasted  without;       •. 
And  all  the  dimnte  that  opinion  ere  makes 

Of  thia  king  of  kfce  flshes,  this  *4«er  ^Oe 

Begard  notlta  ehoieeness  to  ponder  or  sop. 
Bat  the  best  mode  of  dressing  and  servli«  It  «pk 
e  e  e  •      • 

Here  too,  ml|^t  a  fluurr  to  descant  Incbned, 
Coatempl^*  the  love  that  peitaina  to  the  kind, 
And  bring  np>the  red  man.  In  frndftil  stralna, 
To  prove  ttS'CNatfon  nom  feminine  bvaina^ 

•  A  traaslstlon  of  Ad-dtk'kttm-maig,}^  la* 
dian  naaae  for  Uils  flsh. 

t  FMs  "^  Indhw  Tales  and  Legends^* 


fim  OF  fm  trmn  Lumt. 


it 


*'TIm  Biiiiib«f%  variBtiti»  tm 

J[iiaUty  of  Un  ilali  ai*  mntij  of  boUim. 
t  is  belitted  fhak  BO  frMh  watan  kaowB 
oMi,  in  taj  rMpeoky  bear  oonpariton. 
Th^  wsk  witli  ■one  wtoepttom,  of  tha 
Mine  kind  in  all  the  lakea.  Thooe  fovnd 
in  Leku  Superior  and  ftlie  itraiti  of  St 
lla^  are  of  the  beet  ooalitj,  owiBf  lo  the 
ooder  tenperatnre  of  the  water.  Their 
qnantitiea  are  iiiipriaiaii^  aad  amratlj 
10  inexbaoatible,  aa  to  wanant  th«  belief 
that'we^  apopwletioB  of  ailUoBa  ta  in- 
habit tiie  lake  ahore^.thef  would  ftumiah 
aa  ample  aapp^  of  this  article  of  food 
without  eny  aeaalble  diminution.  There 
are  aeterel  Unds  found  hi  Lake  Superkir, 
and  aooM  of  the  most  delioioua  qualUy, 
that  are  not  found  in  the  lakes  below,  aa 
the  aiakowit  and  muokwaw,  whioh  grow 
to  the  weight  of  ei|^  or  teh  pounds. 
The  eelmon  and  aonw  others  are  found  in 
Ontario^  but  not  above  the  lUls  of  IHaff- 
ara. 

"The  foDowing  ia  a  verj  partial  Hat  of 
a  few  of  the  prominent  Varietiee:  the 
white  flfh,  Ifatwinart  aiid  aabnon-troat^ 
sturgeon,  mnecelui^  Slskowit^  pkjkereL 
pike,  perch,  herrings  white^  bwok^  and 
rock  baas,  cet,  pouti  Sel-pout^  buIMieed, 
roadvsttA>flsb,  deoe,  siieker,  oerp^  nuiBet, 
bai-flah,8Word-ilsh,  buU-flsh,  stooe-oarriek', 
8heepa*heed,  gar,  ke, 

"The  lamprey-eel  ia  found  in  all,  but 
tile  oouunon  «el  ia  found  in  ndtiiw  of  the 
lakes,  nor  in  any  of  their  trilNitafie%  exoept 
one.  Thewei^towhichseaa^Oftiiefle 
attahi  ia  not  esoeeded  1^  the  flib  of  a^y 
otiier  inland  fresh  waters,  exoept  the  llis^ 
sisrippi.    •  «  •  • 

"The  fish  seem  to  be  more  dimerous 
some  years  tiian  othera,  and  likewiae  of 
better  ouahty.  The  kinda  beat  for  niok- 
ling  and  export  are  the  white  fish,  llack- 
inao  and  salflKm  trou^  atnrgeon,  and 
pickereL  The  ilslwriea  ai  meh  theae 
are  oanght  are  at  Maririwac^  at  aeverel 


MiSB 


In  easli  «f  tim 
senthasst  psit  sf  Lska  Superior, 
Bay,  Ssfiuair  Bay,  and  Vsrt  Oratlst  Mar 
foot  of  Lake  HuioB.  TbesMriaf  trite 
the  brook  tiuut^  which  are  fouud  htgrn 
abundant  fai  the  nmida  atthaSaiiiate 
lIaria,andmastdloftiM 
taito  the  Upper  Lakes^ 
amusement  to  hundreds  of 
ersMU  during  the  sununer  and  fall  mouthy 
The  modee  of  takfaur  tfie  diftrent  kteda  df 
flsh are  in  sefaies,  dlp^nets,  and  tUlasi^ 
and  the  tiput  wittk  hooka. 

"  Thoae  engaged  in  eeSehfaig  flsk  hi  tba 
fltraita  of  Maokinaet   are  comnoaed  of . 
Amerieana,  Iriah,  Vrendi,  heir  breedpk 
and  Indiana.    Soiae  are  employed  bf  «» 
italiata,  others  haive  their  own  beats  M* 
nets.    Bschoneisfor&ishedwittijkboal^ 
and  from  iUty  to  one  hundred  iiet%  <i» 
<|Uiring  oonstently  two  or  three  men  fir 
eadi  boat,  to  rua  the  dillnenft  mam  it 
nets.     The  fish  ospght  are  prtMMIr 
irikite  fish,  witiiaome  trout    ThsdJaaii 
for  exportation  famreaaee  every  yui^  «il, 
elthongh  fanawnae  quantities  are  enml 
everr  aeason,  still  no  dimtauitfoa  i^lSS 
number  is  peroeived. 

"A  fleet  of  two  hundiod  firii^^taats  are 
ea^aged  in  and  about  the  Stiallii  ssi^ 
bTM^  hcfwever,  all  .the  Beaver  gtwrnk 
Badi  boat  win  aiyenme  on^  batfal  of  flii 
per  day  during  tiie  fiahiuf  seaaoii* 

"Te,  who  are  fond  of  sport  and  fbn, 
who  wiah  for  weelth  and  Strsngtiif  vsl 
who  hyve  angling;  ye,  who ba^S^otU 
God  haa  given  us  a  tbne  to  pa^^^bm 
to  daaoe,  to.,  Aa,  go  to  tiMee  iihinilo^ 
grouttde,  gafai  healtii  and  atrength,  awl 
puU  out  lliMskinao  trout  from  SO  to  dO  fta. 
bi  we^it  One  ho«lc  aid  Bin  Juul  hi 
three  to  four  hours,  pdled  out  enougn  to 
fill  three  to  four  barroli  of  fl<h,  wlimoC 
tddlag  the  sport  into  ^wiJwfMf  flittwii 

**Tnnr8,  W.  It  J.' 


MMMIIHIWI  W 


fKTOOAL  QBilUUDflE  Of  m  WSmmi^n  BASIV. 


—    jfc      --  -  «■■--*  «~—  »«       ■■>  .  ^«  *  %J       \  ,  .  « 
mm  'Wtm-vOm  ■■Ml  117  wK9  INUMJ  MOVoHMm^ 

teattf  •  4iiitng»arM  flf  IfUiiMO  tqMrt 
■Hn,  wkkb  It  »0M  tiun  oM-hrif  «rite 
«Btif»  MM  ef  Hm  trtlldl  StilM.  Ite 
l^pftr  IttMiMiypi  TaDagr  ii  ooaycwed  of 


tra  iMi  foifeiin 


SSe3!^:::::::-.::::::::::^ 

•  total  off 191^ 

Hi  BtvigaldA  riven  an  m  IbBvwi: 


,  to  OmooIs. 


MlMowi  to  BOMT  tho  Qm«I  lUlt ...  MM 

inMonrl,  abore  €hMt  IMto  to  ThroolVrioi    |M 

u 

r«iiow>itoB« , ....... ... 

>porMiMlMlpol,«>»t.1>MtI 

bidMiM«v,«oBMliItiiBlds 

kfnro  littk  IWio,  to  PoIimIim  fUhi 

ot«,loPk(tfenoii*i  Itapldt..... 

lt,toBtOrolxriaii in 

rtoLttMk nb 

toSltttkavilli.... 'its 

.|iBiiM«lh«la,toQmMvo(*laek'Wiit«iviIoolw)  U 
■ttlktoiiiiii.  to  IHf«sd«n  •*  8  **  100 
OrMBitlTcrtoBowllBgGretfi'*  6  **  180 
vtoBrootoj^  «         4   •        IIT 

::::::::::::::::.:  t 

•MdyCto^lMtfMl.. li 

l^iJMM^io  iioiolo  Mmlt, 
Oimbiriia4rto  BukMfUlo. 


•••••••••o* 


i 


tro 

8L087 
^Jffoti^-^BInkiibiiata  Ite^  oMindta  Iho  !>•• 
IfBtaotto^llMMO OU]^  io«»  Utw to  I»w» 


'^  #oait  Am  omMMtlMtths  Inlangid 

wfilirtioii  «r  «Im  upwir  MiigiMipd 

Vy  g  libaiit  9,<>90  nOM  In  ei^;  M 
wulug  ttM  MBUBtr  montibfi  •feci  iflucio/ilfk 
1M  mn.obiBiMlii  it  boOOBWf  pfWiMloii% 
mA  it  timM  ia  waflttoiibr  ■iiRMiid04.  * 

"The  IfiiM^Tallqrt  ▼Awed  m  ft 
wftole,  flMj  be  r^pwded  ti  one  grittt  pbia 
betioeon  two  ^Bvwgliig  ooMt  imngoi^eli- 
vKted  ftoM  400 10  m  feet  lAioTe  Ike  wiu 
fit.  AMlfUbelMtd  of  flteiun1g«tloiiarilM 
VMMMIiiOOftetidbofeaie  ooeMi} 
PIttelmrgli,  ait  llie  Jnnetlon  of  the  IConon- 
griiebi  m  AflegSMuij,  foraiing  the  Ohk^ 
090  feet;  laliEe  iiverlor  oi  the  north,  OOO 
feel;  but  liie  wster-ihed  on  tike  weeti  at 
Simth  I'iiB,  fiaea  lo  tmrfy  t»000  feet 

**It  li  tfsvefied  117^  no  jnoimlihinHigeik 
boft  the  anliMe  airdlla  IntohUla  and  ridM 
and  la  dWenrtfled  hy  fdreat  and  pnmL 
iMifbm  out  the  aterfte  portkMii  weat  of 
the  XlMonrt,  the  aofl  la  dmoat  jaUttbniify 
fertile,  eaailV  cultiyated^  and  ylcida  an 
ibondaat  morn,  the  obnate  Ja  healthy 
and  faiTlgonitlDg,  and  IHqgether  the  vegion 
la  the  Bwat  attti0ti:vt  fer  hnmigratkn  of 
any  portion  of  the  earth.** 

Bf  moini  of  n  5JI^  CUmdlf  oonneoting 
wHh  the  IlHnoiaiaTer,tiie  watera  of  the 
]fl8ai8ai|i|l  irffl  be  nnited  irHh  the  watera 
ef  lake  ]ikhlgHi--^i)8  fevmlnt  mi  un- 
interrupted navMian  fet  nnnediMaaeli 
of  a  latfge  daai  mm  the  mitt  of  Ifezioo 
to  the  Wt  of  fit^iaiwrenoe,  fefsdn^  ii 
hdand  navlgalioii  of  ibout  0,000  jafflea-^ 
nanxBg  innHign  toe  apo'ivopioai  .ana 
t^aipOriile  aonea,  whofi  naitnvi  Ja 
laiflah  of  her  gim. 


|ba  aomiaii  «r^a  WMriai^  on  the  |  and  rimti^  pteacnts  a  ^nfett  of  mibm^ 
eait intwiaak irtllitheei of  the  fit  Imp-  iottkiaindettloaof  "    "^   ^  *  ^   "  '^ 
^fMi  ili  aaaooialed  lalm  fSoBdetir. 


PHTUOAL  OBAEAOfm  %9  IMB  ft.  LAWBIVOI— DBVILOPMIVT* 


if  •etlfiMtod  at  886,900  Mnara  ■II1&  nd 
their  ihore  Unei  Ive  rMiff  8,000  bom  in 
extent 

"These  riTen  are  as  diTene  in ohiirao- 
terei  in  direction.  The  MMnimi  ia  the 
longer,  but  the  8t  LnwreMe  dhaUMiw 
the  greater  ydnme  of  water;  the  one 
abounda  in  dUBoolt  rapMi^  11m  etlMV  la 
itupendona  oataraota;  the  one  ia  aoljleot 
to  great  OoetnaClaiia,  tfM  oHier  pmervia 
an  almost  unvMyinfr  lord ;  Iha  waters  of 
the  one  are turmd,  ttioae  of  theotherpoa- 
sesa  aa  afanoaC  erTStal  pwity;  the  eae 
afforda  few  lalce^fce  ezpanaiofia,  liM  t/Him 
sweQa  into  fast  iiriand  asai.  Botk  hav* 
hedome  the  great  U|^waja  of 


lied  pgilaetB  ef  diataiil 


Pro|Mll«n 
Brlgt. 


gJ«»P« 


oifiadflabgraas^lf 
or  tba  ftOowi^  dasM:^ 

....  ft 

....  t5l 
....  U 
....  16 
....1,068 
..r.  If 
• 


i^Mt    4ia,oM    oia,«T^Ma 


The  following  are  the  distiuieeB  of  aorae 
of  tlie  flomsafrrflial  route%  ^*^%g  OUiOMa 

Mtka  ialftidi  Boial:  •    "•  '"'■ 


Ohloi«o  to  IfMklMM  (dlMet) 
■  KdimI  4a  £m  I — 


-BottCTii. 


noc»iMr  or  BiTBU^nmf  . 


The  drat  adoi^ ef  AifliilleKtiaatiOB, 
planted  hi  the  tenMoiT  of  tha  Uffsr  Mia- 
aissippi,  waa  in  ItOa-N^aal  aavaB^F^hna 
▼eari  ago— at  ]Cariett%  within  tiia  ppeaeol 
Uniita  of  Ohio.  Thia  wm  tlM  ei%f»  of 
that  apifit  of  oolonicatioa,  widflli,  withia 
13m  Ufetiiae  of  aiaaf  livi^  mea^  has  pea* 
pled  this  TCgiOB  witk  viae  uilliQBa  ef  lui- 
maa  beiiiga;  haa  anbdaed  aad  broaghit 
nnder  odtiTatlon,  aa  area  greater  thaa 
that  of  att  tike  mdtifated  laada  of  the  Brit- 
ish Bmpire;  haa  oonneoted  the  prinofpal 
oommerelal  points  with  a  aet-wavt  of  rail- 
ways  more  maa  elevMi  thoaaaad  nUlea  te 
extent;  and  baa  bafit  up  a  dooMatia  ki- 
diistiT,  the  vaiiie  of  wkoaesBBfoal  piodaot 
ia  ia  exoeaa  of  tbree  haadred  aad  filly 
niBioaBofdollara.    Oat  of  fhia  territory 


whiab  «e  iadiaaolablx  Itotcail  '*«yfi|ff 
a  ai»ilaritT  of  utimditiiff  ia  aoff  aad  < 
BMie.  aad  bsr  the  aaesnaaidsalliMilniaaar 
tlie  aoantry.    Th^  ha«a  alieadj  iaaiilva§ 
ttM-appellatioa  of  Ihe  "fooa-fiODVODiir 
Btatea    an  appeOattaa  wMl  H^tif  tm. 
daatJMd  to  lelaia  Ibr  all  tiBMi 

ThariYin  aad  tba  lalce%  wUnli  walMF 
ttda  legioB,  oiUff  tha  aaoak  nMBltfond  nalp, 

^^'■•^  ^^a  'aaa^^»a  aa^^a  ^w^m^HwaapWi^^^^wap^^  a^^.aj^p.-s^i^^an^^^.. 

barrieta  intMrpote  to  divide  tba  paofle  ift> 
to  hoatiOe  daaa,  or  d^eri  t^  great  ooe- 
ranta  of  trade  ia  their  low  to  toa  mf^^ 
of  thevofld.    Wmt^mAmsm^iB^i^ 

aaa '^^aE^Bpvn^a^  a^^a^^^ppp  v^pi^y^  ^au^^^;  ■■^■ss^^^WPwa w^ir  ^^■^^■i^pa 

™ith  ftbiiiwit  bfwwtftnas  flddi  oif  odaX 


MA9wvnmm  ot  nm  lasm. 


cC  IM  MlAd  OfML  MM  ttM  PVMMMI  BMllll^ 

MtfMiteaniMgiwIteiliil  taAwUk 

■urgy,  H  to  tepoMllU 
■  taifii 


to  Mi^i  Mttlli  to 
lk*H(Ortli-wMl   WhMi  an  ^ 

i>JlhfWtnliJ(ydtfiioptd,thii»wtii 
te  HI  wWbltioq  of  huHn  powor  and 
iMh  M  BO  oUmt  poQplo  onr  al> 


Ooaparhn  tho  wMo  loptrflfllal 


flf<iwwfltotMwHh<bopor*TBieii. 
thnlid,  H  Witt  bo  MM  thM  oal^  iUmniIM  ^ 
10  mrflMO  IkM  mm 

MMMdoMOB  01 

in'tho  MOM  lallo  In  tbo  Aitvo  M 


Swd 


OMl  of  Iho  mrflMO  boa 
f  aad.  if  nonaliakM  and  onltlvotioii 


tborlMkvoiBtbopoal,balbrotholopM  of 
OBollior  iliwa4t  toMo  wiD  %o  ooUootod  att* 
SMllijr,  on  Iha  boidoro  of  ttM  Onal  Lakoi^ 
■MM  than  100,000,000  bwhola  of  owooli 
Itat  oiMHalioB.  giviof  oaqdojttOBl  to  a 
flool  or  MPM  fUB  8,000  toim1%  and  ro- 
^oirinff  afomiM  of  bom  tbaa  twiM  Ibo 
oaMOw  of  asiiliiMt ' 


A  imriJt  TXDIL  WAV! 
IB  the  If  mrtli  Aaamwimmm  l4ilMi. 

AiikMHUOMMiit^  Stlntotf  AniMtUk  1660L 


JLttoduHtn  Ibt  dbo 


**Xueh  bM  booB  wrIttoB,  «l  Toriooa 
poiiodi»  OB  tho  Ihiotaatlona  iB  Ibo  oloTa- 
Vtm  of  Ibo  aoHbM  waton  of  tbe  graat 
tfoahiMlerlahMof  KortbABMriMb  Yd<. 
lAlo  aad  JBtowatinf  aiemoin  bavo  ap- 
l^barod  ftoB  tlBM  to  tiSM  iB  tto  AnarlMB 
SoSmd  of  SoioBM  OBdArta,  pabliabod 
BMilhljr  ak  Now  Homb,  OoBBookioBt^ 
wHUb  tibo  laal  fbfaiif  jean,  OB  Ibia  aobK 
Jod»  writMbytholatoBMMtBriiidlw- 
daaanlHoaijWbikiBg^oflbo  U.&Ar- 
lir,  wbiw  B  MotaiB,  nr  Mi^  Laebka, 
CamoB  WUtttMoj,  Baq^  aBd  otbom 
no  ubMifidioBi  ooBtoiBod  iB  fbalr  mo- 
Moira  boTre,  bjowofwr,  booB  diMOled  obioi^ 
to  bifoatigalkM  of  tbo  oztoBt  of  tbe  aeo- 
Bbdr  BBd  aBBQil  MiiatioBa  Ib  etovattoB  of 

**lbe  iMmed  Jeaidk  fttbenof  Uie  tino 
of  Ifaranette,  a  period  near  two  oeaturiea 
aco^  aad  at  kler  perioda  tiie  Baroa  de  bk 
HoBtaB,'Giiaile?oia,  Owver,  and  otbera. 
Bolioed  in  tbeir  writi&ga  ibe  obangM  of 
eloviHon,  and  aMoe  peonUar  floetnatJoBB 

Wbiob  td[0  "(laM  OB  ftfHtft  U*^ffl*^ 


TBtbe  jpoookittoBa  indnlgod  jb  by  mbm 
of  tboM  writera  •  aUi^t  bmar  tide  ia 
aoaaitinM  aoMOoted,  ilMB  agaiB  aoobaa 
JBdBOBM  OB  tbe  awentof  aad  notdiBf 
waton  ia  doobte^,  aad  tbeir  diatorbaaoe 
ia  attrlbiiled  to  I3b»  vaiyiBg  ooaraM  aad 
foMM  of  tbe  wiada.  . 

"Bnt  we  boM  BowbaM  aMB  tbat  aB7 
Bjatiiiaaiki  oobim  of  obaatratfoB  wm  eyeg 
iaatitnted  aad  oarriod  ob  by  tboM  eariy 
eaqpioran^  or  bj  utj  of  tbeir  auoMaaoM 
WBO  bave  BMBtioaed  tiw  ratifeot  MMt$ 
tbe  tidal  raadiBga  at  bbmB  eBoogli  later* 
Toto  of  tiiM^apart^  aad  of  loag  eBongh 
diKratkm  to  doTolop  Ibe  probieai  of  adiw- 
Balbwar  tidal  wwre  OB  tbewlakoa.  Xba 
goBoral  idea  bM  nndoobted^  been  .tbal 
no  audi  lunar  inflnoBM  wm  berB.  peiM]> 

**ia  Anril,  18H  I  ^^  atatioBed  at 
Gbioago  bj  tbe  oraera  of  tbe  QoTenn- 
ment^  aad  obarged  witb  tbe  direottoa  of 
Uko  barbw  improveniento  oa  Lake  Midi- 
igaa.  Ib  tbe  latter  part  of  Aoguat  of 
uat  year,  I  oauaed  to  be  ereoled  at  tbe 


A  LVWAM  nOAL  WATB. 


it 


•atorldi«ww4eilrMiMif  flftlM  Vortii 
hftrbor  pier,  a  [wnMMBt  IMa-gwgn  for 
the  purpofe  of  making  itiif  obttnrMoiii 
of  the  relafttre  beklito  and  flnotaaHow 
of  the  lorlkce  of  Ihw  lake.  Tht  poiilkNi 
thus  choeei  for  the  obttrfitkiM  pt«||eelt 
into  the  Uke,  estirelj  kejond  Hm  MOiith 
of  the  Ohioefo  Biter,  and  altofether  oiil 
of  the  reaoh  of  taj  telluenoe  ftom  Um 
riTer  current,  upon  the  flnotiMlioM  of  the 
tide-fMige.  It  WM  ^  flyntiiattoiii  of 
the  bke  iorfoot  aloBe,  fliet  oonM  aflbot 
the  readiaga  of  the  tMa>gaiM[e. 

"On  the  flrat  di^  of  fleptoaiber,  1M4 
a  oourie  of  obeerrationa  waa  oommeiioed 
on  thii  tideii;ao|e,  and  oontlnued  at'leaat 
onoe  a  dajr,  uBtU  the  Slat  daj  of  Deoem- 
her,  induaiTe,  l$iB»  During  each  of  the 
flrat  three  wintera  a  portion  of  the  daily 
obaorvationa  waa  loatt  owing  to  the  tide- 
gauge  being  fW»en  faat  in  ita  box,  but 
thej  oonatituted  only  a  aoudl  number  in 
proportion  to  that  embraced  in  the  aeriea. 
During  the  aubaequent  wintera  artifioial 
meana  were  reaorted  to^  to  prevent  thia 
freezing. 

"Theae  obaerratiooa  w«re  inatitnted 
chiefly  for  Ae  purpoae  of  aaoertainfaig 
with  accuracy  the  amount  of  the  minuM 
and  also  of  the  aecular''variatioB  in  tlie, 
elevation  of  the  lake  anrfooe,  with  a  view 
to  regulating  the  helghta  of  bnfiik-watora 
and  pieia  to  be  ereetod  for  the  protection 
of  veaael^  and  for  improTing  the  lake 
harbora.* 

After  aaeriea  of  doae  obaerfatkma  from 
1854  to  186^  laeut-OoloQal  Oraham  ob- 
aenres:-— 

"  The  diflbrence  of  eletitkm  of  the  lake 
Bur&ce,  between  the  perioda  of  Inner  low 
and  lunar  high-water  at  the  mean  aprhig 
tides  is  here  shown  to  be  two  hundred 
and  fifty-four  thousandths  (.364)  of  a  foot, 
and  the  time  of  high-water  at  the  frill  and 


^,  ..  of  tka  MOB  ii  ahowttib  ba  tUrIf 
(TO)  Bstnotea  after  the  tiase  of  the  bmob^ 


**  W&  therefore,  hi  aooordanoe  with  M»> 
toai  hi  Ilka  eaaaa»  Indtoate  aa  thamMIM^ 
«Mnl  fiMT  the  port  of  OhioagOk 

km. 
ilooli  0  Uk 

"Although  thia  knowledga  m^  lU  of 
but  email  praotkal  adrantiie  to  nnvi^ 
tore,  yet  It  mi^  aarra  aa  a  BMBMraBdmB 
of  a  phyaioal  pbenoBsaBoa  whoae  eziat- 
enoe  haa  ganeraUy  hemtofova  besn  aithar 
denied  or  doubted. 

«« We  think  it  nrobabU  that,  If  tha  af^ 
foot  of  unflivorabie  whida  and  all  other 
estraneoua  fiNToea  whksh  produce  irregidar 
oaciUattona  in  the  eleration  of  the  hikt 
aurfoce  could  be  frilly  eliminated,  a  aen^ 
<Mttmal  lunar  apring  tide  woukl  be  ahown 
of  aa  much  aa  one-third  of  a  foot  fr»r  tha 
perioda  of  hif  heat  tidea. 

The  time  of  low-water  and  the  rehitif« 
timea  of  duration  of  the  flood  and  abb 
tidea  are  giren  only  approximately.  The 
extreme  riae  of  tlie  nde  being  ao  Bttle^ 
the  precise  tioM  of  the  change  |irom  ebb 
to  Ikwd,  and  hence  the  duration  of  tha 
ikm  of  each,  can  on^  be  aoouratelly  de- 
termined hy  numeroua  obaenratfoiia  at 
abort  hiterrala,  ai^  three  to  fire  minntea 
of  tiase  apart  from  about  an  honi;  belbfia 
to  an  hour  after  the  actual  time  of  low^, 
water* 

**Ib oonduaion,  weollbr the abova  ob*' 
aenratlona  aa  aolthig  the  problem  In  guaa*' 
tkm,  and  aa  proving  the  exiatenoe  of  A 
aemi-diumal  lunar  tid4  wave  on  Lake 
Mkdiigan,  and  consequent^  mi  the  other 
great  freshwater  Uikea  of  North  Anmrks^ 
whoae  co-ordinate  of  altitude  hi^  at  iti 
aummit,  aa  much  aa  .15  to  .26  (-^i^  to  ^ 
of  a  foot,  United  Statea'  meaaun." 


94 


MAONITUDK   OF  THB   LAKES. 


BEMARKABLE  PHSVOMBHA. 


Tnt  UaiOiiBti  who  obserred  the  bar- 
ometer at  Fort  Wilkma,  Copper  Hftfbor, 
4to  80'  north  lat,  during  the  prevalenoe 
of  one  of  these  remarkable  disturbances 
which  are  peculiar  to  all  the  Upper  Lakes, 
remarks: — "As  a  general  thing,  fluctua- 
tions in  the  barmneter  aoccHnpanied  the 
fluctuations  in  the  level  of  the  water,  but 
sometimes  the  wcter-level  varied  rapidly 
in  the  harbor,  while  no  such  variation 
occurred  in  the  barometer  at  the  i^oe  of 
observation.  The  variation  in  the  level 
of  the  water  maj  be  caused  by  varied 
barometric  pressure  of  the  air  on  the 
water,  either  at  the  place  of  observation, 
or  at  some  distant  point.  A  local  in- 
creased pressure  of  the  atmosphere  at 
the  pltfoe  of  observation,  would  lower  the 
water-level  where  there  is  a  wide  expanse 
of  water ;  or  a  diminished  pressure,  under 
the  same  droumstanoes,  would  c$use  the 
water  to  rise  above  its  usual  level" 


In  the  summer  of  1864,  according  to 
the  Report  of  Foster  and  Whitney,  made 
to  Oongress  in  1860,  "an  extraordinary  - 
retrocession  of  the  waters  to6k  |^ace  at 
the  Saut  Ste  Marie.  The  river  here  to 
nearly  a  m!2«  in  width,  and  the  depth  of 
water  over  the  sandstone  rapids  is  about 
three  feet.  The  phenomena  occurred  at 
noon;  the  day  was  calm  but  doudy;  the. 
water  retired  suddenly,  leaving  the  bed 
of  the  river  bare,  except  for  the  distance 
of  about  twenty  rods  where  the  channel 
is  deepest,  and  remained  so  for  the  space 
of  an  hour.  Persons  went  out  and  caught 
fish  in  the  pools  formed  in  the  nx^  cavi- 
ties. The  return  of  the  waters  was  sud- 
den, and  presented  a  sublime  spectade. 
They  came  down  like  an  immense  surge, 
roaring  and  foaming,  and  those  who  had 
incautiously  wandered  into  the  river  bed, 
had  barelv  time  to  escape  bei^g  over- 
whelmed." 


Bidng  and  lUling  of  the  Waters  of  Lake  Jtiohigaii* 

[From  the  OMoago  SW&fMM,  May  S8, 186L] 


One  of  those  singular  oscillations  in  the 
Lakes,  or  "Inland  Seas,"  which  have 
been  observed  occasionally  flrom  tiie  time 
(^  the  exploration  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers, 
was  witnessed  yesterday  in  Lake  Midlii- 
gan.  A  variety  of  signs,  such  as  the 
mirage  of  the  distant  shore,  unusual  de- 
pression of  the  barometer,  and  a  sudden 
rise  of  the  temperature  from  a  cool,  bracini^ 
i^,  to  a  sulAy  heat,  indicated  an  unusual 
oommotion  in  the  atmospheric  elements. 
About  eleven  o'dock  a.  m.,  when  our  at- 
tention was  first  called  to  the  phenomena, 
the  waters  of  the  lal^e  had  risen  about 
tldrty-one  inches  above  the  ordinary  level, 
and  in  the  course  of  half  an  hour  they 
■gain  receded.  Throughout  the  whole 
day  they  continued  to  ebb  and  flow  at  in- 
tervals of  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and 


the  current  between  the  outer  and  inner 
breakwater,  near  the  Illinois  Central  jEtail- 
road  House,  was  so  great  at  times  that  a 
row-boat  made  littie  or  no  headway  ag^not 
it.  The  extreme  variation  between  higli 
and  low  water  was  nearly  three  feet. 
The  wind  all  day  was  offshore  (from  the 
southwest),  the  effect  of  whioi  was  to 
keep  down  the  waters  instead  of  accumu- 
lating them  at  tMs  point.  About  eight 
o'dock  in  the  evening  it  veered  suddenly 
to  the  northwest,  and  blew  a  violent  gale, 
accompanied  by  vivid  electrical  dispmys. 
This  morning  (i£onday)  we  hear  of  t^le- 
g^phic  lines  prostrated,  of  persons  killed 
by  lightning,  &o.,  while  the  lake,  although 
antated,  e:^bit8  none  of  the  pulsations 
of  yesterday. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  UEE& 


ISstraet  from  the  Aumal  ^Braort  of  the  Triuto  «iid  CoBiaMfM  if 

Bui&do, 

upon  tUs  gmifc  inland  »o$t,  mm  bonftied 
to  the  banc  oanoe  and  tiiie  nide  paddla 
with  whifib  it  was  propelled.  NeTer  be- 
fore luid  thei  oanTas  here  q^ed  itwdf  to 
the  wiAd.  The  voyage  of  La  SaUe  was 
an  eraiin  ttie  historj  m  this  poirtion  of  the 
world.  The  imntenae  tat  trade  with  the 
ttatires  at  the  extremitiea  of  these  lakes, 
whidr  was  oarried  on  first  bj  the  Fr^cAi 
and  afterward  by  the  RngHeh,  waa  then 
almost  entirehrnnknown.  It  waa  but  the 
year  before  the  titea  of  the  first  trading- 
houses  had  beei  selected.  La  SaUe  set 
safl  fWtttt  the  foot  Of  Lake  Brie^  OB  the  f  th 
day  of  August,  16t9,  with  •  crew  of  thirtr 
men,  and  anfyed  aft  liaokinacottthe  S8u 
day  of  that  mootiL  The  first  oa^  <^ 
fiirs  waa  pnton  boted  13ie  €hrifliit,  and  the 
was  ordered  by  La  Salle  to  retohi  with  a 
crew  of  fliz  men  to  Niagara,  Birt  a  atiMm 
was  eneeantercd,  and  the  Teased  and  cargo^ 
▼alued  ilt  fifty  to  aizty  thoosand  fraiM% 
with  ai^  on  boardj  iraa  lost  Thus  was 
made  the  first  great  aaorifioe  of  life  and 
IMTopertyto  the  ocnmneroe  of  Lake  Erie. 

"  Since  that  psfiod  the  ehanges  that  haTS 
been  wrought  in  the  country  bMdeiing  tip*' 
on  and  ly£g  beyond  these  lakes,  swpass 
the  dreams  c^  emebuBtiAent.  Enterprise 
and  energy  have  pttnetrated  thflae  vaal 
solitudes;  the  beasts  ot  prey  hare  shmk 
back  into  the  deep  faetnesses  of  tho  woodiii 
the  native  tribes  have  vaniahed  away  like 
their  own  mi^estic  fcHrests,  and  the  white 
man  foUowing  fost  upon  their  matling 
footsteps,  has  subdued  the  wildemeas  tO 
the  forms  of  (nvi^zation. 

'*  The  country  fh>m  which  the  ftirs  wttirtf 
gathered  at  ths  trading  posts  al  Niagans 


**  In  presenting  to  the  pnMio  our  Annual 
»view  of  the  Trade  and  CkMumeroe  <^ 
iulfalo^  for  the  year  1863,  it  will  not  be 
appropriate  to  revert  to  the  past  to  show 
the  rise  and  progress,  the  extent  and 
>wth  of  the  commerce  of  the|e  vast 
^Inland  Seas.' 

"When  hi  the  year  16*79,  the  Chevalier 
le  La  SaUe  obtained  pwmiasion  of  the 
^neca  Indians  to  build  a  vessel  at  Oayuga 
3reek,  six  miles  above  Niagara  Balls,  whteh 
launched  in  1679,  and  was  the  ftrst 
moved  with  saib  upon  the  waters 
Lake  Brie,  evoy  porti<m  of  ^e  great 
Test  was  covered  with  its  anoimt  forests, 
le  echoing  axe  had  never  rung  through 
leir  solitudes,  and  the  battle  for  mastery 
ras  yet  undecided  between  the  wild  beast 
id  bis  wild  foe  the  savage  hunter.  The 
guns  which  were  fired  when  the 
IGitirriH'  was  launched,  were,  probably, 
first  sounds  <^  gtmpowder  that  evw 
3ke  upon  the  stiUnees  of  this  vast  re- 
ion.  The  wondering  Senecaa  heard  in 
lem  the  thundera,  axui  saw  the  hc^tnings 
'  heaven.  The  wliite  man  was  eqnad^ 
object  of  admiration  and  fear. 
"The  arts  of  navigation,  at  this  period* 


M 


OOmOIB^  09  TBI  LAKKt. 


portioa  of  Ohio^  ladki^  ]lliii<£,  Miohi. 
glin,  Mid  Wiflooaate,  aoir  oontoiat «  pop- 
ulation of  e,9SMf^  Siaoethadajrwhen 
I*  Sillo  llffst  opeatd,  as  ikynn,  to  ftilnre 
fMienitioai  the  great  highway  upon  the 
waters  of  Lakes  Brie  and  Huron,  the  pro- 
genitors of  this  mighty  multitude  hare 
bemi  borne  upon  im  wares  by  faroring 
winds;  and  innumerable  Uttle  heads  gain- 
ing the  mouth  of  some  fair  liver,  have 
thenoe  radiated  0T«r  the  wida-sj^Md  do- 
main  froai  which  their  ^kMM)Mkdants  are  now 
pouring  down  upon  the  trustii^f  bosom 
of  the  lake,  the  abundant  prodaeta  of  an 
almost  inexhaustible  fertiliQr* 

**Great  as  has  been  tha  ohaaga  sinoe 
the  oountry  was  first  ezfdiored,  it  has  al- 
most wboUy  taken  plaoe  sinoe  the  year 
1800.  The  population  of  OhtO||n  thai  year 
was  only  4S,30ft;  and  that  was  the  only 
State,  with  the  ezoeptkw  of  New  7ork 
and  Pennsylvania,  of  all  thoae  bordaring 
i^Km  the  great  lakes,  whieh  oontainad  any 
oonsideraiUe  settlements,  mr  in  which  any 
enumeration  of  tha  people  was  taken. 
Bv«i  Ohio  was  not  thmi  adautted  into 
theUnkm;  and  tha  ooounerdal  advantage 
ol  Lake  Em  were  sparoely  begun  to  be 
devek>ped  till  twenty-fira  yeara  afterward, 
Tha  first  vessel  bearing  the  Amerioan  flag 
upon  LiUce  Bria  waa  tha  akx^  Detroit,  w 
savMity  tons,  whbh  was  puruiased  <tf  the 
Northwest  Fur  Gompaay,  by  tha.Ganeral 
Qovamment,  In  119$,  She  was,  howaver, 
soon  oondaianed  as  unseaworthyv  and 
abandflped.  Up  to  tha  time  of  the  deda> 
ration  of  war  in  1812,  the  whob  number 
of  vassals  of  aU  deiioriptkms  on  these 
Idcas^  dkl  not  exceed  twalva  and  these 
wara  eaiployad  either  in  the  fhr  trade,  or 
hi  traaspoitii^  to  tha  West  such  goods 
and  OMrohandiae  as  were  required  for  the 
ioattered  population  that  had  found  their 
wiy  there.  A.  few  vessels  were  built  dur- 
ing the  war,  but,  probably,  as  many  or 
man  were  destroyed.  And  during  the 
thiaa  years  of  its  cantinuamw^  as  all  emi- 


gratiea  to  tiw  Westi  if  anyhad  befora  «> 
Isted,  must  have  ceased,  there  cannot*  be 
said  to  have  been  any  commerce  on  the 
lakes. 

"In  Hareh,  1791,  CM.  Thomaa  ProetQi 
visited  the  Seneoas  of  Boffiik)  Greek,  and 
from  him  the  first  authentic  notice  ot  Buf- ; 
falo  is  given.  He  mentions  a  storehouse 
kept  by  an  Indian  trader  named  Winnsy 
at  Lake  Brie. 

'*In  June,  1795,  a  jNeneh  noMemaa, 
named  La  Bodbefouoauld  Lianoourt,  visit* 
ed  BuflUa  and  the  neighborhig  Indian  vil> 
lagas.  At  this  place  there  were  then  but 
few  houses  He.mentions  an  Inn  when 
he  wias  obligelto  if|eep  on  the  floor  in  hii 
dotheaii ';'.>- ' 

"in  JLiiMist,  ItOB,  Judge  Porter,  a^ 
compaaledtar  Judah  (k9$i  went  to  Prsiqiie 
Isle,  now  Bne,  throagll  Buttdo.  Ju^ 
Porter  makes  mention  *  that  one  Johnson, 
the  British  Indian  interpre^r,  Winne,  the 
trader,  and  Middaugh,  a  Dutchman,  with 
his  fiunUy,  lived  at  BullUa'  The  onlj 
road  between  BuSUoand  Avon,  in  thi' 
year  lljpt,  was  an  Indian  trail,  and  the 
only  house  <m  this^rail  was  one,  about 
one  and  one-half  miles  east  of  the  present 
viUage  of  Le  Boy,  occupied  by  a  Mr. 
Wilder.  As  late  as  1818  the  roads  wert 
next  to  impassable,  and  to  obtain  auppliei 
from  Albany,  trade  waa  carried  on  by  a 
circuitous,  route,  *  through  the  Niagara, 
river  to  8clik>sser,  thenoe  by  portage  te 
Lewistott,  thenoe  by  water  to  OswMto  aa4: 
up  the  Oawego  River, 'through  the  Qneiw 
Lake  and  Wood  Creek,  and  aoroas  a  short 
portage  to  the  Mohaw]E  Biver,  thenoe  1>f 
that  nver  and  around  the  portage  of  littli 
Falla  to  Schenectady— and  thenoe  4»ver  tbi 
arid  pine  plains  to  Albany.*  The  Isit 
Judge  Townsend  and  George  CMt,  Ba^* 
came  to  Buifalo  as  traders,  in  1811  by  thii 
route,  iHringing  about  twenty  tons  of  me^ 
chaadise  from  Albany  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
dollars  a  ton.  At  this  time  there  wen 
less  than  one  hundred  dwellinga  here^  sad 
tha  population  did  not  a^raeed  flva  buBp 


■AiLT  msroBt. 


\nL   Thb  monXti  of  Bnflio  OfOt  wm 

ien  obstraotod  bj  *  taad-ter,  frtqveiitlj 

tfenting  the  entavnoe  of  mmU  meMel^ 

id  erea  flrail  Indian  baric  oaooet  were 

luently  shot  out,  and  footmen  walked 

BKMa  ita  mouth  on  diy  Jand.    Veaaeb 

len  raoeiTed  and  d!«ohaifed  their  oarfoea 

i  Bird  Idand  whari;  neir  Blaok  Book. 

To  remedy  the  obstruiotfiHiii  in  the  ereek 

^7  the  eand-bar  at  ita  outlet  into  the  lake, 

was  proposed,  in  the  year  Itll,  to  run 

i  pier  into  the  lake^  but  nothing  of  moment 

ras  done  till  the  aprinf  of  183d,  when  a 

pubsoription  was  raised,  by  the  tiien  Til* 

sra  of  BuflBdo^  amounting  to  $1,361. 

le  late  Hon,  Samuel  Wilkson  waa  the 

lator  andpro^eetor  of  thia  BMvement, 

temporary  improTements  were  made 


fha  preaant  tim^  wiMm  eompH<i4  «(ftb 
what  tSiey  were  Artr  yeara  ago,  'aromar* 
ToHoua  tai  our  eyna,'  and  if  somofhr-aeeinf 
mind,  ahalf  oentury  ainoei,  had prophoaied 
vesulta  of  snob  Taat  nu%nitttde,  he  would 
have  been  denomhrnted  an  idle  dreamer, 
and  «  flt  autjfeot  for  n  lunatio  aaylum. 

*'Tlie  Utatei  and  Tertitoiiea  bordering' 
0%  and  tributary  to  the  great  lako  baain 
that  had  fifty  yeara  agobntftfbw  thousand 
popidation,haTe  now  nearly  aevenmilliona^ 
whkdi  will  won  >)  n*igmented  by  tho 
natural  increase  and  hf  immigration  t» 
thirty  millioiia»  and  BuiUo  with  ita  im 
inhabitants  in  ISU,  tl,QOO  in  I860,  will 
have  a  pi^Hilation  of  three  or  four  bun-, 
dred  thousand  b^iwe  tiie  present  oei^ry 
Shan  ban  passed  away.  Within  the  liss- 
hioh  oarried'away  the  obatruoting  aandp  I  ita  of  th'>se  lake  Stateia,  where,  lean  than 


In  1822  the  ▼illcjpe  in  ita  oorporate 
opacity  paid  John  T.  La^  for  biailding  n 
lud-scow  for  woridng  hi  the  harbor  $534. 
fhe  first  oorporate  noUoe  of  the  harbor 
made  in  the  latter  ye§r.    Buflhio  waa 
rporated  as  a  Tifiage  in  April,  1813, 
id  as  a  eity  on  SOth  el  April,  1831 
"ICellsh  says,  *the  popolatkm  by  the 
It  census  was  366,  and  it  waa  oomputed 
1811  at  600,  and  ia  rapidly  inereaeing.' 
m  1825  the  population  waa  1,418;  in 
L830,  8,868;  in  1836,  16,661;  m  1840, 
18,213;  In  1846,  89,973;  in  1860,  48,261; 
1860,  81,129;  and  at  the  and  of  the 
rear  1862  the  population  is  estimated  at 
»yer  100,000.    In  181T  the  taxable  prop- 
erty of  the  Tillage  was  $134>400,  and  on 
fhis  Taluation  an  assessment  of  $400  waa 
le  duriitf  that  year.    The  taluatioii  of 
real  and  peraonsl  property  of  the  dty 
1862  is  $30,911,014; 
"  The  population  and  Taluatfon  of  prop- 
erty, the  haibor  and  harbor  impro?e- 
lents,  the  manufiMtures  and  oooRneroe, 
le  oiuial,  railway,  and  water  oonneotiona 
t>y  lake  With  other  portions  of  the  country, 
"le  population  and  produotiona  of  the 
'eat  and  Northwest,  the  large  lake,  canal, 
rafiway  faeilitiea  Ibr  transportation  «t 


forty  years  ago^  there  were  neitlijer  oanala 
nor  raUways,  there  are  now  14^484  milea 
of  railway,  and  3,346  miles  of  navigablo 
canals,  of  which  latter  about  160  ssilea 
are  da<^-water  narigatkm. 

**The  whole  West  and  Nor^iweat  ia 
IKNr  traversed  by  0  net-work  of  lagways^ 
with  important  canal  oonnectkms  between 
the  diilbrent  Stetea,  where  there  wna  » 
sparsely  populated,  almost  interminablo- 
forest  or  uninhabited  oinirio.  Jn  tUn 
nmrdk  of  in^novement^  making  more  in^ 
tiawte  th«  aookd  and  oonuneireU  relationa 
of  ^  these  widefy  sepnoited  sections  of  the 
country,  the  Kmpire  State  baa  nobly  led 
the  way.  The  for>seeing  mind  of  her 
hoaured  eon,  Qovemor  O&rtoii,  prq|ected 
tlM  Brie  Oanal,  wt^ieh  was  completed  in 
1826,  uniting  the  waters  of  the  Hudson 
with  the  lakta.  A  brighter  d^  then 
dawned  upon  the  West^  the  population 
WB8  rapidly  augmented,  whic^  waa  aooa 
succeeded  by  bffgely  increased  agricultu- 
ral productions  that^ve  new  life  to  com- 
merce. Tim  era  of  railways  waa  oom- 
menced  m  about  the  year  1830. 

"With  these  kurgdy  increased  rafl  fa* 
oilitiea,  and  the  capMity  of  the  New  Yorit 
canals  nearty  quadrupled,.^  augmenting 


oomniOB  OF  nm  %mkeb. 


I 


imMht  4to  Ml  titi  htm  Mih  IW  nniA* 

oreiwd  |m>daeCloft.  laiprorod  CMiinrtii 
•f  oomtiMf niettlioii,  both  1i^  nA  and  wafttr^ 
liiMt  b*  made,  to  OMble  tho  produoor  at 
tlM  Wo8t  to  got  hit  i^m^kieti  nowofaeof- 
Ij  to  BMfkot  A  QOttnlcy  vmI  ia  oiteiil^ 
bordorinf  npon  ttif  «pfor  IfiwiMtpfil,  tbo 
Obio,  OmiboflMid,^  VtnnOMOf,  ArinoMi^ 
Itod,  oBdMiMoari  rifoni  tad  tbair  triba- 
tirie%  and  the  Bod  lifOr  of  tho  Noith, 
tratereod  b^  now  than  twoaty  thonaand 
ttlloa  of  narigablo  wateri^  wfll  aooB  bo 
domotf  pooplod;  new  Btatoo  to  tho  wool 
Of  those  already  adaiittod  wiS  oonn  kaodc 
ftv  admieaioii  iiito  tho  Union;  the  enponk 
bumUttt  prodveta  of  aa  aLmoet  inezhaoit* 
ibio  feitiMty  wiU  bo  pooriaf  over  flio  lafcee 
and  H&Whyt,  and  through  tiie  rlTora  and 
oanaiii  inpartintf  aOtivi^  to  Irade,  giting 
strength  and  titd  energf  to  tho  laife- 
angawntinff  ootiutteroe  of  tiio  West 
B  the  star  ofompire  westward  wends  its 
waj,  widening  tho  distanoe  fW«i  tho  great 
sea-board  marts  of  trade,  the  prospeotiTo 
wants  and  kiereased  prodootieM  of  sooses 
of  BiilUons  Of  peevilo  Wfll  tiam  nooessitar 
ofeate  cheaper  and  more  ozpeditiotts  IhoiL 
ities  for  tho  transportatioB  of  their  snrpiiis 
pfoducts  to  maifeet  There  is  no  ooimtry 
on  the  foee  of  the  i^obo  that  has  soniaivr 
naiaral  adtantegos  for  alatgo  and  extend- 
ed internal  trade  a»ttMi  c^st  West  and 
Northwest. 

<*Tho  ifiwait  basitt  oast  of  tho  Bockj 
Mooktains  is  drained  by  tho  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  RiTors  and  their  tribatariea, 
and  their  waters  find  an  outlot  in  tiio 
GKdf  of  Mezioa  The  groat  hOEes,  haying 
an  aioa  equal  to  one  twenty-fifth  part  or 
the  Atlentie  Ooeanf  are  drahied  br  tho 
riTor  St  Lawrence,  and  find  an  onttet  in 
the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrenoe.  The  oonstiruo- 
tioB  of  a  few  miles  of  canal  makes  a  nar- 
iip^ile  oonneetion  from  tho  ocean  to  tho 
great  chain  of  lakes.  These  natnral  ad- 
▼ahtages  haye  been  improved  to  some  vxr 
tent  in  the  United  Statoi  by  tho 


'tai  or  ft  oaail  mmnmh  Hm^  Sftato  •tjtmr\ 
Tofk,  that  fow  km  a  prism  Ibrfy-flve  Ai| 
at  the  bottom  and  seventy  foot  at  thetpn 
with  seven  feet  of  water,  with  lodts  pi 
feet  »  kMhea  wide  by  100  feet  hmi 
There  is  also  •  canal  one  hmidrod  m&|| 
kmf  oonneetipig  the  DUnois  river  w^j 
lake  Miobifin  at  Chieago,  and  dadc  wot«| 
navigation  osnne<Jting  Green  Bay,  Wtaoob 
sk^  with  tbe  Mississippi  river,    ^^j 
constmclion  of  a  ship  cansl  sbout  tbre^  i 
fonrths  of  a  mile  in  length,  from  B|g 
Sione  Lake  to  Xisko  Traver  in  Minnei 
steamboats  from  St  Panl  could  navigati^ 
both  tho  Minnesota  river  «nd  the  Bed  ^ 
river  of  the  I^orth  to  IsIeo  Winnepeg:  • 
ef  seven  hundred  miles.    Tfci 


oonntry  traversed  b/  these  rivers  Is  tm- 
possingly  fertile  and  oaoablo  of  sustaining 
a  donas  population,  take  Wfainepeg  i 
larger  tluin  Xake  Ontaria  end  receives  tiM 
Sas-katch-o»wan  river  ftpm  |he  Weil 
Tlie  8as-kalch-e-wap  river  ip  nnvig^  ti 
a  pofait^flBdmonton  fiouso)  near  tho  Bodgr 
Mmmtamst  oeven  hundred  miles  West  « 
Lake  Vinnepeg,  md  6mj  16(^  miles  east 
of  tho e^brated jo^ diggin|B.on  Fiaaer 


Xi 


river  in  l^ti^iai  Qmmjtiitk. 
of  that  one  mile  of  csnsi,  would, 
fofo,  enabio  n  steamboat  al  Now  OHosbs 
to  pass  into  tfke  Winnepeg  and  fr<m 
thence  to  Sdmonton  House,  some  ft^009 
miles.  A  move  has  already  been  w^ 
for  ooBStroeting  this  riu>rt  CaasL  By  ea> 
laiging  the  IlKnois  and  Michigan  oaml 
ana  improving  tiie  nsrigation  of  flio  Iffi* 
nois  riv^i  and  improving  and  completiBg 
tho  shMsfc  water  navigatioik  dt  wa  fpii 
river  in  ^Hsoonsin,  connecting  Green  mf 
with  the  Mississippi  river,  and  slQl  tat- 
ther  eidaxging  the  main  trunk  of  the  liTew 
York  oairnls,,  steamers  could  be  paiwei 
from  New  York  or  the  Gulf  of  St  Law* 
reace,  either  through  the  ^anals  of  New 
Y(wk  or  Oaaada  into  the  great  lakes,  and 
tinm  thenoe  to  the  head  waters  of  tbi 
8ao*katoh'«-wan,  tho  Missouri,  tbe  Yetiow 
Stone  river%  being  sobm  6,000  to  0,000 


"u'l^^?*^ 


nwnr  mmmm>m  w  in/ntm 


ffiam. 


iiilM.  TtefltiMl  proimA  ^  ^  Mill*. 
bffdering  m  taA  tifiralMy  to  tile  mm 
iTM  fl67^9(^tVt  ftiMlMla  is  &§«»{  484- 
882^661  boilNlff  In  IW,  ngshlik  838^88),- 
889  bwlMls  In  188<K  ioi  «ht  populaliflii 
of  these  atM«»  hat  Iwpt  Moe  wttH  their 
eeioel  produoH,  heiag  i^m^  in  1888; 
9,198,888  Jn  1888,  egitoBt  13,888,098  in 
1868,  Ml  inonaie  of  neer^  llftj  per  oeni 
in  poooletion  end  oeroet  fwoduiliiia  eeioli 
decade.  If  the  ieme  rate  per  cent  of  in- 
creeee  in  populetion  and  cereal  produoti 
ehall  be  continued,  theae  Statea  In  I8V0 
will  haye  a  populatiQiief  f  %0S^688,  wm 
a  cereal  oroduct  of  1,008,887,338  buahela; 
in  1880,  a  population  of  80,048,t58,  with 
a^oereal  product  of  1,612,881,000  bnahela ; 
in  1890,  a  population  of  88,078,43«,  ^th 
a  ceieal  produet  of  8,S80,881,8ik»  bufM, 
and  in  1800  •  popuUrtSon  bf  8Y,8l6,186, 
With  aceiwd  product  of  8,4Q8»8A;7»aw. 

*' The  grain  trade  of  Buindo  for  n  aeriea 
of  jeari,  gi^n  hi  thia  f^iort,  has  alrea^ 
reached  upirarda  of  ^8,00^008^^bu8h«isfor 
the  jrear  1868.    If  «  crop  of  68O,000l0OO 
of  buahdfl  0^  cereal  prodnetB,  givea  Buf- 
falo 72,000,000  of  buahela  of  that  crop; 
fai  the  year  1908,  with  a  crop  of  8,40%- 
887,268  buahelaof  cereal  product!,  the 
|rain  trade  of  BuSdo  will  he  upward  of 
860,000,000  of  buahela.    The  caleulationa 
of  the  for^  yeantof  the  ft;t|ire  are  baaed 
Ion  the  aotoal  reanlta  of  the  hurt  thirty 
Ijreara.    The  year  1870  will  gire  to  BufEdo 
la  grain  trade  of  upwards  of  107,000,000 
lof  buihehi,  and  if  there  ahi^  be  a  proper- 
Itionate  increase  in  the  grain  trade  of 
lOswego,  the  present  ottpmmy  of  the  JShw 
iTork  canala  will  \m  entiroly  hiadequate 
Ito  pass  throiuh  .^am  thia  lane  amowp^ 
|of  grain  fat  aidditton  to  the  barge  bcrease 
the  tonnage  of  ofber  oonimoditiea,  aay- 
7  nothiog  of  the  oapad^  that  will  be 
luired  <br  the  augmented  bmrinesa  in 
1880^  1890,  and  im'V 


r-^ 


mmwun^ 


I3ie  Detroit  SHbtaie  Amiahea  aoila  In* 
tmvH^  eartraqH  cn^tbis  •«l4e«t,jialw» 
iitmt  !the  filea  of  the  Detroit  Oamllie,  of 
1818.  We  aelect  the  following  deaoi^ 
tlop  of  the  reoepaon  of  thia  vooater  of 
^jP90^  de^  l7  the^lTolMriMii"  o^thal 

"AuouOT  26,  1818:— Yesterday,  be* 
twean  the  houra  of  10  and  11  a.  M.,  the 
eiegaai  iteamboat  WaXlc4n4hii-  Waier,  Oapt 
«r.  fiah,  avr&red.'^^  the  paaaed  the  pub- 
Ub  wharf,  and  that  owned  by  Mr.  J.  8. 
Boby.  ahe  waa  cheered  by  hundreda  of 
thehihabiUtfita,  who  had  collected  to  wift* 
neaa  thia  On  these  watera)  trufy  livrel  and 
grand  apSotade.  She  oame  to  at  Wb^M 
ihurt.  She  left  BaiBdo  at  hatf^pasl  1 
o'dock  on  the  88d,  and  anited  off  Don- 
kirk  at  88  minotea  paat  6  on  the  same 
diay.  On  the  next  morning  ahe  arrived 
at  IM^  Qapt  Fish  having  reduced  her 
steam  doling  the  night,  in  <Hrder  nei  t» 
paas  thit  p^ioe,  where  ahe  todc  in  n  sop- 
^  of  wool.  At  half-paat  7  p.  «.  ahe  left 
Erie,  andcmneto  at  Cleveland  at  II  o'clock. 
On  Friday,  at  20  minutes  paatB  o^eidd^ 
7.  If.,  aaQed  land  arrired  off  Sandpakt 
Bay  al  1  o'dock  on  Wedneaday;  U^  at 
andior  during  the  id|^t,  and  ^en  pro- 
ceeded to  Yeaioe  to  wood;  left  Yenioa  pt 
8  p.  H.,  and  arrived  at  the  month  of  t^ 
Detroit  Biver,  where  she  andiored  daring 
the  nigkt^tha  whole  time  employed  in 
saiUng,  in  tiiia  first  Toyage  from  BuiBhlo 
to  this,  befaig  about  44  houia  and  10  ndn- 
otes;  the  wfaid  ahead  during  nearly  ths 
whole  passage.  Not  the  slightest  aoddeni 
happened  during  th««  voyage,  and  all  our 
maohinery  worked  admLrably. 

"Kothfakg  could  exceed  the  surprise  of 
^  sons  of  the  forest  on  seeing  the  Wdth- 
in4he-  Water  moving  mi^sticalljr  and  rap- 
idly against  a  strong  currant,  i^ont  t^ 
aasistanfa  sf  saSla  or  oars.  Thay  Ihied 
4lia.baalsi  near  Kalden,  sad  so^rassed 


t  tr 


80 


<Jli<^  fiMHi»    ANtporf  hdi  bMBdrw" 

#6i|a  MOB  oooM  from  tiM  m^ytak&n^ 
irkMs  t^  (Mdir  oT  th*  grMt  liiUlwi  of  tiM 
CA»>4ii»40<4i»»i^  woaU  M  4niwB  thfoorii 
li*1akMMidriT«nbjr«lifripMii/  Ofwt 
trvtb  of  tho  loport  tlwr  mo  now  pof- 
Iboftr  liliited.  %  oMM  of  IhitlNMit 
•10  md  up  in  B  noili  oonTiniont»  and 


oltgwti^;  Ad  Hm  MMBor  iniAhl 
■te  fai  IbQnd.  dBOf  iNMi  toUM  yiiigig 
toMaadW  nor  ooriuMmdir.    A 


bolwoon  ate  pitoo  and  Ba0Uo  it  iiownik  I 
■ON^  tolowbto^  bat  Iraty  pItMint.    9^ ! 
doy  Ao  wffl  inODa  » trip  to  Lifco  8t  (Siiil 
with  a  kffgo  por^of  lidiei  «ndgotmi> 
nan.    Slio  will  laa?o  fsr  Bnfldo  to^aM^ 
fow,  and  maj  bo  oipootad  to  fi«il  nj 
again  nozt  #aok.**  \ 


CoBiiBerce  of  BvilMo.^1869. 

■iniMAlT  fOB  TBI  TBAlL 


TIm  UoUaetor  of  Onatooit  for  BqM> 
haa  l^pmialia^  fb*  foOowinf  atateiaant, 
ihowing  tho  arrivals  and  oaaraaoaa  of 
AoMriDaB  and  IV>reigB  Toaada  to  and 
ftom  Canadian  porta;  alao^  the  airiTala 
and  oloaraooaa  of  AnarioHl  ¥088018  to 
and  froBiAnierioan  porta;  tho  tonnage  of 
»;  and  the  nomber  of  men  employed: 


AnMfktii  ▼•Mwb: 

SataNd,  lit  quarter. 

,    »      *l      •*     . 

"      Id      ♦*     . 

•      4tk     •»      . 


Ho.  Trai 


Qwv. 


810   aSMOb     4,t88 

we  si«,806    t^ 

Ml  MMII    MM 


lac  aiiarursaa***  ••••  ••«•  ••*• 

Id     •*    HI  ifl^iN  1,011 

Id      •*     .*....  m  MAM  i/w 

dill    •*    145  ii^iei  711 


<i«M<Bd>>«tl— rttr 


•d 
4tb 


u 


Iftqwrtar .. 
Id,     •* 
Id      * 


HI  iM,iii   dtiM 

S  iS^  ijS 

8U  INJDM     l^lfT 


"•■»  W»»»  ■»••- 

Ml  11^  MT 

Ml  IMift  IfMM 

IM  l^flS  m 


AiiMrfaaaT«w«li«atei«d.  1,111  MM^  IMN 
PortiniTMMUeBtaNd...     Ml     O^ltl     aHij 
OomAv  veMdi  aatand..  1^185 1tiOII,Mt  Mpi j 

To<«l«atowd»rt>a7W.l[iiri.|M^15i'Spj 

AactioMi  TMMb  dMurdl.  1,111  MH^Ml  11^  \ 
IWHnvMMtoolMnMl...  iW  11,1111^1 
OiMMHV«M0l««l«tt«d..  MM  1,088^11    iQil 

1V>tal  «lMMd  fsr  tlw  yMf.  8.181  t^SHMiir  1Q£  ] 


>>•■•••   •  •  4 


ii,fln 


»«ass8 


HMm  ^21  > 


Ooartlag  reMda: 
tBti«(id,ltt( 


Id  **  ii»>  Bi,«?«  11,18* 

•    M  •*  •••—  vc^  mm  11,118 

«*     4th  ^  Mil  ATMM  1T,7M 

^aMMd.l|t  "  ......  4  i[l^  Ti 

M  -  l,ll»  86T4«  IMH 


S& 


ChwidTatd,  IMI. 

«*  1881. 

<*  1880. 

**  1881. 

••  1888 8i818 

**  181! 7,661  liim:!!!  ^t 

*  18(8. 8,118  1^018^881  Ur~ 

**  1880 f^ni  Mipi  111 

••  1861........  1,441  ipM«Vllpli 


Ufaited  miitii  iaA  Ckitidfam  Tot- 

lUlfl. 

The  following  statementa  from  than* 
port  of  liheSeoiotary  of  Oio  Boaidof  loki 
ITnderwritera  for  1862,  wilil  ahowihe  «»• 
nago,  Talno^  and  daaa  of  Toaaehi  narigti- 
faig  tike  Kortikwoatera  Lalsaa  hi  1861  aai  1 
186S»TiB.:  , 


nomi  jum  ■mmam 


KiwtliwMlMa  LsluM,  m4  Um  rlvw  St.  taw- 

.BteuMn 14t     M.Mi  IMMiMO 

rnMiten Mt    mjm.  ^jSuSSi 

Buii M     flint  CILSUO 

Brffi M     ttlsn  601,100 

8«lMNMMn tot   IHflM  U4M0O 

8fc»P«... 1»      !,«•  u5K 


Toftali 1^   S8M8»  tlM0i«4M 


v»tei« ........  i,Mi  4ia,fit  iia^iiii 


lacMMita  Nmbcr  viftmH . 

InarcM*  la  toM 

tevalite 


141 

turn 


Bnrlinfl 


LakM^M. 

Yennoiit Oluunpl«in. . . . 


II 
II 

M 
II 
II 
II 
M 


St  Lftwrwioo  BiT«r. . 


-11 


Ontario 

M 
•I 
II 


iffton. 

lOiamplaiik.....  ....    New Tork 

OswMmtchto 

[Gape  Yinoeiit 

SiCicet.'a  fiaroor. ... 

[Oswego ;..... 

Qenoaea  ........... 

Niagara..... 

IBqAiIo 

jDunklric 

FNiqua  Ida  (Brie) . .    Pemu^lTania 

Oa)ralioga(C3«T^aiifl)    OhW...' 

Sandtisky «*    ., 

IMedo *• 

petroit Midi^itti I>etnritBiTer 

' Michilimacikinao ....        "         Huron...... 

-,„    ^      minola..... llioiiMNui. . . 

Milwattkea V  iaoonsin "    ,.., 

lOnnaaota Sapeiior  ..! 


I BzBiBRiira  na TonrMia ^TM* MMmlZoMiNilrMf  <•  Aa  OMM OMti, m  tumpi  JlMM^nit, 

TMdTMUMm. 

1,191  11 

Y,S3S  fiS 

0,298  t« 

818  88 

S8,88S  41 

8,981  84 

1U48 

Brie 108,188  80 

48U88 


11 
II 
II 
II 
II 


••••*•■•■.*. 


....... 


Total  Toonago, 


7,888  08 
88,818  8t 
16,860  88 

6,888  Y8 
88,881  88 

4,987  68 
86,9^  88 
89«048  18 


$680^468  88 


tLOlTE  An  QKADT. 

tLOTTB  AHD  OBAIK  TRADB  OF  PIF9BBBNT  OITZBS  COMPABBDi 

,    Tha  importaaca  of  BulBdo  aa  a  gnun  i  grain  tradi  of  Lako  dUaa  wi^  iafwil  of 
IJWiwing  port,  win  ho  ahown  by  tha  fU-  &  grain  portaofBonvo: 
wwmg  oomparatifo  atetamei^  of  tiwf  ,  '^ 


f  f 


tmm  vSm  uSm 


iiMnvtMk mm  m^Im  i^JSSbs 


umm  tymm  u,wim 

iB^MUN  tMSsai  £44% 

i^iM.811  mm;ms  Jglg 

e^   filiS    tlm 


tmmtu ti,8Hiii  4i^tTiMm  iMUMM 


608,907 


wuwAjmMa,    ^^ 
tm,     mL 


iSIS  "^  %s 


t^mpm KifiTt.oM  ii,ni^  ii^oMii 

I8M1      len.       istt 

ISl^SM      11«,0B6     MB^ 


ft 


ut^SM    isrliiei 


VMrifMla.....    11.110,600  1«^486^  1«,8T8,91T 

Dinoir. 


~~~  I8CL       looii 

iioanMit mxn  imm  yH$jn§ 

WlMift.bttih....     1,8Q»,0M  1,800411   >.' 

"  ?«.:::::    m  *«»  '-asi 


tMilgnia MiMM  1^007,^18  Mtt^ 


fl«w,Mli. 


iSjIO     ^J8il»  JnSii 


WbtittaA. 
Cora,Muh  .. 


•  •  •  •  1 

ih..{. 

•  •  •  •  y 


8SS8 


<HM1 

«MW    111,1 
a,MO 

I0;i« 

0,015 


•  ••<♦ 

r,bbli.. 
WhMt,biiih 
<Niti,biasb.. 


1,100^010     OttOM     itMII 


vm.      loot     loon 

040,000      4li^      ftTMN 


•  •  •  • 

•  «  t  t 


MAOM    ^0TT,080 


r,ou  1,110,004  1400^111 

00,040         MW         MN 

U?    *»8   .'*» 


TMdgnlB.....      MT0,480  l,SIO||Mii  1,000,011 
lOLlDa 

looa  loot    .  loon 

vio»,  bMi ooi^roo  Moo>o^  im/m 

irbMt,biiill....     &041,100  .10n«40T 

oora,biuh  .....    tjuim  ^oio,ooa 

Mnr,  bub....        11^000  10,004 
JKytibaah...... 


07,707       01400 


TotalgnlB ltOll,000  1MT44M  lOi^M 

l1o«r,bbto 


lOOOi 
00,040 


loot. 

06(409 

^KOIO 
104.411 


40iON 


000^ 
70;000 
OT.O0O         0^  ._ 

%}ii    SS8   "^ 


WbMtbuib.... 

Ootiktbtirik ..... 

OtUiboiA...... 

BtriMTf  b  Mb .... 

tift  bOfh  f . . . . .  

TotalgnlB...         41M07      401,007      fiOO^W 

Bvauiuuir  of  Eeo6ipt%  ISttl. 

floor,  bblt.   GntiLbiMl. 

fiSfe-;:::::::::::::;:  5^  «» 

MliwMkee 600^      1M<I^ 

OtWMN> 0001080       HSIM 

QtfYioM^ ^155         pSP' 


Th«  grain  tftAt  of  ttM  grtit  Wwt  ni. 
Northwtit  ii  7«4  is  tti  infim^.  Btwt 
7t»r  the  Dopauliai  ii  MigiiMiilod  hy  tait« 
ffratton  Rom  tte  iMtom  mm!  Miildto 
StalM  M  well  M  ftom  BoropSi  TIm 
ttaong  ami  of  ttum&a  «•  brmginff  on- 


ior  eoltif Mdli  Hit  broad  pnltiit  tma 
imloh  tiM  indnatrioQi  and  oirtonigMtef 
aofeUtrs  aoallorbcoad»K»8(thoia«4lDW 
ratannd  to  ihoBi  again  in  i^aUi  of  wvfiig 
grain,  from  which  wQl  bo  lOMod  tbovft* 
tUtalhanrort. 


Xaq^orti  of  Ireadftofli  into  Qrgat  Britain. 

Ibo  foDowing  fron  tho  Londtm  Thmt  win  ahow  tho  imports  of  breadatoflb  Into 
Otaat  Britain  for  tho  ytara  1860^  1861,  and  1882,  ending  I>eoembOr  Slat  in  eacfli  yOM^ 
?ia.:  ' 

1880.  188L  1888. 

Wheat,  moor,  lioal,  owt 8,188^188      8,881,896      9^14,811 

Wheal)qr8.of8ba8h 8^808,196  8,988,844  8,841,888 

Com,           "  ** 1,886,894  8,108,696  8,761,888 

Oats,           «*  **     8,808,880  1,876,614  1,822,819 

.Barlej,        <'  ** 2,122,018  1,407,601  1,868,888 

B70»            •*  **     98,898  64,148  1,894 

Peaa,           **  «•     817,648  402,988  280,182 

BtNkwhoat,  *•  <* »  ....  714  .5,148 

Beam,         •«  "     440,880  684|477  4^3;;68 

TotalQfain,qr8.8boBh 18,044»471    14^77,780    16,498;968 


Ibe  Thnea  laja:  **Tlio  aoeoonta  h«vo 
now  been  made  up  of  the  qnantitiea  of 
grain  and  floor  imported  into  Great  Bri* 
tain  on  the  last  year  and  pieoedinff  yean 
■inoe  tiie  introduotibn  of  free  trade,  and 
the  resuh  ia  remarkable,  ahowing  an  ex- 
traordinarr  inoreaae  daring  the  paat  year. 
Taking  wheal  and  flont  alone,  we  And 
that  the  bwest  year  ra  1886,  when!  the 
quantity  "Of  wheat  imported  into  Great 
Britain  was  only  46,630  quarters,  and  of 
flour  84,684  owt,  while  hi  1862,  no  less 
than  9,541,362  quartera  of  wlwat,  and 
7,814^317  dwt  of  flour  were  imported  into 
the  various  ports  of  the  oountry." 

The  inorease  in  1862  oyer  1861  is  982,- 
942  owt.  of  floor,  and  2,676,618  quarters 
)f  wheat  There  ia  a  daoreaio  on  Indian 
Mm  of  866^880  q^Mrtira. 


rniinniTTO— FHH. 

In  the  flondnaky  bay,  in  the  MimW88 
bay  and  JCaumee  rirer,  in  the  Msmf 
bay,  Ui  the  Detroit  river,  in  the  fit  CNtf 
river  and  rapids,  in  Lake  Horoo,  mm 
Soron  to  Point  anx  Barques^  ii|  tlie  An 
Sable  river,  in  Thunder  bay  abovo  AH 
Sable  river,  including  Sugar  Idaad^  ki 
Saginaw  bay  and  river,  m  Tewae  bay, 
between  Thunder  bay  and  Mackinac,  in- 
dnding  Bammond^s  bay,  in  and  about 
Maekinao  a*  Beaver  Island  md  tta  snr» 
nrandings,  between  the  Do  Tour  and  ^ 
Saolt,  Mong  the  Bastem  shoif*  of  lake 
Ifiohigan,  m  Green  bay,  in  Wiaoonahi 
and  Mi<diigan,  at  Presque  Ide,  Fn.,  in 
liake  Superior's  numoroos  beya  and  in. 
]et8»   are  found  Him  piinoipal   flahbi 


t4 


OOMMBBOI  OF  TBI  LAXM. 


groandi  of  tlit  lakti;  and  the  annaal 
Mtoh  nagei  ftom  60  to  100  thouMund 
bamli,  fMned  at  four  to  ilz  hun<ired 
thooMttd  doUara.  The  leke  fisheries  are 
oatf  leoond  to  the  ood  fliheriea  off  the 
Anantlo  coast,  from  Oape  Ood  Bay  to 
Onie  Breton,  and  are  a  souioe  of  very 
considerable  wealth. 

The  stodc  here  wiU,  probably,  not  ez- 
«ceed  twenty-five  hundred  packages: 


Lin  Ikpobxb  or  Fool 

■bit.      T« 


18M. 
18B6. 
18iM. 

lawr. 

1858. 


.11,T08     IBM 18^1 

.  T,M1     IMO 98,806 

.  ^800     1881 8^18 

.  ^880     1888 8,84? 

.  i,908 


LTJHBXB  AHD  STAYBS. 

The  Lunlber  and  Stare  trade  oonstitntel 
a  very  large  portion  of  the  freight  carried 
<m  the  lakes  and  canals,  and  is  only  second 
to  gn^  The  larger  portion  ui  the  East- 
ward movement  usually  takes  place  hi  mid- 
summer, when  low  rates  of  transporta- 
tion rule.  The  prindpal  sources  of  sup- 
ply are  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Mich- 
igan, Canada  West,  and  Pennsylvania,  of 
whidi  more  $han  fifty  per  cent,  is  frmn 
Miohiffaa  alone.  In  the  northern  penin- 
sula of  that  State,  hi  and  around  Saginaw, 
at  Port  Enron,  on  St.  Glair  river,  are  the 
largest  andifinest  lumber  districts  ui  the 
West  and  iTorthwest 

The  supply  of  staves  is  derived  from 
Ohio^  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and 
Oanwla  West,  of  which  more  than  eighty 
per  cent  of  the  receipts  al  Buffiilo  come 
from  the  States  first  mentioned. 

The  following  will  show  the  imports  at 
BufiUo  of  staves  and  lumber  fh>m  1846 
to  1^63,  inclusive,  and  the  canal  exports 
9rom  1848  to  1862,  inolttsive: 


Laxb  iMPom. 

1648 10.78i^ 

184T 8.800,000 

1848 a081,000 

1848 14,18^801 

18M 18,808,880 

1861 10,888^008 

1868 18,998,814 

1888 9,91^940 

1804 16,484,604 

1866 18,491^ 

1808 1^664^088 

1807 98,094,918 

1868 16,119,019 

1888 98,977,098 

1888 99,807,889 

1881 90^998,978 

1889 80,410,968 


\ 


18J1I 
91,490v808 
88,88^88 
fl8,87«.808 
88,008^000 
79,887,890 
88.884,008 
87,407,008 
79,098,861 
80,684,819 
88,988,818 
87,068478 
111,019,448 
111,084,488 
68,088,718 
196,988,971 


00PPB2-LAXS  SirPSRIOS., 

The  C3opper  Mhies  of  Lake  Superior 
were  first  brought  hito  public  notice  in 
1845,  when  speculation  was  rifb  in  all 
that  spur  of  the  Porcupine  Mounti^s  on 
the  south  shore  of  Superior,  eztendhig 
far  into  the  lake,  havinjr  fpit  its  base  a  lin^ 
drawn  across  L'Anse  Bay  to  Ontonagon. 
This  was  then  the  Nortl^eni  El  Dorado.  Id 
this  year  operations  were  commenced  at 
the  Minnesota  mine,  which  is  about  fifteen 
miles  back  of  Ontonagon.  The  first  large 
mass  of  native  copper,  weighing  a&>nt 
seven  t(ms,  was  found  in  a  pit  dug  by  the 
original  lords  of  the  soi]|. 

It  ik  now  (mly  fourteen  years  rince  this 
mine  was  opened.  Attbattimetherapkta 
in  the  Sault  St  Marie  prevented  the  pas* 
sage  of  vessels  from  the  lower  lakes,  uid 
the  adventurers  thUt  sought  out  this  new 
El  Dorado,  had  many  obstacles  to  over- 
come. The  country  was  then  covered  by 
a  vast  wilderness,  without  inhabitants,  ex- 
cepting a  few  Indians. 

All  supidies  were  brought  from  the 
lower  lakes,  and  then  had  to  be  parsed 
over  the  Portage  at  St  Maiy,  and  thenoe 
carried  in  frail  vessels  coasting  to  the 
westwMd,  hundreds  of  miles  to  the  cop- 
per regions,  and  then  carried  on  the  Wdc 


OOFMK— I.ASB  8UPIKIOR. 


of  Ban  and  bMMt  to  tbt  roppowd  dImm 
of  tbe  oopper  doposit  Bfery  fttrolce  of 
the  pick  was  nuidt  at «  ooat  tea-fold  more 
thaa  in  populated  districts,  every  disaster 
delajed  operations  tot  weelcs  and  OTen 
months. 

The  opening  of  the  St  Ifarj  canal,  in 
1858,  has  produced  »  wondrous  change  la 
aU  tiuB  wilderness  region.  The  onlj  set- 
tlements on  the  south  shore  of  the  lake, 
st  the  present  time,  are  Marquette,  Port- 
age Lake,  Ontonagon,  Oopper  Harbor, 
&gle  Harbor,  Eagle  Hirer,  and  the  ad- 
jacent mine8--all  else  is  a  Tast  wilderness, 
without  sign  of  human  habitation. 

The  Oopper  region  is  divided  into  the 
three  distrfots  of  Ontonagon,  Keweenaw 
Point,  and  Portage  Lake.  Since  1845, 120 
Oopper  Mining  Oompanies  have  been  organ- 
ized under  tM  General  Law  of  Miohimn; 
more  than  six  millions  of  dollars  Have 
been  expended  in  explorations  and  minii^ 
improTcments.  The  Minnesota  and  Oliff 
mines  have  declared,  and  paid  over  two 
millions  of  declare  individmids  since  the 
organisation  and  working  of  these  cimi- 
panies.         « 

Until  1860  all  the  Oopper  of  the  Lake 
Superior  mines  was  smelted  at  Detroit, 
Oleveland,  and  Boston.  Shice  which  time 
a  Boston  company  have  erdited  smelting 
works  at  P6rtage,  Lake  SnpericMr,  while 
some  Oopper  Ore  has  been  shipped  to 
Liverpo<tt  to  be  smelted  there. 

There  is  m  annual  product  of  Oojnier 
of  about  2,800  to  8,000  tons  at  the  Wel- 
lington mines.  Lake  Huron,  which  are 
worlced  by  a  Oanyiian  company. 
\  '    '    '  ■ 

Busonss  ov  Lm  SupmoB  or  1881 

The  annual  report  oi  the  Supi^ntend- 
ent  of  the  Sault  St.  Mary  Oaiml,  to  the 
Qovemor  of  MioLigaa,  says  that  during 
the  last  year  there  passed  tiuroug^  the 
ship  canal  $12,000,000  worth  of  oopper 
and  iron,  aim  general  merchandise  to  the 
value  ot'  |10|000^000.    The  number  of 


veseels,saaani4  sfieam,  th»«  piMbdthFDaf^ 
the  canal  was  MM,  itod  i  is  anregate  ton- 
nage was  848,612  tons.  In  1861  the 
number  of  vessels  was  62T.  and  the  ton- 
nage  27&68T  tons.  The  tolls  ocUocted  on 
the  canal  are  six  cents  per  ton,  making  an 
income  of  $21,676  72.  The  trade  last 
year  may  be  divided  as  follows:  Iron,  pig 
and  ore,  150,000  tons;  oopper,  8,800  tons; 
general  merchandise^  8.000  tons. 

The  fbUowing,  showing  the  shipments 
and  value  of  Oopper  shipped  from  Lake 
Superior  from  1846  to  1862,  inclusive,  will 
infficate  the  growtii  and  importance  oiif  the 
Oopper  mining  interest  of  Lake  Superior: 

▲oaBBGAn  BHiPiinTS  Of  coppm  fbom 

LAKE  SUPBUOB  FBOM  1846  10  1862. 


T«M.   Lta. 

•    Tdtm 

8UpmeBttiBl8l&.... 

.not 

owe 

'    u 

A  vVA  •  •  •  • 

tt. 

2.619 

M 

1847..... 

»a 

lOfyfifiO 

M 

loM^  •  •  •  • 

61& 

i0<400 

U 

XoWr*  1  •  •  • 

7Ml 

901,900 

« 

isoa.... 

6Ml 

191^000 

U 

18M .... 

m. 

t$M 

tt 

18Ba .... 

Wl 

80Q;409 

« 

18B6L.... 

1,4081 

908,900 

w 

iBvIk  •  •  •  • 

a,80(ii 

900^000 

M 

UXI^«  •  •  • 

8,194 

U87,999 

M 

186&  •  •  • « 

«,7i& 

9.400,100 

U 

1807..... 

fi,70iL 

9.01^680 

U 

JIQDQL  •  •  •  • 

^804 

I'fiS-SS 

« 

AoOm  •  •  t  • 

l^04L 

^SSSS 

u 

loOlL  •  •  •  • 

8i,614 

V|SP*^Mp^ip  ~ 

M 

1861..... 

1«^. 

••JSS 

M 

i8sa  •  •  • . 

•10,00(1 

^^^WW^I^WPW 

8BIP1IBHT8 

or   THB 

OOPPRB  DBRBIOn 

rOUB  TBAB8. 

18Ml 

186a 

186L 

186& 

Koti«m»w  Dlgt.l,»103 

l,016i8 

«.151.f 

9,7»4»» 

IV>rt^EeLae...l,68&l 

8.0616 

^•^SS-S 

4,98a9* 

(hitoiMgon . 
OwpLAe.. 

....S«OiT.S 

*  •  •  • 

ff,tfl6.7 

M747 

9k706Ll 
11 

goadry  Mines.. 

7.6 

% 

The  Oopper  product  of  Lake  Superior, 
although  smaU  when  o(Hnpared  with  the 
product  in  QreA  Britain,  has,  itince  1846, 
w;hen  the  mines  were  flnt  workedt  grovm 
into  a  trade  of  large  proportions,,,  the  ag- 
gregate  value  of  product  from  1846  to 
1862,  indusive,  being  about  $21,941,300. 


OOMMaBOl  OV  ftai  LAEM. 


XEOV  0(U  AVB  nOV— LAXB  BtTFlBIOR. 


TIm  0OBiiMliiif  of  th*  wMtn  of  LiIm 
Svptrior  with  th»  waters  of  Laka  Hvron, 
1^  th»  ooBiilnioUoii  of  •  ohlp  oanal  throo- 
fcnrtlM  of  »  nOo  la  Itafth,  atoiuiA  IIm 
npidi  in  tho  8miH  81.  lUrj  rlTor.  with 
pnam  sod  loolct  of  rafiieioot  «a|iMitgr  fcr 

gating  the  lakoe,  oompMod  Tory  iooii  af- 
ter the  dieooTovy  and  working  t^the  Ikmi 
minoi,  haa  opened  an  alrealj  eztenai?e 
oonuaeroe  in  mm  ore,  and  pig-iron  naan- 
AMturednear  the  minea.  wUcu  are  iizteen 
to  eighteen  mOea  from  Karanette.  These 
mines  are  about  seren  honored  feet  abo?e 
the  lefel  of  the  lake,  and  are  «pnneoted 
with  Marqo:«ite  by  a  railroad. 

To  show  the  nae  and  progressi(m  of 
this  trade,  we  give  below  an  interesting 
Btatsmont  from  the  Marqoette  Jommal  of 
Janoiiy  18, 1868: 


HON  PBODVor  or  tbb  lmmm  supibiob 
— «HiPianmi  ot  now  owl 


bmiOtii 


...  4,49T 
...18,919 
...1M04 
...lQ,(Mt 
...41,S8S 
...18J1S 
...4^ST 


Total 


CSrrvluA 
bMOtb 

iMt 

19.M1 
80,844 
48,«MI 
70111 
80;i44 


88,016 

t&aoo 

8T,Tie 


Total 

GtOMTOBI. 

1,447 
11,687 
M,184 
81,085 
6^«79 

11«,9»8 
4^480 

UA,791 


dOpped  to  dsto 414,081 


iMaOik 

ttOS....  1,887 
1888....  4,088 


pBODuon  Of  no*iBov. 


OtUlM 
iHMlO*. 

•  •  •  • 

MOO 
8,000 

MOT 


fMMl    Nordwm 
boBOkii  ^mOdi.* 


.... 
8,480 
8,809 


180 
900 


y*iM 

lb.  to*. 

•iooo 

88  00 
SB  00 
98  00 
88  80 


ISOAnrULATIOV. 

1868 TSr  "T^.  814,418 

1868 110»7  ....  88.m 

1887 98,184  ....  908^78 

1868 81,085  1,887  818,988 

1868 46^818  7,968  Wmm 

1880 114^998  &440  188,488 

1881 46^480  7,970  410,488 

1888 11^791  9!jm  881^ 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  stateBBent  thai 
the  sblpuMnts  of  iron  ore  in  1883  were 
115,781  tons  against  1,447  tons  in  1885; 
and  8,898  tons  of  pig-iron  in  1883,  against 
l,83t  t(As  in  1858. 

Marquette  is  the  only  pofart  on  Lake 
Soperior  where  iopon  mtnea  have  been 
opened,  allhoogh  tiiwe  are  Iron  deooeits 
in  the  Bwontains  baok  of  L' Ansa.  Aboot 
eighteen  miles  from  Momiette  are  tbs 
ihrn  momUaiiti  named  the  Lake  Superioir, 
the  Jaokson,  the  Bart,  tike  OoUhiB,  the  Bar* 
low,  and  the  Oleyeland,  while  eight  miles 
ftirther  baok  are  the  St  Ohdr  and  Ely 
moontains.  Only  three  of  these  are  at 
present  worked,  the  Jackson,  the  CSeve* 
land,  and  th^Lake  Superior,  but  tfaese 
alone  contain  enough  iroii  to  suroly  the 
world  tof  many  generations.  Still  fUrthw 
back  from  the  lake  rise  mountahis  to 
eight  hundred  feet  high,  oo^ring  sfMny 
hundreds  of  acres,  which,  H  is  beUem 
from  ezfAorations  already  made,  are  sdM 
iron  ore.  There  are  now  in  operatimi  at 
Marquette  three  iron  mining  companies, 
and  two  blast  Aimaoes,  the  Fionaer  aad 
Oollins,  fi>7  making  charcoal  pig-iron.  The 
Oollias  baa  one  stack,  and  oan  turn  out 
about  eleven  tons  of  p%>iron  daily ;  the 
Pioneer  has  two  staeks,  with  a  oapacitf 
fbr  the  manufactute  of  about  twenty  tons 
da^y.  About  three  miles  to  the  south  of 
Marquette,  at  Oe  mouth  of  the  Ohooolats 
BiTer,  the  Noithem  Ireii  Ooapaaj  lunrt 


nunr  obb  avd  laoi^— ialt. 


it 


quit*  rsmntlj  bnfll  ft  Urgt  UtuBiBoiii 
ooftl  AirDftO*. 

The  qmtiity  of  tht  Itin  Bnptrlor  Inb 
ii  oonoeded,  hj  all  who  htTo  giTW  M  » 
triid^  to  be  mperior  to  tmr  iron  in  the, 
world,  M  ii  ihowQ  hj  the  fbUowiag 
Analysis  bj  Pntfl  JduuMB,  glTinff  the 
strength  per  aqunre  inoh  in  pouada: 

MUborT.Cooii.,  Imm. M,000 

BwadUhibett) fia4M 

loitHsbOiibla Ba,106 

C«ntM  Owantjr.Pft M,4M 

KMftxyOoaoty,  N«w  York. OtJM$ 

LaadMtar  O  an^,  P»BB Ta,Oia 

Common  Eof  lUh  uid  AmwrlcMi 80,000 

Lftke  Saperior mjom 

Large  quantitiea  of  iron  ore  are  talcen 
from  Marquette,  ICioh.,  to  Detroit,  dere- 
land,  Brie,  ana  Huron,  while  aereral 
thousand  tons  have  annuaUj  been  iMrought 
to  BuflUo  for  amoMng,  or  to  paaa  through 
the  Erie,  Seneoa,  and  Gheanmg  Oanals  to 
amalgamate  with  the  iron  orea  of  Penn* 
sylvani%  for  the  BttinflMture  of  pig-iron. 
Two  extensiTe  eatablishmenta  have  been 
already  erected  in  BnflUo^  which  can 
smelt  annuaUj  ftom  flfteen  to  twenty 
tk  sand  tons  of  ore  into  pig  ir<HL  There 
will  soon  be  another  snielting  Aimaoe 
erected  here,  which  will,  probaUy,  be  in 
operation  before  the  end  of  the  preaent 
year.  In  addition  to  tiieae,  a  large  rdUng 
mill  for  rolling  railroad  and  bar  inm  haa 
Just  been  completed,  and  ia  now  in  Aill 
operation. 

There  is  in  the  Lake  Superior  iron  dis- 
trict enough  iron  ore  to  wapflLj  the  world 
with  iron.  A  new  era  in  ahip  and  boat 
building  ia  near  at  hand.  Iron  teaaela 
will  talce  the  place  of  wood,  ^en  n  larm 
amount  of  iron  plates  and  beama  will  be 
required  to  construct  iron  ahipa  and 
steameit.  There  is  a  network  of  rail- 
ways centring  here,  which  will  reqvdre 
a  very  lugB  amount  of  railroad  itOA  to 
replace  tliat  now*  in  use. 

The  opening  of  the  iron  trade  <^  Lake 
Superior  will,  in  the  ftiture,  have  an  im- 
portant bea^ig  npim  the  trade  of  the 


Vow  Tork  oanala.  Tho  oraa  of  Olhiloa, 
Oneida,  are  raqoired  to  mix  with  th*  era 
of  Lak*  Snpetior.  The  Beat  will  aoon 
obtain  ita  auppty  of  pig,  bar,  and  railroad 
iron  ftom  the  Weot 

With  bettsr  Mid  ohaapor  fkoilitiei  Ibr 
the  trapiportation  on  the  Brie  oanaL  tl^ 
toonago  will  aaawne  *  aMgi^toda  ana  im* 
portanoa  coBunenaurata  with  the  dsmand 
for  thia  aU-important  minaral  produotk 


LAMM  DtPOWSIL 


\9» 000  1*>'\ 

imt a.TW       ». 

18«1 8,008  /8 

18« 10,084  i> 


1,088 

1,018 


SAX 


..»*tTp"' 


In  the  year  1860^  there  were  mannfeo* 
tured  in  the  eight  following  naaed  Statea 
11,190,963  bnaheia  of  salt,  of  which  tbiva 
were  produced  80,900  in  Masaachnaetts^ 
1,681,886  buahels  in  New  Tork ;  804^800 
bushels  in  Pennaylvania,  1,744^240  tuah- 
ela  in  Ohkk,  8,068,618  boahela  in  VlrgiBi^ 
80,666  baahela  in  Kentucky,  180,000 
buahels  in  Texaa,  and  44,000  boahala  in 
California,  valued  at  $8,866,808. 

The  diaoovary  of  aaUnea  in  Miehig8B» 
at  SagiuAW  and  vicinity,  in  1869,  will  aoon 
add  largely  to  the  aalt  pnkhiqt  The 
Bast  Saginaw  Salt  Oonpany,  with  a  oapi* 
tal  of  fSty  tiiottsand  doUara,  waa  oigani- 
aed  in  April,  1869,  and  operationa  weft 
comkienoed  about  the  first  of  Mav  in  that 
year,  when  fh^  commanr^  ainking  n 
wdl,  which  well  waa  completed  to  the 
depth  of  690  feet  about  tiie  flrat  of  ITOb. 
mary,  1860.  Immediately  after  the  com* 
pletion  of  thia  well,  amall  quantitiea  of 
aalt  were  produced  in  A  tenqwrwrv  ar- 
rangement^ with  three  or  four  ordmarj 
kettlea,  but  the  manufacture  of  sidt  aa  A 
busineas,  was  not  in  ftill  operation  till 
July,  1860,  when  a  \Aock  of  tity  kettlea 
waa  completed.  Thia  company  haa  six 
Uocka  of  kettlea  in  opmition,  beaidea  600 


88 


COMMEROB   OF  THK   LAKIflU 


Bolar  vats.  There  are  now  M'  operation 
63  bkxsks  of  kettlea,  in  addition  to  which 
forty-seven  firms  and  companies  have 
been  organized,  and  many  of  them  have 
wells  completed,  or  nearly  completed, 
and  will  soon  have  many  admtional 
works. 

The  works  ah'eady  in  operation  are 
oapabU*  of  producing  870,626  bbls.  an- 
nually; and  before  the  first  of  September 
next,  the  works  being  constructed  wOl 
augment  the  capacity  to  one  and  a  quarter 
miUions  of  barrels  annually. 

The  manufacture  of  salt  from  the 
salines  of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  was 
commenced  as  early  as  the  year  1797, 
which  is  the  date  of  the  first  leases  of 
lots,  and  during  that  year  26,474  bushels 
of  salt  were  manufactured.  Pasjijpg  over 
a  period  of  ten  years,  to  1807,  m  which 
year  there  were  manufactured  166,448 
bushels;  in  1817,  448,666  bushels; 
hi  1827,  983,410  bushels;  in  1837, 
2,161,287  bushels;  hi  1847,  3,961,351 
bushels ;  in  1861,  4,614,117  bushels ;  in 

1861,  7,300,000  bushels;  in  1862,  9,016,- 
013  bushels.  These  salines  have  supplied 
the  Eastern,  Middle,  Western  and  North- 
western  States  for  many  years,  and  in  a 
Uttle  more  than  half  a  century  the  pro- 
duct has  been  augmented  from  26,474 
bushels  m  1797,  to  9,016,013  bushels  in 

1862,  making  the  total  product  since  1797 
upwards  of  146,000,000  of  bushels.  The 
United  States  government  duties  on 
foreign  salt,  and  the  adoption  of  a  higher 
rate  of  toll  than  on  domestic  salt,  have 
protected  the  manufacture  to  such  an  ex- 
tent, that  foreign  salt  (until  1862,  when  the 
rate  of  toll  on  it  was  reduced)  was  almost 
enUraly  excluded  firom  finding  a  consump- 
tive demand.  The  salt  manufacture  in 
New  York  has  given  employment  to  a 
large  number  of  our  people,  and  has  largely 
augmented  both  the  tonnage  and  revenue 
of  the  New  York  canals.  The  outlets  for 
our  domestic  salt,  going  to  Western  States 
and  Oanada^  is  by  the  way  of  BuiTalo  and 


Oswego,  which  latter  place  has  always  re- 
ceived, since  the  completion  of  the  Oswego 
canal,  much  the  larger  share  for  the  an- 
nual supply  of  the  West 

The  following  will  show  the  imports  of 
salt  by  canal  at  Buffldo  and  Oswego  for 
the  years  indicated : 

DCPOBTS  <W  DOMBSnO  SAIiT. 

Y«am  Ibfc  vS 

1849 89,902,000  118,184,000 

1800 2&.61S,000         60,09U,000 

1851 80,084,000  118,742,000 

1802 44,816^000  102,164,000 

1888 69,827,414 

1804 67,087,072  166,410,000 

1800 109,820,811  14sn0.000 

1806 60,918,878  198,684,005 

1807 02,228,989  142,967,706 

1808 77,001.100  848,709,816 

1809 112,621,088  190,262,481 

1860 92,949,269  169,027,670 

1861 109,191,278  178,198,476 

1862 177,620,480  S28,098,8f« 

What  effect  upon  the  salt  manufacture 
and  the.  vitttl  commerce  of  this  State,  the 
discovery  and  working  of  the  salines  of 
the  S^naw  Valley  in  Michigan  will  have, 
remains  to  be  seen.  The  fovorable  ac- 
counts of  the  strength  of  these  newly 
discovered  salines,  and  the  progress 
already  made  in  the  manufacture  of  salt, 
induce  the  belief  ttuit  Michigan  will  soon 
be  a  strong  competitor  with  New  York  in 
the  markets  of  the  West  for  this  almost 
universally  used  commodity. 


PETEOLEUH. 

During  the  last  two  years  Petrdeum 
has  assumed  an  importance  in  the  economy 
and  material  interests  of  the  countoy  that 
is  as  yet  but  partially  developed.  The  late* 
ly  discovered  use  of  this  crude  coqpmodity, 
that  is  found  deposited  in  large  reservoirs 
fh>m  five  to  seven  hundred  feet  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  which,  when 
tapped,  flows  upward  to  the  surfiuie  in 
almost  inexhaustible  supply,  is  producing 
a  revoluti(m  in  tbe  eoonQinies  of  the  peo* 


PSTROLKUM. 


39 


pie's  light  In  Oanada  West,  in  the 
vioinity  of  Sarnia,  and  on  Oil  Greek  in 
Pennsylvania,  these  supply  resenroirs 
have  already  been  largely  developed,  and 
new  discoveries  will,  probably,  show  a 
large  extent  of  territory  where  this  crude 
commodity  can  be  obtained. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  oil  regions  there 
are  seventy>five  flowing  wells,  sixty'two 
wells  tiiat  formerly  flowed  and  were 
pumped,  besides  three  hundred  and  fifty- 
eight  wells  sunk  and  commenced,  costing, 
on  an  average,  one  thousand  dollars  each, 
equal  to  $495, 000.  In  the  vicinity  of  these 
wells  are  twenty-five  refineries  for  refining 
the  crude  Petroleum,  which,  with  the 
machinery  and  buil^ngs,  have  been  erected 
at  a  cost  of  about  $500,000.  The  daily 
product  of  the  Pennsylvania  wells  ia 
about  4,400  barrels. 

Some  of  the  fiowing  wells  of  this  oil 
district  have  produced  as  high  as  from 
two  to  Sevan  hundred  barrels  of  crude  oil 
daily.       *♦ 

There  are  in  Oanada  West  thirty-seven 
firms  engaged  in  refining  the  crude  Petro- 
leum  produced  near  Sarnia,  with  a  week- 
ly product  of  about  2^200  bbls.  of  refined 
oil  from  seventy-three  stills,  which  will 
give  an  annual  product  of  refined  oil,  if 
run  to  their  full  capacity,  of  32,120,000 
gallons.  The  annual  product  of  the 
Pennsylvania  oil  regions,  at  about  4,400 
barrels  daily,  will  be  about  68,400,000 
gallons. 

FoBKiair  BxPOBT  ov  PnaoLam  nr  1868. 

From  OaUoMi  Yilae. 

New  York ^J....  ft,788w&e8  $8,037,418 

Philadelphia 8,607,808  687,576 

Boston 891,615  457,859 

Caoada 1,879,000  855,800 

Totals 11,561,881  $8,880,647 

The  exports  ttom  the  port  of  New  York 
in  1861,  were  only  1,112,250  gallons. 
There  were  carried  Eaystward  flrom  the 
Pennsylvania  oil  regions  in  1862,  over 
the  Pennsylvania  Oentral  railroad,  fh>m 


Pittsburg,  destined  for  Philadelphia  and 
fialtimore,  73,668  tons,  being  equal  to 
about  442,000  bbls.  of  oil 

In  every  considerable  town  in  the  Mid- 
dle and  Western  States,  there  are  oil  re- 
fineries for  manufacturing  the  crude  Pe- 
troleum. 

^  This  discovery  has  left  Ooal  Oil,  Gam- 
phene,  Lard  and  Whale  Oils  at  a  discount 
A  cheap  light  of  great  brilliancy  has  been 
obtuned  for  the  million,  and  its  discovery 
and  introduction  into  general  use  will,  in 
a  very«  considerable  measure,  affect  prices 
of  other  oonunodities  previously  used  for 
illuminating  purposes,  and  will  give  a 
respite  to  the  Whale,  and  bids  fair  to 
nvBl  even  coal  gas  in  cheapness  and  illu- 
minating power. 

The  refining  of  crude  Petroleum  has 
already  obtained  a  very  considerable  mag- 
nitude in  Buffalo.  Some  eleven  refineries 
have  been  erected  in  this  city  within  the 
laiBt  two  years,  in  which  $126,000  to 
$130,000  in  capital  has  been  invested, 
giving  employment  to  upwards  of  a  hun- 
dred persons,  having  a  capacity  to  refine 
75,000  to  80,000  barrels  of  the  crude  oil 
annually. 

In  all  the  busy  marts  of  trade,  in  everj 
considerable  town  in  the  Eastern,  and 
Middle,  and  Western  States,  the  odorous 
Petroleum  meets  the  olfactories  of  the 
passers-by. 

What  the  results  of  this  important  dis- 
covery ^nll  be  during  the  next  ton  ^ears 
remains  to  be  seen.  If  the  supply  is  in- 
exhaustible, and  the  devolopmente  of  Hhe 
past  two  years  are  any  criterion  tot  the 
future,  the  half  has  not  been  told  of  its 
importance  to  the  world.  It  has  already 
become  an  important  artide  in  foreign 
and  domestic  commerce.  The  foreign 
export  is  already  counted  by  millions,  and 
in  its  distribution  supplies  nearly  all  the 
important  countries  of  Europe,  Atistrali% 
and  oUier  places  in  the  East  Indies,  Oali- 
fomia,  some  of  the  South  Amerioan 
States,  and  the  Islands  4>f  the  Padfio. 


40 


OOMMSBOB    OF   THX   LAKES. 


CAHAL  COXXEBCS. 


The  oonstractton  of  the  Urie  Canal -warn 
oonuiienoed  in  the  year  1817,  and  the 
waters  of  Lake  Erie  were  u^ted  with  the 
waters  of  Uie  Hudson  river  <m  the  26th 
of  October,  1826.  The  first  revenae  firom 
the  Oswego  oanal  was  reoeived  in  1828. 
This  woric  was  at  first  suggested  as  early 
as  1816,  by  »  memorial  firom  the  dty  of 
New  Tork  to  the  Legislature.  As  early 
as  1724,  Gadwallader  Golden,  then  Sur- 
veyor-General of  the  provinoe  of  New 
Tork,  described  the  route  as  practical  to 
Lakes  Qiamplain  and  Ontario. 

The  Erie  Canal  is  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  important  OMials  in  the  world. 
Notwithstanding  the  contracted  scale  of 
the  first  structure,  the  predictions  of  its 
prqjector,  De  Witt  Clinton,  have  been  more 
than  verified. 

This  work  was  urged  by  Qot.  DeWltt 
OMnton  in  1791,  and  in  1792  by  General 
Schuyler;  by  Surveyor-General  DeWitt 
in  1808,  and  at  everv  meeting  of  the 
Legislature  till  1817,  when  the  work  was 
oommecoed.  Li  1810  Governeur  Morris, 
Stephen  Van  Rensselaer,  De  Witt  Clinton, 
Peter  B.  Porter,  and  others,  were,  by 
Jdnt  resolution  of  the  Legislature,  ap- 
pdnted  as  Commissioners  for  exploring 
the  rout^  from  the  Hudson  river  to  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Brie. 

In  1812  these  Commissioners,  in  their 
rsp(Hrt  to  the  Legislature,  estimated  that, 
in  1832;  th0re  would  be  250,000  tons 
brought  down  the  canals,  which  estimate 
fUl  very  considerably  short  of  the  amoun| 
carriod  on  the  canals  during  that  year. 

This  work  is  362  miles  in  length,  firom 
Bu£Gdo  to  Albany,  and>345  miles  fh>m 
BuflUo  to  Troy.  The  rise  aiid  fall  from 
Lake  Ifirie  to  the  Hudson  is  692  feet 
The  prism  was  originally  40  feet  wide  at 
fba  siir&ce,  and  28  feet  at  the  bottom, 
•ndfo^fset  deep^  with  looks  of  sufficient 


size  to  pass  boats  drawing  8^  feet  of 
water,  14  feet  beam  by  80  fiMt  Icmg. 

The  original  cost  of  the  first  strootnre 
was  $9,027,466. 

la  1836  the  Legislature  passed  an  act^ 
providing  for  its  enlargement  Under 
this  and  other  acts,  the  prism  of  the  canal 
has  been  increased  so  as  to  be  70  feet  on 
the  surface,  42  feet  on  the  bottom,  and  7 
feet  in  depth,  with  locks  110  feet  long  by 
18  feet  wide,  passing  boats  96^  feet  long 
by  17i  feet  beam,  drawing  6  feet  10  incth^r 
es  to  6  feet  of  water. 

There  are  now  71  locks  on  the  Erie 
canal  between  Buffialo  and  Albany,  and  18 
lo(^8  on  the  Oswego  canal  between  Syra- 
cuse and  Oswego. 

The  enlargement  is  now  o(Hnpl0ted  after 
the  ^dan  adopted  in  1836,  with  ^me  modi- 
fications, at  an  additional  cl#  of  about 
fiftv  millions  of  dollars. 

Connecting  with  the  main  trunk  of  the 
Erie  canal  are  the  Chafaiplain,  64  miles 
long;  the  Chenango^  98  miles;  the  Black 
River,  103  miles;  the  Chemung  canal; 
the  Genesee  Valley  canal,  besides  severe 
al  other  connecting  links,  making,  wiUi 
the  Erie  and  Oswego  canals,  a  total  of 
1,028  miles  of  canal,  including  100  miles 
of  slack  water  navigation  connected  by 
canals,  within  and  banging  to  tiie  State 
of  New  York. 


Cost  asd  Raviiram  or  thi  Nbw  Yobx 

Oaitals. 

The  State  Auditor,  In  his  report  to  the 
Legislature  in  1863,  makes  a  balance  sheet, 
from  whioji  the  foUowing  summary  of  the 
revenue  fW>m  all  sources,  from  1817  to 
and  including  September  30th,  1862,  and 
the  disbursements  for  all  purposes  tot  tiie 
same  period,  has  been  made^  via.: 


OAKAL  OOMMIROB. 


41 


eross  eanal  tolls $81^068,958  45 

Dirent  tsxM  on  the 

people 8;806k881M 

Indireet  taxes,  viz: 
Aaadars|8,Ma,O80O6 
Bsit  duties  a,066^406M 
Tsxon 

Bt*mboat 

passeng.      78,00999 

•Geneiml  Fond  for  De* 

flcienoies 1^,49888 

Sales  caiisl  lands. ....  830,018 10 

Interest  on  Invest- 
ments and  deposits.  8,198,41719 

Premioms  on  loans. .  9,994,504  98 

Bents,  snrplns  wt% .  89,^1  T4 

Elmlra  snd  Chemong 

Cmal  Feeder 990,097  66 

MtsoeUaneoossonroes  1,069,709  88 


4104^791,10460 


DlSBUBSniKNIS. 

Frems.  on  pnrohase  of 

stocks,  conunls.,  4M.    1866^799  79 

Interert  <«  loans 81,881,4i08 19 

Contraetors,0olleotor4,^ 

Weif  hmasters,  Ae. .  99,061,^8  99 
Comimssioners      for 

eoustraotion .......  61,918^096  80 

Contrib^n 

to  Gen. 

Fand..|4,18T,60878 
Do.  QenU 
fonddet>t  4,984,416  66 

— — —  8,879,01989 


#194,840^688  07 


Balanoedns $19,048,08849 

*Beceiyed  flrom  General  Fond. ....     1,886,498  88 


Csnal  deU  onpald  and  vnprovlded 
for.........V. : $90,986,097  80 

The  magnitude  of  the  trade  and  ton- 
nage of  the  N«#  York  Oanak  will  be 
shown  hj  the  following  exhibit,  giving 
the  tonnage  and  reyenue  in  eaoh  yew 
from  1820  to  1862,  induslTe: 


.«. .""r^" 

1828 

1884 


Tell,  all 

H.  T.  Cla. 

$0,944 

98,888 

64,079 

190,680 

840,648 


Toll  ree'd 
atBnfflilo. 


T«ll,aU     ToUrwM 
Tonnage.    K.  T.  CIil  atBoflUo. 

1895 $066,979 

1886 760,104 

188T •••••    ••••    8B0f  90v      •  •  •  • 

jICnkI  ••••••••••  ••••  MR1|44A  •  •  •  ■ 

1889 818.187 

1880 V  I1OM.M9 

1881 ....  1,998,808  ...t. 

ioimI.  .........  ....  i,9anP,elMl  « •  •  •- 

1888 1,468,890 

1884..........  ....  1,841,89  •••• 

1885 ....  1,048,986 

1886 1,810,807  1,614,886       $M|iia 

1887 1,171,896  1,999,628 

1888 1,188,011  1,500,911  .... 

1880 1,480^718  1,6161888 

1840 1,416.046  l,nfi^747 

1841 ,1,581,661  9,084,809 

1848 1,984^981  1,749,196 

1848 1,018,489  9,081,680 

1844 1,816,586  8,446,874 

1840 1,985^011  9,646^181 

1846.... 9,868,608  9,70M06 

1847 9,869,810  8,68^881 

1848 9,796^980  8,908,919       1,916,701 

1849 .9,894,788  8,96&996  679,618 

1850 8,076,617  8,978,889  707,481 

1851 8,688,788  8,829,717  mm 

1859 8,868^441  8,118,944         t7T4<i 

1808. 9.947,808  8,904,718         801,651 

1804 4,166^869  9,778,066         6M^89V 

1850 i,m^  9.800,077  68^810 

1806 4,116,069  9.948,908  756^905 

1857 4,844,0m  9,040^644         BM470 

1858 8^199  9,110,704         ^9,68$ 

1809 8,781,684  1,798,940         008,48$ 

1860 4,660,914  8,008,097       1,187,815 

1861 4,507,685  8,908,780       SOOliMS 

1869 $008,785  0^188,948       8,084,08$ 

A  oompariaon  of  the  tonnage  aad  mt- 
enue  of  th«  New  Tork  caxuito  Sig  ^1 
and  1862,  will  8how  an  augmentfttlon  in 
revenue  of  $1,280,158  fh>m  toUi,  While 
the  tonnage  was  inis^ased  l,091,lft0  tons. 

The  aggregate  tons  carried  on  1dbi«  New 
York  canals  since  they  first  went  into 
o|firation,  will  vary  but  little  firom  ei^^- 
two  milliona  of  tons,  valued  at  npwardt 
of  four  thousand  milli(ms  ot  doUara,  flrom 
whitdi  the  State  has  received  »  gross 
revenue  ot  upwards  of  eifi^ty-one  millionii. 

There  is,  probably,  not  another  eyitem 
of  public  wOTks  in  any  country  <m  tkii8 
face  of  th9  globe  that  has  prod  uced  im  so 
short  a  peiiod  of  time  su(^  iitupMidioaA 
results.       # 


49 


OOMMBROI   OF  TBI  LAKB8. 


There  are  other  nommerdel  interestt  of 
great  magnitude  not  mentioned  in  the 
above  eztraota  from  the  Report  of  the 
Trad^  and  Oommeroe  of  Bufiiuo,  of  which 
we  might  enumerate  different  Icinds  of 
gnun,  beef,  porlc,  butter,  cheese,  whiskey, 
aloohol,  hides  and  leather,  ooal,  woo^ 
potatoes,  flrult,  Ac. 

The  trade  with  Oanada,  and  with  for- 
oign  ports,,  passing  through  the  Welland 
Ofuial,  and  down  the  St.  Lawrence  River 
to  the  Atlantic,  is  of  great  and  growing 
importance— destined,  no  doubt,  to  in- 
crease  immensely  on  the  opening  of  the 
proposed  Ship  Canal,  to  oonneot  with  the 


Ifississippi  River,  terminating  at  Ghicago^ 
Illinois,  and  other  internal  improvements. 
A  railroad  route  firom  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi, commendng  near  St.  Paul,  Minne- 
sota, has  been  surveyed,  and  will,  no 
doubt,  terminate  at  Superior  City,  or  Bay- 
field, favorably  situated  on  the  Souu 
Shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  incalculable  advantages  of  this  lat- 
ter communication,  tc  Lake  GommerocL 
can  only  be  realized  when  Ailly  completed 
— ^thus  draining  Northern  Iowa,  Minneso- 
ta, and  Dtiootah  of  their  rich  agricultural 
products— all  of  which  will  flow  eastwurd 
to  the  Atlantic^  and  European  markets. 


TBADE  AND  COMXEECE  OF  CHICAGa 

HOraet  firom  the  Ripobt  of  IA«  OohmitUe  on  SkOisHu,  1863. 


As  an  evidence  of  the  increase  of  agri- 
cultural products  since  1859,  consequent 
on  improved  crops  and  an  enlarged  area 


ci  cultivation,  your  Gommittee  would  di- 
rect attention  to  the  provision  trade  ci 
Chicago  for  the  last  four  years. 


TABLI,  SHOWINa  TBI  BB0KFT8  AT  OHIOAOO  OF  THB  ABTICLKI  SAMMD  FOR  TBB 

TBAB8  1869>*62. 


ARTIOUM. 

Flour,  barrels 

Wheat,  bushels. . . . 

Com, 

Oats, 

Bye. 

Barley 

Hogs.. 

Cattle. 


(I 
II 
II 
II 


18S9. 

■726,321 

8,060,766 

6,401,870 

1,757,696 

231,614 

652,696 

271,204 

111,694 


1860. 

713.348 

14,427,083 

15,262,394 

2,198,889 

318,976 

617,619 

392,864 

177,101 


1861. 

1,479,284 

17,385,002 

26,369,989 

2,067,018 

490,989 

457,589 

675,902 

204,579 


1862. 

1,666,391 

13,978,116 

29,574,328 

4,688,722 

1,038,826 

872,053 

1,348,890 

209,656 


Thus  the  increase  in  cereals  has  bAn 
196  per  cent ;  in  hogs,  400  per  cent ;  and 
in  cattle,  87  per  cent 

Results  equally  marked  are  shown  by 
the  returns  of  the  other  lake-ports. 

The  committee  of  the  Chicago  Board  of 
Tirade,  in  a  recent  Report,  say: 

"In  the  early  settlement  of  the  West, 
the  IQndssipi^  was  the  only  outlet  for  the 
products  of  the  country ;  bgt  the  open- 


ing of  the  New  York  and  Canadian  canals 
and  of  not  less  than  five  trunk  railways 
between  the  East  and  West,  has  rendered 
the  firee  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  s 
matter  of  secondary  importance. 

"The  heated  waters  of  a  tropical  sea, 
destructive  to  most  of  our  articles  of  ex- 
port, a  malarious  climate,  shunned  by 
every  Northerner  for  at  least  one-half  w 
the  year,  and  a  detour  in  the  voyage  of 


TBADI  AITD   OOMMBR?!  OV  OHIO  AGO. 


in 


orer  3,000  mflM  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
markets  of  tlie  wwld,— ^se  consider- 
ations  have  been  sufficienUy  powerful  to 
divert  the  g^at  flow  of  anunal  and  Teg- 
etable  food  fW>m  the  South  to  the  East. 
Up  to  186U,  the  West  found  a  local  mar- 
ket for  an  inconsiderable  portion  of  her 
breadstuflb  and  proyisions  in  tibe  South ; 
but  after  supplying  this  local  demand,  the 
amount  which  was  exported  ttozn  New 
Orleans  was  insignificant, hardly  exceed- 
ing two  millione  of  dollars  per  9nnum." 

The  annual  report  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury  for  the  year  ending  Au^nist 
31,  1860,  showa  the  amount  of  bread- 
stufEi  and  proriaifMU  exportSsd  to  foreign 

fLOUB.  WHXAT. 

bbls.  sacks  and  bbla. 

965,860  339,348 

These  facts  show  oondusively  that, 
with  the  navigation  of  the  Mississ^pi  un- 
obstructed, tito  great  mass  of  Western 


countries  from  New  Orleans  and  Kew 
York  respectively,  as  follows: 

From  From 

N«w  Orleana^  New  York. 

Wheat,  baebela..: 8,189  1,8N>,M6 

Wheat  Flour,  barrela  ....    80,541  1,187^M 

Indlao  Oom,bashel8....  .  884,889  I,fi6iuk4 

Indian  Meal,  barrel! 158  ^m/m 

Pork,  barrels 4,960  100379 

Hama  and  baoon,  poonda     890,980  ie,l«l,749 

The  total  receipts  of  mAn  of  all  kindii 
at  that  port,  in  no  sin^  year  exceeded 
14,600,000  bushels,  either  for  exportation 
or  Consumption  in  the  interior,  which 
are  about  the  receipts  at  Milwaukee,  or 
Toledo.  In  I869-'60,  the  receipts  were  aa 
follows: 

OOUr.  OATS. 

sacks  and  bbls.       sacks  and  bbls. 
1,722,637  6S9,550 

exports  would  flow  through  other  chan- 
nels. 


PBODxrcT  o:p  breabstitffs  fob  expoetatioh. 


The  amount  of  cereals,  which,  in  1862, 
flowed  out  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Val- 
ley iAd  the  region  of  the  I^akes,  en  route 
for  'he  sea-board,  was,  according  to  the 


Buffalo  Trade  Report,  136,S29,542  bush- 
els, which  were  respectively  forwarded 
teom  the  following  points: 


STATXiairT  SHOWlNa  THS  BHIPlfINT  OF  0SB1AL8  FOB  1862. 


Plaoea.  Flonr. 

bbls. 

W.  Temdnus  B.  ft  0.  R.  B.^* 690, 000 

"     Pennsylvania  Oentral     890,696 

Dunkirk 1,096,366 

Suspension  Bridge* 876,000 

Buflfklo 2,846,022 

Oswego 236,382 

Cape  Vincent 48,576 

Ogdensburgh 676,394 

Montreal 1,101,476 

Rochester*. 1,000 


Wheat, 
bash. 


Corn, 
bush. 


112,061 

30,'436,83i 

10,982,132 

316,403 

689,930 

8,012,773 

160,000 


149,664 

24,V88>62T 

4,628,962 

249,369 

1,120,176 

2,649,136 


Other  flraln 

ba^. 

650,000 

1,622,893 

10,173 

2,760,000 

3,849,620 

1,467,823 

49,047 

18,866 

619,896 

6,622 


Totals 8,369,910      60,699,130 

Gband  Total— (Flour  reduced  to  bushels). . . . 

^Estimated. 


32,986,923      10,844^939 
136,329,642 


44 


OOMMIROB  OF  THB  LAKES* 


■mnoDm  or  caHkBALB  ibom  foub  laxm  posn,  in  I86t. 


PiMet. 


Flonr. 
bbli. 


Ohid^o 1,139,849 

If  UwMikee 71 1,40ft 

Toledo* 1,261,291 

Dttroitf 998,6aS 


Wheat 

bOBb. 

13,808,898 

14,916,680 

9,314.491 

3,278,033 


Oorn. 
bosh. 

29,462,610 

9,489 

8,781,634 

810,618 


OfhirOnda. 

bOBb. 

4,616,367 
260,291 


122,109 


Totals 4,711,080      41,317,102      33,664^361        4,888,768 

OBANp  Total— <Floiir  reduced  to  bushels) 103,316,611 


The  mining  population  oi  Lake  Superior 
abscffb  not  less  than  160,000  bushels  of 
cereals,  whidi  do  not  appear  in  the  above 
tables,  and  which  will  aooount  for  the  dis- 
wepandea  between  the  amounts  shipped 
from  the  initial  points,  and  the  amounts 
forwarded-  flrom  the  seoondary  points. 
These  taUes  are  illusteative,  as  showing 
tliat,  in  this  great  grain-dnoveiiMnt,  the 
four  lake  porta  Aar^ah  more  than  flftj 


per  cent,  of  all  the  flour,  more  tiban  eighty 
per  cent,  of  all  the  wheat,  and  more  than 
seyenty-five  per  cent  <^  the  cereals  of  all 
kinds;  while Ohioago  and  Toledo  together 
Aimish  more  com  than  finds  its 
way  eastward  through  all  these  aye- 
nues,  and  Ohicago  alone  contributes  more 
than  forty  per  oeut.  of  the  whola  gross 
product 


STATEKEHT, 

Showing  tha  Capacity  of  ow  Warthouaea  for  HandUng  and  Coring  Grain  in  Chicago, 


XLBYATnrO  WASEaOUiB& 


Cvpadty  for 
otoiigt. 

bnih. 

Sturgts,  Buckitfgham  k  Co.,  A 700,000 

«•                      "       B 700,000 

Flint  k  Thompson : 160,000 

"                     R.LR.R...... 700,000 

Oharles  Wheeler  ft  Co.,  G.  &  a  U.  B.  B. . . .  600,000 

Munger  &  Armour 600,000 

Hiram  Wheeler 460,000 

Munn  k  Soott 200,000 

0.  Lunt  k  Brother 80,000» 

l^rd  k  Norton 100,000 

Qeorge  Sturges  k  Oo.,  Fulton  Meyator 100,000 

Walker,  Washburn  kOo. 76,000 

Albert,  Sturges  k  Company 700,000 

Armour,  Dole  ft  Oo 860,000 

Munn  ft  Soott  (new  house) 600,000 

L,  Newberry  ftOo. 300,000 

Splint  ft  Thompson  (new  house). 1,000,000 

Armour,  Dole  ft  Oo.        "         800,000 


OapMlty  to  !«• 
eeiTeAod  Bhlp 
perdaj. 
basb. 
66,000 
66,000 
26,000 
66,000 
60,000 
60,000 
60,000 
30,000 
30,000 
40,000 
26,000 
30,000 
66,000 
86,000 
66,000 
40,000 
90,000 
90,000 


CapMJityto 
Ship  p«r  d»7. 

bosh. 

226,000 

226,000 

60,000 

200,000 

126,000 

100,000 

160,000 

76,000 

40,000 

46,000 

60,000 

60,000 

226,000 

226,000 

200,000 

100,000 

230,000 

230,000 


Totsl  Oapacity  of  Warehouses 8,616,000 

*  Amount  t«eelT«d  fh>m  Ohioago  dednoted. 

t  Amoont  reoolved  from  Ohioago  and  MUwaukae  dcdneted. 


960,000         2,666,000 


TK^DB   AND    OOMMSBOK   OF  OHIOAOO. 


45 


FOBS  AND  BEEP  PAGXIHa 


The  pirogress  which  has  been  made  in 
Pork  Packing  in  Ghkago  during  the  paet 
two  years,  is  probably  without  a  parallel 
in  the  history  of  any  other  dty  in  the 
United  States.  ' 

During  the  past  year  there  hare  been 
erected  along  the  River  seren  large  Pork 
and  Beef  houses,  all  of  which  have  been 
oonstrueted  on  the  most  approved  plana. 
Besides  these,  there  have  been  built  a 
la^  number  of  smaller  structures,  of 
more  or  less  permanence;  all  of  which, 
with  the  temporary  ooouiMition  of  stores, 
outhouses,  Ac.,  g^ve  great  additional  tUf 
duties  in  the  extension  of  this  business. 
As  the  season  is  not  yet  dosed,  we  can 
only  judge  of  the  paddng  for  lM2-*3,  >y 
the  numbw  out  from  the  commencement 
of  the  season,  till  January  1,  which  foots 
up  539,216^  against  229,860,  packed  dur- 
ii^f  the  same  period  in  1861 — an  increase, 
thus  far,  of  309,368. 

During  the  past  two  seasons,  a  huge 
proportion  of  the  Hogs  cut  have  been 
made  into  Bnfflish  ICidoles,  for  Uie  Liver- 
pod  and  London  markets.  In  the  early 
part  of  this  season,  nearly  every  paddng 
house  in  the  city  was  engaged  in  this 
brandi  of  the  business.  The  favor  with 
which  Chicago  brands  have  been  received 
in  the  leading  markets  of  England,  war- 
rants us  in  the  belief  that  the  trade  will 
be  one  of  pennanence. 


TABLB 
Fvnaair^Ad  forjivt  peon. 

BBOKVBD.  . 

nAs.                     Live.       Dressed.  Totai. 

]^ 418,285       184,M1  fi40,48« 

lABO. 18a,<71         8S,fi88  ^  8T1,S04 

JfW. ««M4»       10T,n6  a»S,8«4 

]^J: 5M,6M       198.861  8Tfi,MI 

1^ MIO^       »T,»19  1VMM0O 


rOBWABDB). 

VBAB.                      lire.  Dressed. 

1808. 109,181  88,888 

ISne. 8T,854  88,998 

1880L 191,iU  801,861 

1861 816,988  T8,118 

1868. M6.606  44,689 


TOTAt. 

198,018 
110,846 
887,164 
888,094 
491,186 


BXBF  CATTLE. 

The  past  vear  has  shown  but  a  nHU 
increase  in  the  Oattle  Trade  of  Ohicaco. 

By  the  tables  which  follow,  it  wm  be 
aeen  that  the  recdpta  <tf  Oattle  aft  thia 
point  amount  to  a09,C66  Mainst  204,679 
m  1861,  an  inoreeiM  of  6,076  head;  and 
the  shipments  to  112,746  against  124,146^ 
^  the  same  f/criod  of  time.  Showing  a 
decrease  of  11,40L 

TABLX 

SlUwkHf  th«  fimmb^  itf  Oattlb  RtttHmtd  vmA 
Fot^Dini>dtd  for  Jln^ftan. 

Beeeived  In  18n6 14A,8M 

••  1809 111,694 

••  1860 177,101 

*  1861 804,079 

«  1868 ..809,606 

Forw8rdedlnl858 48,618 

18B9 87,064 

••  1860 97,474 

*•       1861 iaii4i 

"  1868 .,. 118,746 

The  cereals  and  agricultural  produeto 
shipped  from  Chicago  consist  of  ooil^ 
wheatr  rye,  oats,  barley,  butter,  dieese^ 
potatoes,  wool,  hides,  Ac.  The  produd» 
of  ^le  forest  are  lumber,  and  wood  of  dif- 
ferent kinds.  The  minerals  are  coal,  fta; 
wlJle  fisheries  furnish  large  quantities  of 
cured  fish  of  different  kinds  for  exportap 
tion;  idtogether  giving  employment  to  % 
huge  amount  of  toniuige  navigating  th* 
great  )aksa. 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES, 


GlTlnff  a  DetorlptlOA  of  Cltlef,  Towns,  Ac. 


ing  West  The  harbor  of  Buffalo 
is  the  most  capacious,  and  reiUlj 
the  easiest  and  safest  of  access 
on  our  inland  waters.  Improve- 
ments are  annually  made  bj 
dredging,  by  the  construction  of 
new  pieris,  wharves,  warehouses, 
and  elevators,  which  extend  its 
facilities,  and  render  the  discharge 
and  trans-shipment  of  cargoes 
more  rapid  and  convenient;  and 
in  this  latter  respect  it  is  without 
an  equaL 

Bufblo  was  first  settled  bv  the  whites 
in  1801.  In  1832  it  was  chartered  as  a 
city,  being  now  governed  by  a  mayor,  re- 
corder, and  board  of  twenty-six  aldermen. 
Its  population  in  1830,  according  to  the 
United  States  Oensus,  was  8,668 ;  in  1840^ 
18,213;  and  in  1860,42,261.  Since  the 
latter  period  the  limits  of  tbe  city  have 
been  enlarged  by  taking  in  the  town  of 
Bhioik  Bock;  it  is  now  divided  into  thir> 
teen  wards,  and,  according  to  the  Census 
of  1860,  contained  81,130  inhabitants,  be- 
ing now  the  third  city  in  point  of  size  in 
the  State  of  I^ew  York.  The  public  build- 
ings are  numerouSf  and  many  of  them  fine 
specimens  of  architecture ;  while  the  pri- 
vate buildings,  particularly  those  for  busi- 
ness purposes,  are  of  the  most  durable 
construction  and  modem  style.  The  man- 
•facturing  establishments,  including  sev- 
eral extensive  ship-yards  for  the  building 
and  reiMuring  of  lake  craft,  are  also  numer- 
ous, and  conducted  on  a  large  scale,  pro- 
dudng  manufactured  artides  for  the 
American  and  Canadian  markets. 
The  prindpal  pubUc  buildings  are  an 


BnfllilOy  "QumrCiTTof  theLAKU," 
possessing  commanding  advantages,  being 
22  miles  above  Niagsura  Falls,  is  distant 
from  Albany  298  mues  by  railroad,  and 
about  350  miles  by  the  une  of  the  Erie 
Canal:  in  N.  lat  42»  63'  W.  long.  IB"  56' 
from  Greenwich.  It  is  uvorably  situated 
for  commerce  at  the  head  of  Niagara  River, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  foot 
of  the  great  diain  of  Uppei  Lakes,  and  is 
the  point  where  the  vast  trade  of  these 
inland  seas  is  concentrated.  The  harbor, 
formed  of  BufiUo  Creek,  lies  nearly  east 
and  west  across  the  southern  part  of  the 
dty,  and  is  separated  from  the  waters  of 
Lfd^e  Erie  by  a  peninsula  between  the 
citsek  and  luce.  This  harbor  is  a  very 
secure  one,  and  is  of  vadk  capadty,  that 
although  steamboats,  ships,  and  other 
lake  orut,  and  oanal-boats,  to  the  number, 
in  all,  (^  froir  three  to  four  hundred,  have 
sometimes  been  assembled  there  for  the 
transaction  of  the  business  of  the  lakes, 
yet  not  one-half  part  of  the  water  accom- 
modations has  ever  yet  been  occupied  by 
the  vast  business  of  the  great  and  grow- 


BUFFALO  TO   DBTROIT — HOBTH  BHOBB   ROUTB. 


47 


n.  states  Oustom-House  and  Post-Offloe; 
City  Hall;  Oourt-House  and  JaU;  2  Thea- 
tres, and  ;^  Ihurohes  of  different  denom- 
inations. Here  are  also  8  banking  houses. 
4  Savings  Banks,  and  several  Fiit  ana 
Marine  Insuranoe  Oompanies.  * 

The  Lines  of  Steamers  and  RaQroads 
diverging  fVom  Buffalo  tend  to  make  it  one 
of  the  groatest  thorouglifares  in  the  Un- 
ion. Steamers  and  propellers  run  to  Cleve- 
land, Sandusky,  Toledo,  Detroit,  Maokinao, 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Oreen  Bay,  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  Ac. 

RaILBOAOS  BUMKINO  FBOM  BnVTALO. 

1.  New  York  CentrM^  to  Albany  and 
Troy,  298  miles. 

2.  Buffalo,  Niagara  JPbUa,  and  Lnoitton, 
28  miles. 

3.  Buffalo,  iMo  Tork,  and  Brie,  to  the 
dty  of  New  York,  434  miles. 

4.  Lake  Shore  BaUroad,  to  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  183  miles. 

5.  Buffalo  and  Lake  Muron  BaUiwofy^ 
161  miles. 

6.  Oreai  Western  (Oanada)  Baatoay 
(Sus.  Bridge  to  Detroit,  Mich.X  230  miles. 

Then  are  also  four  lines  of  City  Rail- 
roads running  to  different  points  within 
the  limits  of  Buffalo. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  American, 
and  Sft.  Jamea  Hotel,  and  Manaion  House, 
on  Main  street;  Bonney^s  Hold,  on  Wash- 
ington street,  and  the  United  Siaies,  tedng 
the  Terrace. 

There  are  now  running  firom  BulBdo  to 


difl)n«nt  ports  on  Lake  Brie  and  the  Up- 
per Lakes  seven  different  Lines  of  Pro- 
pellers, annually  transporting  an  immense 
amount  of  merdiandise  and  produce, 
which  finds  its  exit  eastward  by  means  of 
the  Brie  Canal,  and  the  several  Railroad 
Lines. 

"The  dimate  of  BuflUo  ia,  without 
doubt,  of  a  more  even  temperature  than 
any  other  dty  in  the  same  parallel  of  lati- 
tude firom  the  Mississippi  to  the  Atlantic 
coast  Observations  have  shown  that  the 
thermometer  never  ranges  as  low  in  win^ 
ter,  nor  as  high  in  summer,  as  at  points  in 
Massachusetto,  the  eastern  and  central 
portions  of  this  State,  the  northern  and 
southern  shores  of  Lake  Brie  in  MiohigBn, 
Northern  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  The 
winters  are  not  as  keen,  nor  the  summers, 
oooled  by  the  breezes  from  the  lake,  as 
sultry ;  and  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view, 
it  is  probably  one  of  the  healthiest  cities 
in  the  world. 

"  London,  usually  considered  the  health- 
iest of  dties,  has  a  ratio  of  one  death  in 
forty  inhabitants.  The  ratio  of  BuflUo  is 
one  in  fifty-six.  The  favorable  situation  ' 
of  the  city  for  dMinage,  and  for  a  mpglj 
of  pure  water;  its  broad,  well-paved 
streets,  lined  with  shrubbery  and  shade- 
trees;  its  comparatively  mild  winters;  its 
cool  summers;  its  pleasant  drives  and 
picturesque  suburbs,  and  its  proximity  to 
tiia  '  Jb&,'  combine  to  repder  it  one  of 
the  most  desirable  residences  on  the  con- 
tinent." 


BUFFALO  TO  DSTBOIT-HOBTH  8H0B1  BOUTS. 


On  leaving  the  wharf  at  BuflUo,  the 
Steamers  usually  run  direct  for  Long 
Point  on  the  Canada,  or  North  Shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  proceeding  for  most  of  the 
distance  in  British  waters,  to  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  River. 

Long  Point,  65  miles  from  Bui&lo^ 


is  a  long  strip  of  land,  nearly  20  miles 
long,  and  firom  one  to  three  miles  in  width, 
covered  for  the  most  part  with  a  frtunted 
growtii  of  forest  trees.  It  was  formerly 
a  peninsiday  running  out  fii>m  the  Iwnd 
in  an  easterly  direction,  nearly  half  way 
aoross  the  lake;  but  the  watMS  having 


4S 


TEIP  TBROUOB  TBI  LAKBt. 


■idt  ft  wide  brtabh  Aorosi  Its  WMtorn 
•ztrami^,  hM  oonT«rt«d  it  into  an  iaknd. 
Thert  li  an  importMit  light>houM  on  the 
•Mt  end  to  guide  the  mariner  on  his  pas- 
■age  througa  Lake  Erie,  here  about  40 
niws  wide,  and  where  is  found  the  great- 
est depth  of  water.  To  this  Point  both 
shores  of  the  lake  oan  be  seen  in  n  dear 
morning  Arom  the  deck  of  tiie  steamer, 
aifording  a  most  grand  sight  when  the 
■un  rises  on  a  doudless  day.  Then  maj 
vsuallj  be  seen  a  fleet  of  ressels  wending 
their  way  toward  BuflUo  or  the  mouth  ^ 
the  Welland  CSanal,  through  which  chan- 
nel annually  passes  n  neat  number  of 
■team  propellers  and  sail  Teasels  on  their 
waj  to  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St  Lawrence 
Bi?er. 

PoBT  OoLBOBira,  0.  W.,  situated  about 
20  miles  west  of  BuflUo,  lies  at  tike  mouth 
of  the  Welland  Canal,  while 

POBT    )f  AXTLAND,    SOUM    20    milcS    flUT- 

ther,  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
BiTer,  where  is  »  narignble  feeder  com- 
munioattng  with  the  canal,  thus  aflbrding 
two  entrances  to  the  above  canaL 

PoBT  DOYBB,  about  70  miles  west  of 
BuflUo^  and  40  miles  distant  inm  Ham- 
ilton by  proposed  railroad  route,  is  situated 
on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Lynn.  Here  is  a  good 
harbor,  and  the  village  is  a  place  of  grow- 
iag  impcvtanoe,  containing  about  1,000 
innabitants. 

PoBt  Rtbb«i  and  Pobt  Rowan  are 
small  villages  on  the  Ouiada  shore,  situ- 
nted  on  the  bay  formed  by  Long  Point 
Inland  there  is  to  be  found  »  rich  and 
fine  farming  district,  consisting  of  some 
of  the  best  lands  in  Oanad*  West 

The  Sand  BUb,  immediately  west  of 
Lcmg  Pdnt,  are  seen  for  some  distance 
as  the  steamer  pursues  her  onward  course 
toward  Poini  aux  i\fM^  passing  through 
the  widest  psrt  of  the  lake,  where  both 
shores  are  lost  sight  of  for  a  number  of 
ndlss.  The  water  usually  presents  a  dear 
green  color  in  th«  midala»  but  aear  the 


shore  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  mud^y 
water,  proceeding  firom  the  streams  empty- 
ing hito  the  lake. 

Pobt  Bubwbll,  0.  W.,  about  85  miles 
west  of  Long  Point  is  handsomdy  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Greek.  Here 
is  n  light-house  and  good  harbor.  A 
large  amount  of  lumber  and  other  pro- 
ducts are  annnally  ezpcnrted  flrom  this 
place  to  Eastern  markets. 

Pobt  StrAiriAT,  about  26  miles  fkN 
ther  west,  is  handsomely  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Kettle  Greek,  being  in  part  sur- 
rounded bv  high  and  picturesque  hUls  in 
the  immediate  vidpity.  The  harbor  is 
well  protected,  ana  much  frequented  by 
British  and  American  vessels  running  on 
Lak^  Brie.  It  Is  nine  miles  south  of  8t 
Thoioas,  and  twenty-foui^from  London, 
the  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, for  whidi  place  it  may  be  conddered 
the  out-port.  A  plank-road  runs  betweti 
the  two  places;  also^  the  London  a.Mt 
J^>rt  StmUe^  Sailroad,  oonnectiiw  with 
the  Great  Western  Railway  of  wada 
Steamers  run  from  Port  Stanley  to  Buf- 
falo Cleveland,  and  other  pottB  on  Lake 
Bile. 

Point  avx  Pdib,  or  Robd'  Eau  (usually 
called  by  the  American  navigators  Mound 
C%  about  100  mUes  west  of  Long  Point, 
is  a  cape  which  prqfects  from  the  Canada 
shore,  endosing  a  natural  basin  of  about 
0,000  acres  in  extent,  with  a  depth  of 
from  ten  to  twdve  feet,  thus  forming  an 
exoeUent  and  secure  harbor,  the  entrance 
to  which  his  been  improved  by  the  Gana> 
dian  government  by  running  out  pien, 
etc.  It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  ship  • 
canal  from  this  port  to  the  St  Glair  River, 
a  distanoaof  about  35  miles,  thus  avoid- 
ii«  the  <S1  Claur  Fiats.  Another  Canadian 
IHTogect  is  to  construct  a  canal  from  Gode- 
rich  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  about  120  miles 
in  length. 

Point  Pblbb,  lying  about  40  mSM 
east  of  the  mouth  of  Detrdt  Rive  ,  pro- 
jects a  niuBber  of  aiiles  into  Lake  Erie, 


DITROIT  RIVBR — OUFFALO  TO  DITROIT — HORTH  SHORI  KOUTI.   40 


and  forma,  in  oonneotlon  with  the  island 
of  Point  Pel^  and  other  ialands  in  the 
yioinity,  the  moat  piotureaque  portion  of 
lake  scenery  to  be  met  with  on  thia  in- 
landseak 

PoiirT  PiLii  l8LAin\  belonging  to 
Canada,  ia  about  aeTtn  milea  long,  and 
two  or  three  milea  in  width.  It  is  in- 
habited bj  a  fbw  aettlera.  The  ialand  ia 
said  to  abound  with  red  oedar,  and  poa- 
sesses  ai  fl^e  lime-atone  quarry.  A  light- 
house ia  situated  on  the  east  aide. 

The  steamers  bound  for  Detroit  River 
usually  paaa  to  the  north  aide  of  Point 
Pelee  luand,  and  run  aorosa  Pigeon  Boy 
toward  Bar  Point,  aituated  at  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  Rirer.  Seyeral  small  islands 
are  passed  on  the  south,  called  Boat  Siator^ 
Middle  Siaior,  and  West  Sister;  also,  in 
^  distance,  may.  be  aeen  the  Bam 
ISLAiTDS,  known  aa  the  "North  Baas," 
"Middle  Bass,"  and  "South  Bass."  On 
the  west  side  of  the  latter  lies  the  secure 
harbor  of  Pot-in-Bat,  celebrated  as  tiie 
rendezYoua  of  Oom.  Perry's  fleet,  before 
and  after  the  glorious  naval  victory  which 
he  achieved  over  the  British  fleet,  Sep- 
tember 10th,  1813. 

Dbtboit  RiVBB,  forming  one  of  the 
links  between  the  Upper  and  Lower  Lakes, 
is  next  approached,  near  the  mouth  of 
which  may  h9  seen  a  light  on  the  Michi- 
gan shore  CAlled  OibreUtar  Light,  and  an- 
other light  an  ialand  attached  to  Can- 
ada, the  steamers  usually  entering  the 
river  tlirough  the  east  or  British  Channel 
of  the  river,  although  vessels  often  pass 
through  the  west  or  American  Chaniud. 

Amhbbstbuboh,  0.  W.,  18  miles 
below  Detroit,  is  an  old  and  important 
town.  The  situation  is  good;  the  banks 
of  the  river,  both  abbve  and  below  the 
village,  but  particularly  the  latter,  where 
the  river  emerges  into  Lake  Erie,  are  very, 
beautiful;  aeveral  handaome  resddenoes 


may  here  be  aeen,  surrounded  br  highly 
cultivated  grounds.  About  a  mile  bekyw 
the  town  is  a  chalybeate  spring,  which  it 
said  to  resemble  the  waters  of  Ohelten- 
ham;,  in  England.  Britlah  and  American 
vessels  flrequently  land  at  Amherstburg, 
on  their  trips  to  and  flrom  the  Uppef 
Lakea. 

Fort  Maldrit,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating a  regiment  or  troopa,  is  aituated 
about  half  a  mile  above  Amherstburg. 
on  the  iast  bank  of  the  river,  the  channel 
of  which  it  here  commands. 

At  BBowNSTOWir,  situated  on  the 
opposite  aide  of  the  river,  in  Michigan,  ia 
the  biMle-ground  where  the  AmericaaiL 
under  disaidvantageoua  cironmstanoea,  ana 
with  a  slight  loss,. routed  the  Biitiah 
forces,  whi^  lay  in  ambush,  as  the  former 
were  on  their  wav  to  relieve  the  fort  al 
Frenchtown,  whidbi  event  occurred  August 
6,  1812. 

Sandwich,  0.  W.,  is  beautifyiU- sit- 
uated on  the  river,  two  milea  below 
Detroit,  and  nine  ndles  below  Lake  St. 
Olair.  It  stands  on  a  gently  sloping  bank 
a  short  distance  fh>m  the  river,  which  ia 
here  about  a  mile  wide.  This  is  one  ot 
the  oldest  settlements  in  Canada  West 
The  town  contains  3,133  inhabitlmta. 

Windsor,  C.  W.,  situated  in  the 
township  of  Sandwich,  is  a  village  direct- 
ly opposite  Detroit,  with  which  it  ia  con- 
nected by  three  steam  ferries.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1834,  and  is  now  a  place  of 
considerable  business,  having  a  population 
of  about  2,500  inhabitants.  Here  ter> 
minates  the  Oreat  Western  Bailway  of 
Canada,  which  extends  fh>m  Niagara  Falls 
or  Suspension  Bridge,  via  Hao^ton  and 
London,  to  opposite  Detroit — thus  forming 
an  important  link  in  the  great  line  of 
railroads,  now  finished,  running  from  the 
seaboard  at  different  points  to  Uie  Missia- 
sippi  and  Missouri  Rivers. 


RAILROAD  ROCTi:  from  Nlaffam  FalN  to  HaailltOB  aM 
Detroit,  via  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada. 


Thii  great  InteraatioiuJ  Line,  extend- 
ing fW>m  Niagara  River  to  Detroit  Rim 
opposite  the  city  of  Detroit,  a  diatanoe  of 
239  miles,  passes  through  a  fine  and  in- 
teresting section  of  oountrj,  equal  in 
many  respects  to  Western  New  York. 
It  oonnecta  with  the  New  York  OentnJ 
and  BuflUo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad, 
formiDg  a  gfreat  through  route  of  travel 

Starting  from  the  Suaperuion  Bridge  at 
Olifton,  two  miles  below  the  Falls  of  Ni- 
agara,  the  passenger  train  soon  reaches 
the  verge  of  the  mountain  ridge  over- 
looking the  plain  b«lo««,  while  in  the  dis- 
tance may  be  seen  the  broad  waters  of 
Lake  Ontario,  usually  studded  with  sail 
vessels  and  propellers  on  their  way  to  or 
flrom  the  mouth  of  the  Welland  OanaL 

**  Traced  like  a  map,  the  landscape  Ilea 
In  ooUured  beauty  stretching  wide.** 

Thorold,  nine  miles,  is  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Welland  Oanal,  where  is 
abundant  water-power  propelling  five 
or  six  flouring  mills.  A  railroiMl  ex- 
tends to  Port  Dalhousie,  some  five  or  six 
miles  distant,  connecting  with  a  steamer 
running  to  Toronta  This  road  will  be 
extended  to  Fort  Oolboume,  on  Lake 
Erie,  about  twenty  miles  distant 

St.  04THBRINK8,  12  miles  ftom  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
also  situated  on  the  line  of  the  WeUand 
▼Oanal,  which  connects  Erie  and  Ontario. 
This  has  become  of  late  a  fashionable 
place  of  resort  during  the  sunmier  moilths, 
caused  by  the  mineral  wators  of  the  "  Ar- 
tesian Wells"  obtaining  great  celebrity, 
owing  to  their  curative  properties.  Here 
are  several  well-kept  hotels  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors.  St.  Oatherines  is 
justly  termed  "the  Saratoga  of  Canada," 
being  annually  visited  by  thousands  of 
invalids  and  pleasure-seekers. 

BsAXSViLLB,    22     miles    firom    the  I 


I  Suspension  Bridge,  is  a  thriving  TiUaga 
about  one  mile  flrom  the  station. 

Qrimbbt.  6  miles  farther,  is  situated 
on  Forty-mile  Greek,  the  soene  of  some 
hard  fighting  during  the  war  of  1812.  It 
is  a  small  village  of  360  inhabitants ;  there 
are  two  churches,  a  hotel,  and  sevenl 
stores ;  also,  a  grist  and  saw  mills  im- 
pelled by  water-porr<«r. 

Hamilton,  i3  miles  flrom  Suspen- 
sion Bridge,  is  theprinoipal  station  on  the 
line  of  the  Oreat  Western  Railway,  where 
are  located  the  principal  offices  and  work- 
shops connected  with  the  company.  Here 
is  a  commodious  d^p6t  and  steamboat  land- 
ing. Oarriages  and  omnibuses  are  alwavs 
in  readiness  to  convey  passengers  to  the 
hotels  in  the  city,  and  steamboat  landings. 

The  Ibronft)  Branch  of  the  Great  West- 
ern Railway  commences  at  Hamilton,  and 
extends  a  distance  of  thirty-eight  miles  to 
the  city  of  Toronto,  running  near  the  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario. 

On  leaving  Hamilton  for  Windsor  or 
Detroit,  the  road  passes  near  the  mansion 
of  the  hkte  Sir  Allan  M'Nab,  and  over  the 
Des  Jardines  Oanal,  entering  the  head  of 
Burlington  Bay.  Here  is  also  a  Suspen- 
sion Bridge  in  sight,  thrown  over  the 
stream  as  it  cuts  its  way  through  the  high 
bank  which  endrdes  tlie  bay  or  lake. 
This  point  presents  a  beautiful  view,  both 
on  leaving  o^  arriving  at  the  head-waters 
of  Lake  Ontario. 

DuNDAS,  five  miles  flrom  Hamilton, 
is  situated  on  rising  ground  on  the  side 
of  the  mountain,  and  is  a  thriving  mmu- 
faoturing  place,  having  the  advantage  of 
a  stream  which  flows,  or  rather  rushes, 
<4vith  great  impetuosity  through  its  centre^ 
working  on  its  way  numerous  mills.  The 
Des  Jardines  CantU  runs  flrom  hence  to 
Burlington  Bay,  enabling  the  manufao- 
turers  to  ship  their  goods  at  their  own  doors. 


BUFFALO   AND   NIAGARA  FALL8  TO  DBTBOIT. 


61 


Haikhbuboh,  19  miles  ftrom  Hmd- 
ilton,  !■  the  stetion  Of  the  dfaU  Branch  of 
the  Great  Western  Rsilwsj. 

Pabis,  with  the  Upper  and  Lower 
Town,  oontsins  shout  3,600  iohsbitants : 
BO  oslled  flrom  its  coatiguity  to  heds  or 
gjpsum  or  plsster  of  Psns.  It  possesses 
s  oonsiden^le  smount  of  water-power, 
which  worlcs  numerous  mills.  There  are 
two  foundries,  a  tannerj,  maohine-shop, 
distillerj,  saw-mill,  eto.  The  BujUfah  and 
Lake  Hwron  Baiiway  interseots  the  Great 
Western  at  this  point,  running  to  Gtode- 
rich,  on  Lake  Huron. 

WooosTOOK,  48  miles  Arom  Ham- 
ilton, and  tii  miles  from  Windsor,  is  a 
county  town,  well  situated  on  rolling 
ground,  and  oontalns  about  4,&00  inhab- 
itants. It  may  be  called  a  town  of  mag- 
nificent distances;  Bast  and  West  Wood- 
Btoclc  forming  a  street  upward  of  a  mile 
in  length.  The  vacant  spaces,  however, 
are  fast  being  filled  up  with  stately  edi- 
fices, and  it  will  thus  m  a  short  time  be- 
come one  of  the  handsomest  thorough- 
fares in  Oanada.  In  this  locality,  noted 
for  its  handsome  country  seats — and 
indeed  all  the  way  from  Hamilton — ^the 
land,  as  seen  from  the  road  (the  railroad 
for  the  most  part  passes  through  a  new 
country),  is  rolling  and  well  deared  of 
trees  and  stumps,  presentinff  more<^the 
appearance  of  "merrie  En^and"  than 
any  |»ther  section  of  the  Province. 

iNQEBSOLii,  nine  miles  farther,  for- 
merly an  Indian  viUage^  now  contains 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  A  small  arm 
of  the  Thames  runs  through  it,  and  fur- 
nishes some  water-power,  by  which  sev- 
eral miUs  are  worlced.  Since  the  opening 
of  the  railway  it  has  risen  in  a  surprising 
manner;  and  the  town,  which  before 
then  had  a  fery  dingy  appearance,  the 
houses  being  of  wood  and  wanting  paint, 
is  now  gay  with  white  bride,  and  the 
streets  resound  with  the  hum  of  an  en- 
terprising population. 

LoMSON,  119  miles  from  ^Suspension 


Bridffe,  and  110  miles  from  Windsor,  if 
not,  Uke  her  Bnglish  namesake,  ' 


-The  freftt  Miort 


or  All  the  earth— obeckerad  with  M 
fJomplezloM  of  nuuikliid— 

is  nevertheless  a  very  stirring  business 
place,  and  presents  another  instance  of  th« 
energy  and  enterprise  of  the  Oanadians. 
Ten  years  ago,  this  then  very  small  vfl- 
lage  of  wooden  houses  was  entirely 
burned  down,  and  now  on  its  ashes  is 
raised  a  most  flourishinff  city,  containing 
four  banks,  several  whiuesale  houses,  fif- 
teen churches,  many  of  them  handsome 
structures,  and  the  Bnglish  Ohuroh  Lav- 
ing a  fine  peal  of  bells;  life  and  fire  in- 
surances offices,  breweries  and  distilleries. 
It  has  three  newspapers  and  several  good 
hotels.  Population  nearly  18,000.  It  is 
well  watered  by  the  river  Thames,  which, 
however,  is  only  navigable  up  to  Ohatham, 
sixty  miles  distant. 

The  London  and  Port  Stanley  R  R.  here 
joins  the  Great  Western  Railway;  leng^ 
24  miles,  running  south  to  Lake  Erie. 

Ohatham,  46  miles  from  Windsor, 
situated  on  the  river  Thames,  possesses 
the  great  advantage  of  a  navigation,  and 
is  therefore  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. It  contains  eight  churches;  and 
being  the  oounty  town  of  Kent,  it  has  a 
court-house,  a  very  handsome  building, 
several  grist  and  saw  mills,  woollen  factory, 
two  foundries,  machine-shop,  eta  Steam- 
ers ply  between  Chatham,  Detroit,  and 
Amherstburg.     Population  about  6,000. 

WmDSOS,  229  miles  from  Suspension 
Bridge,  opposite  Detroit,  prettily  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  a  {dace  of 
consideiable  business,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  wealth  and  population,  owing 
to  the  advantage  it  has  of  being  the 
western  terminus  of  thb  Great  Western 
Baiiway. 

Three  steam-ferries  ply  between  Wind- 
sor and  Detroit,  making  dose  connections 
for  the  benefit  of  railroad  passengers. 


mwALo  TO  oobhiob,  a  w.»  ««i  rnnuo  m  laxm 

HITBOH  EAUWAT. 


This  importaat  Hm  of  trayel  extends 
ftcm  Buflklo^  N.  Y.,  crossing  NiMra 
BiTer  by  meeas  of  a  iteem  tnry  et  Blaok 
Book  to  Fort  Brie,  on  the  Gaoads  side. 
T^  ii  proposed  to  oonstruot  »  pemunent 
tailroed  widge  of  sbout  one  mile  in 
length,  e  short  distance  above  the  present 
ferry.  From  Fort  Brie  the  Une  of  the 
railway  extends  westward  within  a  short 
distance  of  Lake  Brie'  for  forty  miles,  to 
DunTille,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Qrand 
BiTerf  crossing  the  Wetland  GanaL 

From  DunvOle  tide  road  runs  along  the 
▼aUey  of  the  river  on  the  north  side  to 
Brentford,  38  miles  farther,  and  Arom 
thence  extends  westward  to  Paris,  where 
it  connects  with  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way of  Canada.  The  line  thence  runs  to 
Stiatford,  0.  W.,  where  it  connects  with 
tiie  Ora^d  Trunk  Railway,  a  total  distance 
from  Bufblo  of  116  miles.  From  this 
point  the  road  is  now  completed  and  in 
running  order  to  (Joderich,  situated  on 
Lake  Huron,  a  total  distance  of  163  miles. 

DuKviLiiB  is  advantageously  situated 
on  the  Grand  River,  at  a  point  where  it 
is  intersected  by  the  feeder  of  the  Wei- 
land  GanaL  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  and  contains  several  grist,  psw, 
and  plaster  mills,  and  a  tannery.  ]^pu- 
lation  about  1,500. 

The  Wetlani  Canal  is  one  of  the  many 
works  of  the  same  kind  of  which  Cana- 
dians may  be  proud.  This  Canal  aftbrds 
a  passage  for  propellers,  sloops,  and 
achooners  of  125  tons  burden,  around  the 
FaUs  of  Niagara,  and  connects  Lake  Erie 
with  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
including  feeder,  56  feet  wide,  and  from 
8^  to  16  feet  deep.  The  whole  descent 
from  one  lake  to  the  other  is  334  feet, 
whid^  \b  accomplished  by  37  locks. 

BRAMTroKD,  IS  miles  from  BufflJo, 
and  8i  miles  from  Ooderieh,  ia  beautifully 


situated  on  Gk«nd  River,  and  named  after 
Brant,  the  renowned  chief  of  the  Siic  Ka- 
tiona  Indians,  who,  with  hia  tribe,  steadi^ 
supported  the  Britiih  Grown  during  the 
American  War.  "In  *€hrtntde  of  Wyo- 
ming^  he  ia  alluded  to  in  diaparafl^ 
terms: 

*TIm  muBmoth  ewaes   tiie 
BnaV 


iMd,  Um  Bonstar 


But  some  years  aftenfard  Campbell  was 
obliged  to  apologise  to  Brant'a  son,  who 
happened  to  visit  London;  atfit  appeared, 
<m  satisfactory  evidence,  his  fkther  waa 
not  even  present  at  the  horrible  desolation 
of  Wyoming.  This  much  is  due  to  the 
memory  of  Brant,  who  waa  a  brave  war- 
rior and  a  steadfast  ally  of  the  British, 
and  alwaya  exerted  himself  to  mitigi^ 
the  horrors  of  war." 

Brentford,  until  the  opening  of  the 
Gi^at  Western  Railway,  was  a  great  wheat 
market,  the  streets  being  crowded  with 
hundreds  of  wagons  daily;  but  that  road 
created  other  markets,  and  to  this  extent 
the  town  has  sufferod.  It  has,  however, 
other  sources  of  prosperi^.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  Province  which  commands 
such  extensive  water-power,  and  which 
is  made  available  for  the  workinff  of  nu- 
merous mills.  The  iron  foundnea,  ma* 
chine  shops,  and  potteries  are  on  a  large 
scale,  and  have  caused  the  place  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  Birmingham  of  Canada.  It 
has  a  goodly  number  of  churches  of  vari- 
ous denominations,  and  one  of  the  largest 
and  handsomest  hotels  in  the  Province— 
"The  Kirby  House."  Population  about 
6,000. 

Stratford  is  a  new  *and  thriving 
town,  favorably  situated  on  the  line  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  RaUwa/y  of  Canada.  This 
section  of  Canada  enjoys  a  good  dhnate 
and  fertile  soil,  producing  cereal  graSna  in 
great  abundance. 


TABLI  OF  DIBTAROBB — SOUTH  8HQBI  BOUTB. 


/ 


i-v 


68 


Ooderlcllt  G.  'W.,  163  mOes  dis- 
tant ttouk  Bttflkkk,  Iqrnilroad  roulto^  is  tA- 
Tantageously  situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  enjoying  a  healthy  and 
cMightfiil  dimate.  Here  is  a  good  and 
secure  harbor,  being  easily  aooeasible  to 
the  largest  steamws  and  sail  ▼essels'nay- 
igatingihb  Upper  Lakes.  Here  is  erected 
an  eztensire  railroad^  depot,  warehouses, 
grain  dievator,  and  whwryes,  owned  by 
the  Bttihlo  and  Lake  Huron  Bailway 
oompaay.  The  town  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  ^IsTated  ground,  rising  about  150 
feet  above  the  waters  of  Lo^e  Huron, 
here  celebrated  tot  Uieir  purity.  Tlie  pop- 
ulation amounts  to  about  6,000,  and  is 


rapidly  increaiing  in  numbers  and  weaKh. 
Steamers  hm  d«iy  from  this  pert  to  8ar- 
nia,  Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  other  ports  on 
Lake  Huron.  A  line  of  propellers,  car- 
rying passengers  and  f^igh^  also  run 
fh>m  Qoderich  to  Macikinao^  MUwauktoe^ 
Ohioago,  et&— <oonneoting  with  the  Buf- 
fido  and  Lake  Huron  Railway—thus 
forming  a*  through  line  of  travel  Dram 
BuilUo  to  the  ab^  ports. 

There  are  several  other  ports  of  im- 
portance lying  north  of  Ooderioh,  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  lake,  from  whence 
steamers  run  to  and  tro  almost  daily, 
durii^  the  seascm  of  navigation. 


TABUB  OF  BISTABTCISS. 


rBOM  BUrVALO  TO  TOUBDO-HSOUTH  BHOKK  BOUTl. 


Porto,  eto.  Miles. 

BuiWo^N.  T 0 

SUver  Creek,  N.  T 34 

Dunkirk,            "   42 

Portiand,            "   52 

Brie,  Pa 90 

Oonneaut,  Ohio 11*7 

Ashtabula,  "     131 

PainesvUle,"    156 

Cleveland,    '*    185 

Kelley's  Island 240 

Sandusky,  Ohio 245 

South  Bass  Island 245 

West  Sister  Island 263 

Turtie  Island 275 

Maumee  Bay 2*78 

Toledo,  Ohio 285 


IN>rti,ete.  IOIml 

Toledo,  Ohio ; 0 

Maumee  Bay H 

Turtle  Island 10 

West  Sister  Island 22 

South  Bass  Island 40 

Sandusky,  Ohio ,.: 40 

Kelley*s  Island , 45 

Clevelaud,  Ohio 100 

PainesvUle,  " 129 

Ashtabula,    "    154 

Conneaut,      "   168 

Brie,  Pa 196 

Portland,  N.  Y 233 

Dunkirk,      "    243 

SUver  Creek,  N.  T 251 

Buffalo,  N.Y 286 


NoTB. — ^The  direct  through  route  as  run  by  the  steamers  fh>m  Bufhlo  to  Toledo  ia 
about. 250  miles;  the  circuit  of  Lake  Erie  being  about  660  miles. 


BVFFALO  TO  CLEmAHB,  TOLEDO,  STC-HSOirTH  8H0B1 

BOUTS. 


Steamers  and  propeUeni  of  a  large 
eSasB  leave  Ba£(iEiL>  daily,  during  me 
■eafon  of  navigadon,  for  the  different 
porta  on  the  Amerioan  or  South  Shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  oonnecting  with  railroad  cars 
at  Gleyeland,  Sandusky,  Toledo,  and  De- 
troit 

On  leaving  Buffalo  harbor,  which  is 
formed  by  ue  mouth  of  Buffalo  Greek, 
where  is  erected  a  breakwater  by  the 
United  States  government,  a  fine  view  is 
afforded  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  the  Canada 
shore,  and  Lake  Erie  stretching  off  in  the 
distance,  with  here  and  there  a  steamer 
or  sail  vessel  in  sight  As  the  steamer 
proceeds  westward  through  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  the  landscape  fades  in  the  dis- 
tance, until  nothing  is  visible  but  a  broad 
expanse  of  green  waters. 

Stubobon  Point,  20  miles  from 
Buffalo,  is  passed  on  the  south  shore, 
when  the  lake  immediately  widens  by 
the  land  receding  on  both  shores.  During 
the  prevalence  of  storms,  when  the  Aill 
blast  of  the  wind  sweeps  through  this 
lake,  its  force  is  now  felt  in  its  full  power, 
driving  the  ang^y  waves  forward  with  the 
velocity  of  the  race-horse,  often  causing 
the  waters  to  rise  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
lake  to  a  great  height,  so  as  to  overflow  its 
banks,  and  forcing  its  surplus  waters  into 
Uie  Niagara  River,  which  causes  the  only 
perceptible  rise  and  increase  of  the  rud^ 
of  waters  at  the  Falls. 

DuKKiBK,  N.  Y.,  42  miles  from 
Buffalo,  is  advantageously  situated  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie  where  terminates  the 
New  York  and  Erie  RaiVroad^  460  miles 
in  length.  Here  is  a  good  and  secure 
harbor,  affording  about  twelve  feet  of 
Tester  over  the  bar.  A  light-house,  a 
beacon-lig^t,  and  breakwater,  the  latter  in 
a  dilapidated  state,  have  Iierc  been  erected 
by  the  United  States  government.    As  an 


anqhorage  and  port  of  refage  this  harbor 
is  extremely  valuable,  and  is  mudi  resort- 
ed to  for  that  purpose  by  steamers  and 
sail  vessels  duripg  thd  prefaleooe  of 
storms. 

The  village  was  incorporated  in  1837, 
and  now  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants, 
600  dwelhng-houses,  five  churches,  a 
bank,  three  hotehv  and  20  stores  of  diffbr- 
ent  kinds,  besides  several  extensive  store- 
houses and  manufacturing  establishments. 

The  Buffalo  and  State  Line  BaUroad,  ex- 
tending to  Erie,  Pa.,  runs  through  Dun- 
kirk, forming  in  part  the  Lake  Shore  >  \e 
of  railroad,  which,  in  connection  will  ■ 
railroad  leading  direct  to  the  city  of  hi'v? 
York,  affords  great  advantages  to  this 
locality,  which  is  no  doubt  destined  to  in- 
crease with  the  growing  trade  of  the  lake 
country. 

Fbedonia,  three  miles  ft^m  Dun- 
kirk, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
plank-road,  is  handsomely  situated,  being 
elevated  about  100  feet  above  Lake  Erie. 
It  contains  about  2,300  inhabitants,  300 
dwelling-houses,  five  churches,  one  bank, 
an  incorporated  academy,  four  taverns, 
twenty  stores,  besides  some  mills  and 
manufacturing  establishments  situated  on 
Canadoway  Creek,  which  here  affords 
good  water-power.  In  the  village,  near 
^e  bed  of  tUe  creek,  is  «n  inflammable 
spring,  from  which  escapes  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  gas  to  light  the  village.  A 
gasometer  is  constructed  which  forces  the 
gas  through  tubes  to  different  parts  of  the 
village,  the  consumer  paying  $4  per  year 
for  each  burner  used.  It  is  also  used  for 
lighting  the  streets  of  the  village.  The 
flame  is  large,  but  not  so  strong  or  bril- 
liant as  that  obtained  from  gas  in  our 
cities ;  it  is,  however,  in  high  favor  with 
the  inhabitants. 

Bargblona,    N.  Y.,  68    miles    from 


BUTFALO  TO  OL1V1LAN0,  TOUEOO,  ITO — SOUTH  BHORB  ROUtB,    55 


BnilUo,  18  the  westernmost  village  in  the 
State.  It  is  A  port  of  entrj,  and  is  much 
resorted  to  by  steamors  and  large  vessels 
navigpatiDg  the  lake,  affording  a  tolerably 
good  harbor,  where  is  situated  a  light* 
house  which  is  lighted  by  inflammable 
gas  J  it  escapes  from  the  bed  of  a  creek 
about  half  a  mile  distant,  and  is  carried  in 
pipes  to  the  light-house. 

Erie,  "  thk  Lakb  Oitt  or  Penvstlva- 
NiA,"  distant  90  miles  from  Buffalo  and  95 
miles  from  Cleveland,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  abluf^  affording  a  prospect  of  Presque 
Isle  Bay  and  the  lAke  beyond.  It  has  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  harbors  on  Lake 
Erie,  from  whence  sailed  Perry's  fleet 
during  the  war  of  181 2.  The  most  of  the 
vesseb  were  here  built,  being  finished  in 
seventy  days  from  the  time  the  trees  were 
felled;  and  her«  the  gallant  victor  re- 
turned with  his  prizes  after  the  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  which  took  place  September 
lOtbi,  1813.  The  remf.ins  of  his  flag-ship, 
the  Laic^ence^  lie  in  the  harbor,  f^om 
which  Tl^itors  are  allowed  to  cut  pieces  as 
relics.  On  the  high  bank,  a  little  distance 
from  the  town,  are  the  ruins  of  the  old 
French  fort,  Presque  Isle.  The  city  con- 
tains a  court-house,  nine  churches,  a  bank, 
three  hotels,  a  ship-yaord,  several  exten- 
sive manufacturing  establishments,  and 
about  10,000  inhabitants.  In  addition  to 
the  Lake  Shore  Ihiilroad,  the  Philadelphia 
and  Erie  Bailroad*  terminates  at  this  place, 
affording  a  direct  communication  with 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore. 

Presque  Isle  Bay  is  a  lovely  sheet  of 
water,  protected  by  an  island  projecting 
into  Lake  Erie.  There  is  a  light-house  on 
the  west  side  Of  the  entrance  to  the  bay, 
in  lat,  42  °  8'  N. ;  it  shows  a  fixed  light, 
elevated  93  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 


lake,  and  visible  fbr  a.  distance  of  15 
miles.  The  beacon  shows  a  fixed  light, 
elevated  28  feet,  and  is  visible  for  nine 
miles.  ^ 

OoNNBAUT,  Ohio,  IIV  miles  from  Buf- 
falo and  68  fh>m  Cleveland,  situated  in 
the  northeast  comer  cf  the  State,  stands 
on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Erie.  It  exports  large 
quantities  of  lumber,  grfuln,  pork,  beef, 
butter,  cheese,  eta,  being  surrounded  by 
a  rich  agricultural  section  of  country. 
The  vilh^e  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants.  The  harbor  of  Gonneaut  lies  two 
miles  from  the  village,  ilrhere  is  a  light- 
house, a  pier,  and  several  warehouses. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio,  14  miles  farther 
west,  stands  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
name,  near  its  entrance  into  tibe  lake.  This 
is  a  thriving  place,  inhabited  by  an  intel- 
ligent population  estimated  at  S,  500.  The 
harbor  of  Ashtabula  is  two  and  a  half 
miles  from  the  village,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river,  where  is  a  %ht-hous«. 

Fairpobt  stands  on  the  east  riide  of 
Grand  River,  155  miles  from  Buffalo.  It 
has  a  good  lUnrbor  for  lake  vessefo,  and  is 
a  port  of  considerable  trade.  This  harbor 
is  so  well  defended  firom  winds,  and  easy 
of  access,  that  vessels  run  in  when  tiiegr 
cannot  easily  make  other  ports.  Here  is 
a  light-house  and  a  beaoon  to  guide  the 
mariner. 

pAmESViLUs,  Ohio,  three  milea  from 
Fairport  and  30  miles  from  Cleveland,  is  « 
beautifbl  and  flourishing  town,  being  mr- 
rounded  by  a  fine  section  of  oo&try. 
It  is  the  county  seat  for  Lake  County, 
and  Gontuns  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
a  bank,  20  stores,  a  nunfflbr  of  beautiful 
residences,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 


*  This  great  line  traveraes  the  Northern  and  Northwest  counties  of  Pennsjlyania  to  flie  eltv 
of  Erie  on  Lake  Erie.  It  has  been  leased  by  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  and  nnder  tbefr 
auspices  is  being  rapidly  opened  throughout  its  entire  length.  It  is  now  in  use  for  passenger  and 
freijiht  business  from  Harrisburg  to  Driftwood  (177  miles),  on  the  £ast«r^  piyii^Qn,  {»a  from 
Sheiaeld  to  Erie,  on  the  Western  Division  (78  mUes). 


M 


TBIP  THSOUOH  TBI  LAKIS. 


ttOBffTS.  re 


P«rr7  Monument,  Erected  Sept  10, 1860. 

CleTeland,  "the  Forest  Citt,"  Cuy- 
ahoga Oounty,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  ft  plain, 
elevated  80  feet  above  the  waters  ( f  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahog  river, 
which  forms  a  secure  harbor  for  ^  essels 
of  &  large  class;  being  in  N.  lat.  41®  30', 
W.  long.  81"  42'.    The  bluff  on  which  it 


ii  built  riaei  abruptlj  from  the  ktelsnl, 
where  stands  a  light-house,  near  tiia  en- 
trance into  the  harbor,  from  which  aa 
extensive  and  magnificent  view  is  obtailie4, 
overlooking  the  city,  the  meandering  of  Oie 
Cuyahoga,  the  line  of  railroads,  the  flip- 
ping in  the  harbor,  and  the  vessels  past* 
mg  on  the  Lake. 

The  city  is  regularly  and  bewutiftiBy 
laid  out,  ornamented  with  numerous  slwde- 
trees,  from  which  it  takes  the  name  of 
"  Forest  City."  Near  its  centre  is  a  large 
public  square,  in  whidi  stands  a  beautifhl 
marble  statue  of  Commodore  Ouvie  H. 
P^BBT,  which  was  inaugurated  Sept.  10, 
1860,  in  the  presence  of  more  than  100,000 
people.  It  commemorates  the  glorious 
achievement  of  the  capture  of  the  British 
fleet  on  Lake  Erie,  September  10th,  1813. 
Cleveland  is  the  mart  oftone  of  the  great- 
est grain-growing  States  iu  the  Union,  and 
has  a  ready  communication  by  raihtrad 
with  New  York,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia 
on  the  oast,  while  continuous  lines  of 
railroads  run  south,  and  west  to  the  con- 
fines of  settlement  in  Kansas  and  Nebras- 
ka. It  is  distant  185  miles  from  Bufblo, 
135  miles  from  Cohimbus,  107  miles  from 
Toledo,  and  144  miles  from  Pittsburgh  by 
railroad  route ;  120  miles  from  Detroit  by 
steamboat  route. 

It  contains  a  Copnty  Court-flouse  and 
Jail,  City  Hall,  U.  S.  Custom-House  and 
Post  Office  building;  1  Theatre;  a  Library 
Association  with  a  public  reading-room ; 
2  Medical  Colleges,  2  Orphan  Asylums, 
35  Churches  of  different  denominations; 
4  Banks,  a  Savings  Bank,  and  2  Insunmce 
Companies;  also,  numerous  large  manu- 
facturing companies,  embracing  iron  and 
copper  works,  ship-building,  Jbo.;  Gas- 
works, Water-works,  and  two  City  Rail- 
road Companies.  The- stores  and  ware- 
houses are  numerous,  and  many  of  them 
well  built.  It  now  boasts  Of  50,000  in- 
habitants, u,nd  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
numbers  aud  wealth.  The  Lake  Superior 
trade  is  a  source  of  grei^  advantage  and 


tt 


OLBTBLAND,  **TBB  rORSR  OttY. 


M 


bi 


pofit,  white  tho  dhtrlikotMfio^togetV 
•r  with  the  IhoilitiM  alRlrdad  by  nflnNUks 
and  oanali,  mekes  Glevelaad  one  oi  the 
fiiTored  dtiee  bordering  on  the  Inland 
Sauof  Am^oA. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  American 
HoM,  Angier  Bme,  Ibrut  Oiiy  ifowe, 
Mnaon  Home,  and  MMdeU  Bbme;  all  be- 
ing large  and  weQ-kept  pubUo  henaea. 


Sailboaini  Dtmonro  raox  OimtmsaAxd. 

1.  CUvdand and JBrift,96 mlBBiulsiigth. 

2.  Clev9kmd,  CMmihUt  mid  Oindimatij 
136  miles. 

3.  Clevdand  and  Ibtefe,  Northern  Diyi- 
lion,  107  milea. 

4.  Ckvekmd  and  Mahoning^  67  allies 
finished. 

5.  Clevdand  and  Pittdmrgh,  connectii^ 
with  Wheeling,  Va.,  200  miles. 

6.  Cievekmd,  Zaneavitte,  and  Oinemnaii, 
87  miles;  diverging  firom  Qleyeland  and 
Pittsburgh  R.  R.  at  Hudson.  These  roads 
ill  run  into  one  general  Depot,  situated 
near  the  lake,  affording  great  fltcilities  for 
the  trans-shipment  of  freight  and  produce 
(^  different  kinds. 

^iiiAMBBS  and  PBOPBLunts  of  a  large 
dass  leave  daily,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  for  Buflhlo,  Toledo,  Detroit, 
Hackinao^  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Chicago, 


the  Sent  Ste.  ]fa(H«|ilhedilftMnt  porta 
on  Lake  Superior,  jHegither  transporting 
an  immense  amount  of  merdiandise,  grain, 
lumber,  iron,  and  oopper  ore.  The  reg^ 
tered  Tonnage  of  this  port,  in  1861,  was 
82,618  tona. 

The  Norifum  lirmtporMkm  OomMnff 
of  OMo  has  its  principal  office  in  QoTe^ 
land.  The  Company  owns  16  propellers 
of  about  360  tons  burden,  runmng  firom 
Ogdensburgh  and  Oswego  to  Cleveland, 
Toledo,  Detroit,  Milwaukee,  and  Chicago. 
This  line  affords  a  cheap  and  speedy  route 
for  travellers  and  emigrants,  aa  weu  as  foir 
tile  transportation  of  merchandise  and 
produce. 

The  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company, 
with  »  capital  stock  of  $600jOOO,  has  its 
principal  o£Boe  in  this  city.  The  mine  iS 
situated  near  Marquette,  Lake  Superior, 
being  distant  about  14  miles  tnm  the 
steamboat  landing.  A  niilroad  extends  to 
the  Iron  Mounttun,  affcN*ding  fiicSUties  for 
the  transportation  of  2,000  tons  of.  iron 
ore  per  day.  This  ore  yields  on  an  vrw- 
age  66|  per  cent,  of  iron.  The  greater 
proportion  of  this  ore  finds  a  ready  market 
in  Qevdand,  fiton  whence  the  most  of  it 
is  trMisported  to  the  Mahoning  Valley, 
where  it  meets  the  coal  of  that  region 
and  is  smelted  and  manufactured  mto 
merchantable  iron. 


Steamboat  Route  fh-om  Cleveland  to  Detroit. 


Porta,  etc 


Miles. 


CUVILANU,   Ohio 0 

Po»ntPel6el8.,andl!lglit fiO 

Bar  Point,  0.  W. 97 

Bols  Blano  Is.  Light, »  ,„« 

Detroit  Elvei;  f **^ 

Maiden,  C.  W 101 

Gibraltar,  Mitoh , 

Grosselsle,"   , 108 

Ifania  Juba  Is.  and  Light .108 

Wyandotte,  Mich 109 

J1«h  Island  Light Ill 

%htlng  Island 112 

WWwr,  aw 119 

Drkoit., « lao 


Ports,  Ate.  IQIm. 

Dbtboit,  Mich 0 

Windsor,  C.  Vf 1 

Plghtlnjr  Island 8 

Flshlsland 9 

Wyandotte,meh 11 

Mama  Jaha  Is.  and  Light IS 

GroBse  Isle 19 

Gibraltar,  Mich.. 

Miad4m,C.  W.... 19 

Bols  Blano  Is.  Light,  i  «a 

LakeErie,  **^  "»  V »» 

Bar  Point  O.W. M 

Point  Pel6e  Island 60 

Clktclanp ^190 

Fakb,  98  00.  Usual  Tma,  7  hours. 


58 


tRIP  THROUGH  TBI  LAKM. 


Bi^OK  Bnrnt,  98  milfi  from  Geve- 
land,  is  ft  small  ^^Uige  with  a  good  har- 
bor, where  is  a  ship-yard  and  other 
mMinfacturing  establishments. 

YiRMiuoN,  10  mUes  farther  on  the 
line  of  the  develand  and  Tdedb  Bidlroad, 
is  »  place  of  considerable  trade,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

HuBOV,  Ohio,  60  miles  from  Gleye- 
land  and  10  miles  Arom  &tndu8ky,  is 
situftted  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  River, 
which  affords  a  good  harbor.  It  contains 
seTeral  churches,  16  or  20  stores,  several 
warehousos,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

The  islands  lying  near  the  head  of  Lake 
Erie,  off  Sandusky,  are,  Kellet's  Island, 
KoBTH  Bass,  Middle 'Bass,  and  South 
Bass  islands,  besides  several  smaller 
islands,  forming  altogether  a  ji^dsome 
group.  KeOey'a  Island,  the  largest  and 
most  important,  is  famous  for  its  grape 
culture,  and  has  become  a  place  of  sum- 
mer resort  by  the  citizens  of  Ohio  and 
other  States.  On  the  north  side  of 
Soutli  Bass  Island,  lies  the  secure  harbor 
of  Put-in-Bat,  made  celebrated  by  being 
the  rendezvous  of  Com.  Perry's  flotilla 
before  and  after  the  decisive  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  which  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  the  entire  British  fleet. 

ITAYAL  BATTLE  ON  LAKE  BBIB. 

September  10th,  1813,  the  hostile  fleets 
of  England  and  the  United  States  on  Lake 
Erie  met  near  the  heiUl  of  the  Lake,  nnd 
a  sanguinary  battle  ensued.  The  fleet 
bearing  the  "red  cross"  of  England  con- 
sisted of  six  vessels,  carrying  64  guns, 
under  command  of  the  veteran  Com. 
Barclay;  and  the  fleet  bearing  the 
"  broad  stripes  and  bright  stars"  of  the 
United  States,  consisted  of  nine  vessels 
carrying  54  guns,  under  command  of  the 
young  and  inexperienced,  but  brave.  Com. 
Oliver  H.  Perry.  The  result  of  this  im- 
portant conflict  was  made  known  to  the 
world  in  the  following  laconic  dispatch, 
written  at  4  p.  M.  of  that  day : 


"Dear    (knerai:    We  havo  ntt  tn 
enemy,  and  they 'are  onrs:   Two  ships 
tr/o  brigs,  one  schooner,  and  one  sloop. 
With  esteem,  etc.,  0.  H.  Pbbbt 

"  Gen.  William  H.  Harrison."* 

Sandntlcy,  "The  BiTCrrr**  oapito 
of  Erie  Ca,  Ohio,  is  a  port  of  entry  and 
a  place  of  oonsiderable  trade.  It  is  ad 
vantageously  situated  on  Sandusky  Baj: 
three  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  in  N.  lat  41^ 
27',  W.  long.  82<>  45*.  The  bay  is  abou* 
20  miles  long,  and  five  or* six  miles  is 
width,  forming  a  capacious  and  exoellen* 
harbor,  into  which  steamers  and  veiselii 
of  all  sizes  can  enter  with  safety.  Ilis 
average  depth  of  water  ii'  from  ten  to 
twelve  feet.  The  city  is  built  on  a  bed  of 
limestone,  producing  a  good  buildinf 
material  It  contains  about  10,000  in- 
habitants, a  court-house  and  jail,  eight 
churches,  two  banks,  several  well-kept' 
hotels,  and  a  number  of  large  stores  and 
manufacturing  establishments  of  diffe^ 
ent  kinds.  This  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Sandusky,  Dayton,  and  OincinnaU  BaUroad, 
153  miles  to  Dayton,  and  the  Sandusky, 
Mansfidd,  and  Hewark  JRailtoad,  116  lliilfii 
in  length.  The  Cleveland  and  Ibkdo  BaiU 
road,  northern  division,  also  terminates 
at  Sandusky. 

Toledo,  one  of  the  rzast  ficvored 
Cities  of  the  Lakes,  is  situated  on  the 
Maumee  river,  four  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  ten  miles  from  the  Turtle  Island  Li|;ht, 
at  the  outlet  of  the  Maumee  Bay  mto 
Lake  Erie.  The  harbor  is  good,  and  the 
navigable  channel  from  Toledo  of  sufficient 
depl^  for  all  steamers  or  sail  vessels  navi- 
gating the  lakes.  Toledo  is  the  eastern 
terminufi  of  the  Wdbaah  and  Brie  Canal, 
running  through  the  Maumee  and  Wabash 
valleys,  and  communicating  with  tha 
Ohio  River  at  Evansville,  a  distanc<»  of 
474  miles ;  also  of  the  Miami  aind 
Erie  Canal,  which  branches  from  the 
above  canal  68  miles  west  of  Toledo,  and 
runs    southwardly  through    the  2£iaiDi 


BUFFALO  TO   OLBVILAITD,  TOLBDO,  ITa— HiOUTR  BHOMI   ROUTB. 


59 


Galley  in  Western  Ohio,  and  oommiini- 
jates  with  the  Ohio  Rirer  at  Oinoinnati, 
forming  together  the  longest  line  of  canal 
oavigation  in  the  United  States. 

The  railroads  diverging  from  T<dedo  are 
the  Mkhigan  Southern  and  Northern  In- 
iiatia   BaOroadf  running   through    the 
Nuthem-  counties  of  Midhif'*'^  and  the 
Dorthem  counties  of  Indiana,     ' '.  making 
its  western  terminus  at  Ohioago,  Illinois, 
It  a  distance  of  243  mUes;  the  Air  Line 
Rciifroad,  running  due  west  from  Toledo, 
through    Northwestern    Ohio   and    the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana  to  Goshen, 
a  distance  of  110  miles,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  run- 
ning to  Chicago;  and  the  DetroU,  Monroe, 
(md  Ibledo  Bailroad.    It  is  also  the  east- 
ern terminus  of  the  TUedo,  Waixuh,  and 
Western  Railroad,  runjiing  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  through  the  Maumee 
and  Wabash  valleys,  crossing  the  east- 
em  line  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  about  125 
miles  south  of  Ghicafj^,  and  continuing 
in  a  southwesterly  course  through  Dan- 
ville, Sprin  <Qeld,  Jacksonville,    Naples, 
etc.,  in  Oe       ^  Illinois,  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  and        leoting  with  the  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joueph  Boi^,  which  stretches 
nearly  due  r/est  through  the  State  of 
Missouri  to  St.  Joseph,  on  the  Missouri 
Biver.     The  Dayton  and  Michigayi  Bail- 
road,  which  connects  Toledo  with  Cincin- 
nati, ia  much  the  shortest  railroac!  line 
conn(K!tin|^Lake  Erie  with  the  Ohio  River. 
Besides  the  above  important  roads,  the 
Ckvekmd  and  Toledo  Railroad  terminates 
here. 

Toledo  is  the  nearest  point  for  the  im- 
mense country  traversed  by  these  canals 
and  railroads,  where  a  transfer  can  be 
made  of  freight  to  the  more  cheap  trans- 
portation by  the  lakes,  and  thence  through 


bat  many  portions  of  the  States  of  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  tod  Missouri,  find  To- 
ledo the  cheapest  and  most  expeditious 
lake-port  for  the  interchange  and  transfer 
of  their  products  and  menmandise. 

This  dty  is  the  capital  of  Lucas  County, 
Ohio,  where  is  situated  a  oourt-house  and 
jail,  several  fine  churches,  a  magnificent 
Hi|^  School  edifice,  and  five  large  brick 
ward  school  houses;  a  young  men*t 
assooia';ion  that  sustains  a  course  of  leo> 
tures  during  the  winter;  two  Imnks,  two 
insurance  companies,  six  hotels,  and  a 
great  number  of  stores  and  storehouces ; 
also  several  extensive  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. The  principal  hotels  are 
the  Island  House  and  (Hiver  House. 

The  population  of  Toledo  in  1850  was 
about  4,000,  and  now  it  is  supposed  to 
oontun  17,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly 
incveasing  in  wealth  and  numbers.  Thie 
shipping  interest  is  increasing,  here  being 
trans-shipped  annually  an  amount  of  gprain 
exceeded  only  by  Chicago,  and  other 
kinds  of  agricultural  products  of  the  gpreat 
West.  This  city  is  destined,  like  Chicago, 
to  export  direct  to  European  porto. 

At  this  time  there  are  in  process  of 
erection  in  Toledo  many  handsome  dwel- 
lings, numerous  handsome  blocks  of 
stores,  a  post-office  and  custom-house  l^y 
the  general  government,  and  a  first-class 
hotel;  these  two  latter  buildings,  flrom 
the  plans  we  have  seen,  would  do  credit 
to  any  city,  and  when  completed  can  be 
classed  among  the  most  elegant  struc- 
tures. No  city  in  the  State  can  boast  of 
finer  private  residences  than  Toledo;  and 
the  general  character  of  the  buildings 
erected  in  the  past  four  years  is  substan- 
tial and  elegant.  * 

Pbbrysburoh,  the  capital  of  Wood  Co., 
Ohio,   is    situated  on    the    right    banlc 


the  Erie  Canal,  Welland  Canal,  or  Oswego  cf  the  Maumee  River,  18  miles  above  its 


Canal,  to  the  seaboard.  It  is  not  mere.y 
the  country  traversed  by  these  canals  f^nd 
railroads  that  send  their  products,  and  re- 
ceive their  merehaadise,  through  Toledo, 


entrance  into  Maumee  Bay,  the  southern 
termination  of  Lake  Erie.  It  contains  a 
court-house  and  jail,  four  churches,  20 
stores  of  diff'erent  kinds,  three  steam  saw- 


HJ'I  -nni 


•d 


TSIP  VBBOVOR  TRB  LlKBS. 


■liUt,  fttaniMrf,  and  te?fril  tttior  nana- 
flwturiiig  MtaUishmenti.  Popnlition 
•bout  1,600.  Here  it  the  head  of  ■team- 
boat  naTigation  on  the  Maumee  Rifer, 
aflbrding  thus  fur  a  suffldent  depth  of 
water  tof  nteamen  of  a  large  olaM. 

Old  Ibrt  M9ig$^  flonoiM  ftn  having 
withetood  a  siege  bj  the  British  and  In- 
dians in  1813,  is  one  mile  above  this  place. 

ICAUim  Onr,  Luoas  Oo.,  Ohio,  is 
a  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
Biver,  opposite  Perrysburgh,  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids  and  at  the  head  of  n4Hga> 
tion,  nine  miles  above  Toledo.  A  side 
out  here  connects  the  Wa^aah  and  Etie 
Canal  with  the  riyer.  The  Toledo  and 
niiums  Railroad  also  passes  through  this 
place.  It  contains  five  churches,  ten 
stores,  four  flouring-miUs,  three  aaw-miUs, 
one  oil-mill,  and  other  manufo(%uring  es- 
taUishments  propelled  bj  water-power, 
the  supply  being  here  slmost  inexhausti- 
ble. Three  miles  above  the  city  is  the 
site  of  the  famous  battle  fought  against 
the  Indians  by  Gen.  Wayne,  in  1794, 
known  as  the  Battle  of  Miami  Rapids. 
One  mile  below  the  town  is  Old  Fort 
Mkuniy  one  of  the  early  British  posts. 

Maxtmbb  River  rises  in  the  nortli- 
east  part  of  Indiana,  and  flowing  northeast 
enters  Lake  Erie,  through  Maumee  Bay. 
It  is  about  100  iniles  long,  navigable  18 
miles,  and  furnishing  an  extensive  water- 
power  throughout  its  course. 

The  City  of  Monbob,  capital  of  Monroe 
Co.,  Mich.,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  River  Raisin,  three  miles  above  its 


entrance  into  Lake  Brie,  and  dboni  45 
miles  firom  Detroit  It  is  connected  with 
the  Lake  by  a  ship  canal,  and  is  a  termi* 
nus  of  the  Mumgan  SouOiem  RaUnad, 
which  extends  west,  in  connecticm  wi^ 
the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  to  Chioa* 
go,  UL  The  town  contains  about  4,000 
mhabitants,  a  court-house  and  jsfl,  • 
United  States  land-office,  eight  diurohes, 
several  public  houses,  and  a  number  of 
large  stores  of  different  kinds.  Here  sie 
two  extensive  piers,  forming  an  outport 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river;  the  railrosd 
track  running  to  the  landing.  A  plank- 
road  also  runs  firom  the  outport  to  (he 
dty,  which  is  an  old  and  interesting  lo> 
cality,  being  formerly  called  Frenchtown, 
whidi  was  known  as  the  scene  of  the 
battle  and  massacre  of  River  Raisin  in 
the  war  of  1813.  The  Detroit,  Monroe,  and 
Toledo  RaiWoad,  just  comjdeted,  passes 
through  this  dty.  Steamers  run  from 
Detroit  to  Toledo,  stopping  at  Monroe. 

Tbbnton,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
Detroit  river,  is  a  steamboat  landing  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  PopulatioD, 
1,000. 

Wtandotti,  ten  miles  below  Detroit,  is 
a  new  and  flourishing  manufacturing 
village,  where  are  located  the  most  ex- 
tensive Iron  Works  in  Michigan.  The 
iron  used  at  this  establishment  comes 
mostly  f^om  Lake  Superior,  and  is  con- 
sidered equal  in  quality  to  ai^  in  the 
world.  The  village  contains  wout  1,600 
inhabitantisf. 


Railroad  poate  around  Eiake  Erie. 

This  important  body  of  water  being  en- 
oompasseii  by  a  band  of  iron,  we  subjoin 
the  following  TatAe  of  Distances  i 


Milefc 
Buflfhlo  to  Paris,  0.  W.,  via  Buffalo  and 

Lake  Bwon  RaHroad,  84 

Paris  to  Windsor    or  Detroit,    via 

Chreai  Wettem  BaOmiiy,  158 


via 


MilML 

DetfoU 

63 


Detroit  to  Toledo,  Ohio, 

and  Toledo  R.  R., 
Toledo  to  Cleveland,  via  Clevdandand 

Tikdo  R.  R.,  107 

Cleveland  to  Erie,  Pa.,  via  CUvekmd 

and  Brie  R.  R,  96 

Erie  to  Buffido,  via  Lake  Shore  Road,    88 

Total  miles,  695 


OHIO  RIVBR  AVD  1.AKI  BRU  0AVAL8.-^F0IIT  WATVB. 


61 


ThtextNBM  Iragth  of  Lain  Brto  ii 
250  mUea,  from  the  mouth  of  l^iagwa 
Birer  to  IfAumse  Bi^;  the  oircuit  of  the 


ldc»  Abooft  660  mOee,  befaig  about  100 
milea  leia  diataaoe  than  haa  been  atatecl 
by  aoiM  writeia  on  tha  great  lakaa. 


OMm  RlTor  Mid  lAke  Erl9  Cfanalt. 


The  eonpletion  of  th*  If uvi  Oaital 
Bakes  four  ^Uatinet  ehannels  of  oommu- 
Bioation  from  the  Ohio  River  through  the 
SUvte  of  Ohio  to  Lake  Brie,  namdy: 

1.  The  £!rie  Exitemion  Cbnoj;  from 
BeaTer,  twenty-  <v  thirty  mSea  below 
Pittsburgh,  to  Brie,  136  milea  8.  The 
0m8-CiU  Bwoer  Camai^  which  ia  au  ex- 
tension or  branch  ft^om  Newcastle,  Pa., 
on  the  Bearer  Oanal,  to  Alcron,  Ohio^ 
where  it  unites  with  the  P<Mrtamouth  and 
Gleyeland  Oanal — making  a  canal  route 
from  Beaver  to  Oleveland  of  143  milea 
3.  The  Ohio  Oanad^  from  Oleyeland  to 
Portsmouth,  through  the  centre  of  the 
State,  300  miles.  4.  The  Miami  EaeUnaion^ 
which  is  a  union  of  the  Miami  Oanal  with 
the  Wabash  and  Brie  Oanal,  through 
Dayton,  terminating  at  Toledo,  at  me 
moath  of  the  Maumee  River  on  Lake  Brie, 
247  miles.  The  vast  and  increasing  busi- 
ness of  the  Ohio  Valley  may  furnish  busi- 
neas  for  all  these  canals.  They  embrace 
rich  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and 
Indiana;  but  are  not  so  located  as  to  be 
free  from  competition  with  one  another. 
At  no  distant  time,  they  would  unques- 
tionably  command  a  sufficient  independ- 
ent business,  were  it  not  probable  that 
they  may  be  superseded  by  railways. 
The  capacity  of  raUways — both  for  rapid 
and  cheap  transportation — as  it  is  devel- 
oped by  circumstances  and  the  progpress 
of  science,  is  destined  to  affect  very  mate- 
rially the  value  and  importance  of  canals. 

Fort  l¥ayiie. 

The  United  States  government  is  now 
engaged  in  making  extensive  improve- 
ments at  thri  Wayfue^  which,  when  oom- 


pleled,  win  render  it  one  of  the  gtrongeet 
fortLBoationa  in  the  country,  and  almoat 
hnpregnable  againafe  a  land  aaaault.  The 
site  Of  the  fori^  aa  <a  well  known,  ia  in 
SpringweUa,  abont  three  nulee  below  the 
cityofDetroJUb  Ita  location  is  admirable^ 
being  on  a  alight  eminence,  eompletely 
cowmandiiig  the  rivWj  which  at  that 
pdnt  ia  narrower  than  in  any  other  place 
of  its  entire  length.  Guna  properly 
placed  there  oould  effectually  blodcade 
the  river  against  ordinary  vessels,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  a  few  gunboats,  omdd  re- 
pulse any  fleet  which  might  present  it- 
self. 

The  present  works  were  erected  about 
the  years  1842-'43,  mainly  under  the  so* 
pervision  of  General  Meigs.  The  form 
of  the  works  is  that  of  a  star,  mounting 
thirty-two  barbette  guns  at  tiie  anglea 
whidi  rake  the  moat,  and  protect  it 
against  an  assault  by  land.  The  height 
firom  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  ia  about 
forty  feet  The  exterior  of  the  embank- 
ments waa  supported  by  timbers,  which, 
in  the  twenty  years  in  which  they  have 
stood,  have  become  unsound^  and  now 
gpve  unmistakable  evidence  of  decay. 
This  fact  has  rendered  necessary  tiie  im- 
provements which  are  now  being  made. 
They  consist  of  a  waU  arouftd  the  entire 
fort,  built  against  these  timbers,  whkth 
will  not  be  removed,  and  whidi  will  not 
only  sustsdn  the  embankments,  but  w^ 
render  the  place  much  more  impregnate. 
The  wall  is  seven  feef  and  a  half  ia 
thiclmess,  and  twenty  feet  in  height  on 
every  side.  The  outside  facing,  two  feel 
in  thickness,  is  of  bnck,  the  remudnder  is 
filled  in  with  pounded  atone,  WBtBv4ine^ 


09 


TUP  THEOUOB  TBI  LAKM. 


Miid»  and  mortw,  BMkiQg  ti  toUd  wall  of 
gTMt  strength.  From  tn*  n«tp.»e  <^  the 
Burrounding  groondSi  artillery  oanBot  be 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  wall,  with  the 
exeaption  of  about  two  feet  at  the  top, 
whioh  extends  aboTe  the  leTel  of  the  ditoh. 
The  wall,  therefore,  could  not  be  battered 
down,  and  the  onl^r  posaible  waj  by 
whioh  the  jdaoe  oould  be  taken  would  be 
by  ft  land  assault  and  scaling  the  walls 
from  the  moat  by  means  of  ladders.  This 
is  effectuidly  proTided  against  by  the 
placing  of  the  guns,  eight  (^  wbidi  rake 
the  moat  on  each  siw.  The  improye- 
ments  now  being  made  still  (brther  con- 
template placing  these  guns  in  casemates. 


which  will  render  them  stilt  mofe  ama^ 
protecting  the  guns  and  gunners,  fiar 
bette  guns  will  also  be  mounted  en  tin 
bastions  in  addition  to  the  caaemate  giui% 
whioh  will  be  jdaced  in  a  manner  similsr 
to  that  in  wluch  they  are  now  plaoel 
These  improrements  will  greatly  strength- 
en the  worlcs  and  render  them  more  ps^ 
manent.  The  place  is  an  important  ona^ 
as  the  expense  the  government  is  at  ia 
rendering  it  impregnable  clearly  shows. 
In  case  of  a. war  with  Great  Britain  it 
would  become  of  the  highest  importance 
And  acting  on  the  maxim,  "  in  time  of 
peace  prepare  for  war,"  it  is  the  best  ^m 
to  attend  to  these  improvements.    '^ 


IT 


.(on 


TABLE  OF  DISTAHCES 

JfBOM  Olbvelahd  and  Dktroit  to  Supsbior  Gitt,  roBxnra  a  Gbamd  Snuii- 

BOAT  BXOUBSIOV  OF  t>VKB  TwO  THOUSAND  MlUBB. 

Potii,  tu.                                   PIsM  to  Pli 
OLSTBLAlfOuOhlO 0 

lliUd«n,0.  W 100 

DKTBorr,  Mloh 90 

Lak«8taair 7 

AlgonM,Mioh 88 

JTewport,    »♦ 6 

SLOatr,* 10 

Post  Huboh  ** 

Port  Swnla,  0.  W. 

Potnt  an  Barque—  i  at 

Off  ShIuw  B«yf *" 

Thander  Bay  Island 75 

Point  do  Tonr     I '  ok 

8tMary*tBiTerf ** 

Chmrelf  9  Landing , 86 

Baot  Sti.  Maris 14 

Point  Iroquoia 15 

White  Fish  Point 25 

Point  aa  Mble 60 

PIctared  Books SO 

Orand  Island 10 

Jfar^tMMe,  Mich 40 

Portase  Entry 70 

Hoxtaktot,  Mloh (on  Portage 

Manitou  Island 56 

Copfier  Harbor 15 

Eagle  Harbor ....  ^ 16 

EagU  Itimer 10 

OtUonagon^  Mich 60 

La  Pointt^\A 74 

Mui(fUld,m» 4 

Point  de  Tom- 10 

BvnnnoB,  Oity,  Wit 70 


llll«a.i 
01 
100 
190 
137 
160 
166 
176 

198 

960 
885 

490 

456 
470 
486 
510 
560 
58(M 
600 
680 
700 
Lake). 
766 
770 
786 
796 
866 
880 
984 
944 
1,014 


Pnr«t,*a 
SOPBBIOR  City,  Wis.. 

Point  deToor 

AiMM(i,Wis 

LaPoinW 

Ontonagon,  Mich.... 
BagU  Biver  ""  ... 
Eagle  Harbor  **  . . . 
Oopper  Harbor  **.... 

Mamtoa  Island 

Portage  Entry 

Houi^ton,  Mich 

Marmuitte^^ 

Orand  Island 

Pictured  Bodka 

Point  an  Sable.: 

White  Fish  Point.... 

Point  Iroqaoil 

SAtiT  8«B.  Minn... 
(Jhureh^e  Landing... 
Point  de  Tour, ) 
Lake  Huron,    (•••••• 

Thunder  Bay  Island., 
Off  Saginaw  Bay  I 
Point  au  Barque  ^  "" 
Post  Hckon,  Mich. ) 
PortSarnia,C.  W.    f 

St,  CZ  ir,  Mich 

Newport''^ 

Algonac,  Mich 

St  Clair  Flats 

Dktkoit,  Blich 

Maiden,  C.  W 

OUCVBLAND,  Ohio.. . .  . 


toPliM. 

Mtaa 

0 

• 

TO 

10 

10 

80 

4 

84 

74 

108 

60 

918 

10 

988 

16 

9M 

15 
65 

a: 

Portage  lake). 

70 

W4 

40 
10     ^ 

«! 

90     " 

454 

50 

804 

95 

088 

15 

644 

14 

008 

86 

084 

85 

m 

75 

704 

67 

881 

17 

888 

10 

848 

6 

864 

10 

864 

80 

884 

90 

914 

100 

1,014 

DITBOIT. 


f 

MM.     B» 

d  on  thi 

or  Binikr 
w  plaoti 
^■tranglh* 
Duort  pifi 
rUnt  oml 
i  if  «t  te 
rljshowB. 
BriUin  It 
Dportanot. 
n  time  of 
sbesttiBMi 


»  SnAX- 


PlMMb   UOm. 

0                 0 

0               10 

0               80 

4               84 

4              106 

)             818 

»         m 

»              944 

IS             SM 

rtegeLdteV 

>             864 

!      t 

)             4M 

)             804 

S             680 

S              B44 

I          Boe 

1             604 

(        m 

(             104 

r         8S1 

888 

1              848 

864 

»             864 

)              804 

914 

>           1,014 

in 


institiite,  water-worin,  and 
gM-worka,  four  grain  aloT- 
ators,  Ato  tteam  griat-miUt, 
and  aeveral  atoam  aaw- 
mill%  baatdaa  a  great  nam* 
bar  of  otbar  mannfhofcor* 
ingeatabliahmenti.  Thtra 
are  alao  aoTeral  eztenaiTt 
Detroit*  "THiOiTTOrTBiSTEAnm,";  8hip*jard8  and  maohine-ehopa,  where  are 

a  port  of  ent77,  and  the  great  oommeroial 

mart  of  the  State,  ia  favorably  situated  in 

N.  lat  42°  20',  W.  long.  82*  68'    on  a 

rirer  or  strait  of  the  same  name,  eieyated 

Rome  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface,  be« 

ing  seven  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Li^e 

St.  Clair  and  twenty  above  the  mouth  of 

the  river,  where  it  enters  into  ^ke  Erie. 

It  extends  for  the  distance  of  upward  of 

s  mile  upon  the  southwest  bank  of  the 

river,  where  the  stream  is  three-fourths 

of  a  mile  in  width.    The  prInoiiMEd  public 

and  private  ofBoes  and  wholesiue  stores 

are  located  on  Jefferson  and  Woodward 

avenues,  which  cross  each  other  at  right 

angles,  the  latter  running  to  the  water's 

edge.    There  may  usually  be  seen  a  great 

number  of  steamboats,    propellers,  and 

nil  vessels  of  a  larg^e  dass,  loading  or 

unloading  their  rich  carg^s,  destined  for 

Eastern  markets  or  for  the  Great  West, 

giving  an  animated  appearance  to  this 

lAaoe,  which  is  aptly  called  the   Cfity  of 

the  Straits.    It  was  incorporated  in  1816, 

being  now  divided  into  ten  F^rds,  and 

governed  by  a  mayor,  recorder,  and  board 

of  aldermen.      Detroit  contains  the  old 

State-house,  from  the  dome  of  which  a 

fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  city  and  vi- 
cinity; the  Oity  Hall,  Masonic  Hall,  Fire- 
men's HaU,  Mechanic's  Hall,  Odd  Fellows' 

Hall,  the  Young  Men's  Society  Building, 

two  Market  BuUdings,  forty  Churches,  ten 

Hotels,  besides  a  number  of  taverns;  a 

IJnited  States  Custom-house  and  Post- 
office,  and  United  States  Lake  Survey 

office,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  two  orphan 

asylums,  four  banks,  and  a  savings*  fund 


buQt   and   repaired    yesseu    of 
every  description.     The   population 
1860  was  21,891;  in  I860,  46,610. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  Biddl» 
Souse,  and  Michigan  Exchange^  on  Jefferson 
avenue,  and  the  Russett  Boutej  on  Wood- 
ward avenue,  facing  Campus  MarUuSj  an 
open  square  near  the  centre  of  the  Oity. 

Detroit  may  be  regarded  aa  one  of  the 
most  favored  of  all  the  Western  citiea  of 
the  Union.  It  was  first  settled  by  IIm 
French  explorers  as  early  aa  1101,  aa  a 
military  and  fur  trading  port.  It  changed 
its  garrison  and  militarV  govumment  in 
1760  for*  a  British  military  oommander 
and  troops,  enduring  under  the  latter  f^- 
gime  a  series  of  Indian  sieges,  assaults, 
and  petty  but  vigilant  and  harassing  war- 
fare, conducted  against  the  English  gar- 
rison by  the  celebrated  Indian  warrior 
Pontiaa  Detroit  subsequently  ;,passed 
into  possession  of  the  American  revolu- 
tionists ;  but  on  the  16th  August,  1812,  it 
was  surrendered  by  Gen.  Hull,  of  the 
United  States  army,  to  Gen.  Brock,  oom- 
mander of  the  British  forces.  In  1813  it 
was  again  surrendered  to  the  Americana, 
nnder  Gen.  Harrison. 

The  following  Railroad  lines  diverge 
firom  Detroit: 

1.  The  Detrtyit,  Monroe,  and  Ibkdo  RaSU 
roa/iy  62  miles  in  length,  connecting  with 
the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  at  Mon- 
roe, and  with  other  roads  at  Toledo. 

2.  The  Michigan  Central  BaOroad,  282 
miles  in  leng^  extends  to  Chicago,  DL 
Thm  important  road,  running  across  the 
Stats  from  east  to  wwt,  oonneota    at 


•4 


TRIP  TOmOUOB  fWM  LAKlt. 


Mlohlfui  Oitjt,  Ind.,  with  Ite  Ntw  Al- 
bntjaadfiUMi  BaQixMd — ^U&us  forming 
»  direet  Une  of  tnif«l  to  LouiiyUlc,  St 
Louia,  •le.,  m  w«U  m  Ohioago  andth*  Far 
Waat 

8.  Tim  Ihtroit  tmd  MOwamlm  EaOrpad 
mna  through  •  rich  aaotion  of  oountiyto 
Oraad  H«t«b,  on  Late  Ifiehigaii,  op> 
poaila  Milwaiikoa,  Wia. 

4.  TbuJklroUemdl^&uronRaaroad, 
oonnaotlBg  with  tha  Grand  Trunk  Bail- 
war  of  OHiad%  oonnaota  Lake  Huron  by 
rail  with  tha  Tallur  of  the  Ohio  Rifwr. 

ft.  Tha  OretU  HMmiSatiuNiy  of  Canada 
haa  ita  tanninua  at  Windaor,  oppoaite 
Detroit,  tha  two  plaoea  being  connected 
bj  three  ateam  (erriea—thua  affording  a 
raeedy  line  of  trayel  through  Oanada,  and 
thence  to  Saatem  oitiea  of  Hba  United 
Btatea.  ^ 

8teamer8  of  a  large  olasa  run  from  De- 
troit to  OleTeland,  Toledo,  and  other  porta 
on  Lake  Brie ;  othera  run  to  Port  Huron, 
Saginaw,  Ck)odrich,  0.  W.,  and  other  ports 
OB  Lake  Huron. 

^e  Lake  Superior  line  of  steamers  run- 
ning from  Olaveland  and  Detroit  direct 
for  the  Saut  8te.  Marie,  and  all  the  prin- 
cipal ports  onlAke  Superior,  are  of  a  large 
class,  carrying  passengers  and  freight. 
This  haa  become  one  of  the  most  fashion- 
able and  healthy  excursions  on  the  con- 
tinent. 

The  Dbtboit  Rivib,  or  Strait,  is  a  noble 
stream,  through  which  ilow  the  surplus 
waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes  into  Lake  Erie. 
It  is  27  miles  in  length,  and  from  half  a 
mile  to  two  miles  in  width,  forming  the 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  It  has  aperceptible  current,  and 
is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  daiiB. 
Large  quantities  of  fish  are  annually  taken 
in  we  river,  and  the  sportsman  usually 
finds  an  abundance  of  wild  ducks,  which 
breed  in  great  numbers  in  the  marshes 
bordering  some  of  the  islands  and  harbors 
of  the  coast. 

There  ace  i^together  seventeen  ialattls 


In  the  river.  The  names  of  these  ai% 
Cloy,  Odmm,  Biehory,  Sugar,  Baia  BUm, 
BOa,  /MB,  Bodt,  QrtMe  Itk,  iSitoney,  Fight, 
ing,  n«r*Mf,  JAmmiy  JIk^  Chra$9v,  MU 
JMItoc  A^and/^ltt  M;^  The  two 
latter  aie  aftiiated  •  fcw  mllea  above  Da. 
troit,  neir  the  eatraaee  to  Lake  St  Cfadr, 
where  large  qnaatitiea  of  white-llahan 
annually  taken. 

iLi  ul  PftoHi,  attached  to  Canada,  was 
the  h(Hne  of  the  celebrated  Indian  chief 
Bmiiae,  Parkman,  in  his  "History  of  tha 
Consplrapy  of  Pontiao^"  says:  "Pontiat^ 
the  Satan  of  this  forest-paradise,  was  a^ 
customed  to  spend  the  early  part  of  the 
aununer  upon  a  small  island  at  the  open- 
ing of  Lake  St.  Glair."  Another  author 
says:  "The  king  and  lord  of  all  this 
country  lived  in  no  royal  state.  His  cabin 
waa  a  small,  oven-shaped  structqre  of 
bark  and  rushes.  Here  he  dwelt  with  his 
squaws  and  children:  and  here,  doubtless^ 
he  might  often  have  been  seen  carelessly 
redining  his  naked  form  on  a  ruiA-mat  or 
a  bear-skin,  like  an  ordinanr  Indian  war- 
rior." 

The  other  fifteen  islands,  most  of  them 
small,  are  situated  below  Detroit,  within 
the  first  twelve  miles  of  the  river  after 
entering  it  from  Lake  Erie,  the  largest  of 
which  is  Obossb  IsLB,  attached  to  Michi- 
gan, on  which  are  a  number,  of  extensive 
and  w^ll-cultivated  farms.  IMa  island 
has  become  a  very  popnlar  retreat  for 
citizens  of  Detroit  during  the  heat  of 
summer,  there  being  here  located  good 
public  houseii  for  ttie  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

Father  Hennepin,  who  waa  a  passenger 
on. the  "OrifiBn,".  the  first  vessel  that 
crossed  Lake  Erie,  in  16*79,  in  his  descrip- 
tion of  the  soeneiy-  along  the  route  says: 
"  The  iuands  are  the  finest  in  the  world: 
the  strait  is  finer  than  Niagara;  the 
banks  are  vast  meadows,  and  the  pros- 
pect is  terminated  with  some  hills  covered 
with  vineyards,  trees  bearing  good  fruit; 
groves  and  forests  so  well  diuposed  that 


DBTROIT   AVB  imWAUKBB  RAXLllOAO  AND   BTIAMSHIP  Uiqi. 


w 


one  would  tliiak  tliftt  Nature  alone  could 
not  have  mad«a,  without  the  help  of  art,  so 
charming  »  proapeot'* 

ooMPAKATm  pumirr  or  n&nort  wtm 

WATIB. 

The  .following  Table  ahowa  the  aolid 
natter  in  a  gallon  of  water,  taken  firom 
LiUces  and  Bivere  in  difllsrent  oitiea : 

AlbuiT,  Hndaon  BWer 0.880 

Troy,  Mohawk  BWer T.880 

Boston.  GoehitUBte  Lake 1.8fi0 

New  York.  CrotoD  Btver a.998 

Brooklyn.  L  I.  Ponds S.867 

Philadelphia,  Schuylkill  I^ i.86i> 

Cincinnati,  Ohio  Blyer 6.7W 

Lake  Ontario 4.:.std 

Detroit,  Detroit  River. M29 

Cleveland,  Lake  Erie ^  &000 

Montreal,  St.  Lawrenoe  B &.000 

Of  the  Detroit  River  water,  F«o^ 
Douglass,  in  his  report  of  the  anal}  <}i8, 
8sys :  "  In  estimating  the  value  of  your 
ci^  water,  as  compared  with  other 
cities,  due  ollowanoe  must  be  made  for 
the  fact,  that  the  total  solid  matter  ia 
materially  increased  by  the  presence  of 


silica,  alumina,  and  iron,  elements  thai 
can  produce  little  or  no  injury ;  while  the 
chlorides,  much  the  most  ii^urious  com- 
pounds, are  entirely  absent.  The  pres- 
ence of  such  larg^  quantities  of  silica  and 
iron  is  accounted  for  by  the  AK)t  that 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huron  are  formed,  for 
the  most  part,  in  a  basin  of  ferruginous 
sandstone  and  igneous  rock."  * 

'^ToTBi— The  purity  of  the  waters  of  Lake 
Superior,  probaoly  exceeds  all  other  bodies  of 
wtier  on  the  fkce  of  |he  globe,  affording  a  eool 
and  delightfbl  beverage  at  dl  sesaons. 


Oompovative    Increase    of 
EtBke  Cttlei. 

1840      ISfiOi  18Ml 

Bv  rr^LO,  New  York. ....  18,218    42,861  81,181* 

CnioAOO,  111 .      4,470    2&2<i9  109,868 

CiiVKLAKD  K-Uo  6,071    17,084  86,064t 

DnRoiT,Miob 9,108    21,019  46i,619 

ERiK,Penn.. ^856  9,419 

MiLWAruR,  Wis 1,700    8a061  4^254 

OswBoo,  New  Tork 18,200  16,817 

Baoihi,  Wis 0,107  10,000 

Sanouskt,  Ohio 1,484     6,008  8,408 

TOLBDO,  Ohio 1,828     &889  18,768 

*  Mlaek  Book  annexed,  t  OMo  OUy  annexed. 


DETBOIT   AND   MILWAUKEE   BAILBOAD    AEB  STEAMSHIP 

LINE, 

OONNBOnNO   WITH  ''Kii    ORIAT   LINXS   OF   TRAVEL    XIST    AND   WEST. 


On  leaving  the  Railroad  Depot  at  De- 
troit the  line  of  this  road  runs  in  a  north- 
west direction  to  Pomiiao,  26  nules,  pass- 
ing through  a  fvcix  section  of  farming 
country. 

The  route  then  continues-  westerly  to 
FsNTONviLLB,  24  milcs  further,  where 
commences  a  railroad  route,  running 
through  Flint,  and  extending  north  to 
Saginaw,  favorably  situated  on  Saginaw 
river.  It  is  intended  to  continue  the 
Flint. aiid  Pere  Marquette  Railroad,  some 
150  miles,  to  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Owasso,  78  miles  firom  Detroit,  and 
110  miles  from  Grand  Haven,  ig  an  impor- 
5 


tant  station,  from  whence  a  railroad  extends 
southwest  to  Lansing,  the  capital  of  the 
State  of  Michigan.    It  is  intexbded  to  car- 

Sr  the  line  of  this  road  north  to  Saginaw 
ity,  and  firom  thence  nortliwest  to 
Traverse  Bay  on  Lalce  Michigan,  where  ia 
a  good  harbor. 

From  Owasso,  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waulcee  RtulrcMMi  runs  westward  through 
St.  John's,  Ionia,  and  other  stations,  pass- 
ing down  the  valley  of  the  Grand  RiveTf 
a  rich  and  populous  section  of  country, 
produdng  large  quantities  of  wheat  and 
other  agricultiural  {Hroductions,  aU  of  which 
find  a  ready  sale  in  the  Eastern  xnarlcets. 


66 


TRIP  THROUOB  THB  LAKS8. 


"  Up  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Grand 
Biyer  Valley,  and  along  and  beyond  the 
Muskegen  River,  an  immense  amount  of 
pine  timber  is  to  be  found,  giving  profit- 
able employment  to  a  large  number  of 
lumbermen." 

Grand  Rapldti,  168  miles  west 
of  Detroit,  and  forty  miles  above 
Grand  Haven,  an  incorporated  city,  is 
favorably  situated  on  both  batiks  of  Grand 
Biver,  where  is  a  faU  of.about  eighteen 
feet,  affording  an  immense  water-power. 
Steamers  run  from  this  plaoe  daily  to 
Grand  Haven,  connecting  with  steamers 
for  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Michigan.  Here  is  an  active 
population  of  about  10,000,  and  rapidly 
moreasing,  surrounded  by  a  new,  fertile, 
and  improving  country,  befhg  alike 
famous  as  a  wheat  and  fruit  region. 

The  city  now  contains  a  court-house 
and  jail ;  6  churches ;  5  hotels ;  60  stores 
of  different  kinds;  3  grist-mills;  5  saw- 
mills ;  3  cabinet- ware  factories;  2  machine- 
shops,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  private  dwellings  and  many 
of  the  stores  are  elegant  edifices,  con- 
structed of  building  material  which  is 
found  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Exten- 
sive and  inexhaustible  beds  of  gypsum 
are  found  near  this  place,  producing  large 
quantities  of  stucco  and  plaster,  ell  of 
which  find  a  ready  sale  in  Eastern  and 
Western  markets.  It  is  estimated  that 
26,000  tons  of  stucco  for  buildirg,  and 
plaster  for  fertilizing  purposes,  can  be 
ouarried  and  ground  yearly  from  the 
oifferenL  quarries  in  this  vicinity.  At  the 
Eagle  Mills,  two  miles  below  the  city,  is 
already  formed  an  immense  excavation, 
extending  several  hundred  feet  under 
ground,  which  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit, 
where  rich  specimens  of  the  gypsum  can 
be  obtained. 


Steamboat  Route  flrom  Graik4 
Rapids  to  Grand  HaTen. 

GsAND  Rapids o 

Eagle  Plaster  Mill ] 

Grandville 6  Y 

Lament 13  20 

Eastmanyille 2  22 

Mill  Point 16  38 

Grand  Haven a  40 


On  leaving  Grand  Rapids  for  Grand 
Haven,  by  railroad,  the  route  extends 
north  of  the  river,  through  a  fertile  section 
of  country,  mostly  covered  by  a  heavy 
growtj^  of  hardwood,  although  the  pme 
predominaves  as  you  approach  the  lake 
shore. 

Grand  Haven,  Ottawa  Go., 
Mich.,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Ot- 
tawa River,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake 
Michigan,  here  eighty-five  miles  wide ;  on 
the  opposite  side  lies  Milwaukee,  Wis- 
consin. The  different  settlements,  com- 
prising Grand  Haven,  contain  about  6,000 
inhabitants.  Here  are  a  court-house  and 
jail ;  3  churches ;  six  hotels  and  taverns, 
and  a  number  of  stores  and  warehouses ; 
8  larg^  steam  saw-mills,  pail  and  tub 
factories,  a  foundry  and  machine-shop^ 
and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Steamers  and  sail  vessels  run  from 
Grand  Haven,  which  has  a  well-protected 
harbor,  to  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other 
ports  on  Hake  Michigan,  carrying  a  large 
amount  of  produce  afid  lumber.  The 
fisheries  in  this  vicinity  are  also  pro- 
ductive and  extensive. 

The  sand  hills  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan  rise  from  100  to  200  feet,  pre- 
senting a  sterile  appearance,  although  the 
land  in  the  interior  is  very  rich  and  pro* 
ductiys. 


TBIP  FROM  DKTROIT  TO   MAOKINAO,  ORBXN  BAT,  KTO. 


67 


Trip  acrom  I<ake  Hlchlfaii. 


The  staunch  and  well-built  steamships, 
Detroii,  Gapt.  McBride,  and  JliUwaukee, 
Oapt  Trowell,  run  twice  daily  across  Lake 
Michigan,  connecting  with  trains  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  railroad.  This 
trip  is  delightful  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  months  when  Lake  Michigan  is 
usually  calm,  affording  a  safe  and  delight- 
ful excursion  of  about  six  hours'  contin- 
uance. The  spacious  cabins,  and  well- 
arranged  dining-saloons  of  these  ships, 
together  with  the  well-provided  tables, 
renders  this  route  to  and  from  the  Eastern 


cities  one  of  the  most  pleasant  and  desi- 
rable as  regards  speed  and  objects  of  in- 
terest. Usual  fare  from  Milwaukee  to 
Detroit,  $8,00.  Distance,  271  miles; 
time,  14  hours. 

From  Milwaukee,  westward,  there  is  a 
direct  connection  both  with  the  MUwauket 
and  Prairie  du  Chien  RaSroad,  and  the 
La  Oroase  cmd  Milwaukee  RaiWoad  run- 
ning to  the  Mississippi  River.  A  daily 
line  of  steamers  run  from  the  termination 
of  both  of  the  above  railroads  to  St  Paul, 
Minnesota. 


TBI?  FBOM  DETROIT  TO  HAGKIHAC,  OBSEH  BAY,  HILWAXr- 

KEE,  CHIGAGa  te      ' 

During  the  season  of  navigation  propel- 
lers of  a  large  dass,  with  good  aooonmioda- 
tions  for  passengers,  leave  Detroit  daily  di- 
rect for  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee, 
and  Chicago,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Steamers  of  a  large  class,  carrying  pas- 
sengers and  freight,  also  leave  Detroit, 
almost  daily  for  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  from 
thence  passing  through  the  Ship  Canai 
into  Lake  Superior — forming  delightM 
excursions  during  the  summer  and  early 
autumn  months. 

For  further  informatioa  of  steamboat 
routes,  see  AdoerHaementa, 

On  leaving  Detroit  the  steamers  run  in 
a  northerly  direction,  passing  BeU  or  Hog 
Island,  two  miles  distant,  which  is  about 
three  miles  long  and  one  mile  broad,  pre- 
senting a  handsome  appearance.  The 
Canadian  shore  on  the  right  is  studded 
with  dwelling^  and  well  cultivated  &rms. 

Pkohb  Island  is  a  small  body 
of  land  attached  to  Ganada»  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  Detroit  River,  opposite  which, 
on  the  Michigan  shore,  is  Wind-MiU  Firini 
sad  light-house. 

Lake   St.    Glaib  commences   seven 


miles  above  Detroit;  it  maybe  said  to  be 
20  miles  long  and  25  miles  wide,  measur- 
ing its  leng^  from  the  outlet  of  St.  Glair 
River  to  the  head  of  Detroit  River.    Gom- 
pared  with  the  other  lakes  it  is  very  shA- 
low,  havmg  a  depth  of  only  ttom  8  to  24 
feet  as  indicated  by  Bayfield's  chart.    It 
receives  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes 
from  the  St.  Glair  Strut  by  several  chan- 
nels forming  islands,  and  discharges  them 
into  -the  Detroit  River  or  Strait.    In  the 
upper  portion  of  the  lake  are  several  ex- 
tensive islands,  the  largest  of  which  ia 
Waipole  Island ;  it  belongs  to  Ganada,  and 
is  inhabited  mostly  by  Indians.     All  the 
islands  to  the  west  of  Waipole  Island  be- 
long to  Michigan.    The  Waipole,  or  "  Old 
Ship    Ghannel,"    forms    the    boundary 
between  the  United  States  and  Ganada. 
The    miiin    channel,  now  used  by  tho 
larger    class  of    vessels,   is    called  the 
"  North  GhanneL"    Here  are  passed  the 
"  St  Olair  FkUs,^*  a  great  impediment  to 
navigation,  for  the  removal  of  wLich  Gon- 
gress  will  no  doubt  make  amjde  appro- 
priation sooner  or  later.  .  The  northeastern 
channel,  separating  Waipole  Island  from 


'&,%im^'t 


68 


TRIP  THROUGH  THK   LAKBS. 


the  main  Canada  shore,  i^  called  "  OJie- 
nail  EcarteV  Besides  the  waters  passing 
through  the  Strait  of  St.  Clair,  Lake  St. 
Clair  receives  the  river  Thames  from  the 
Canada  side,  which  is  navigable  to  Chat- 
ham, some  24  miles ;  also  the  waters,  of 
Clinton  River  from  the  west  or  American 
side,  the  latter  being  navigable  to  Mt. 
Clemens,  Michigan.  Several  other  streams 
flow  into  the  lake  from  Canada,  the  prin- 
oipal  of  which  is  the  River  Sydenham. 
Much  of  the  land  bordering  on  the  lake  is 
low  and  marshy,  as  well  as  the  islands ; 
and  iu  places  there  are  large  plains  which 
are  used  for  grazing  cattle. 

Ashley,  or  New  Baltimore,  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  W.  side  of  Lake  St. 
Clair,  30  miles  from  Detroit,  is  a^  new  and 
flourishing  place,  and  has  a  fine  section  of 
country  in  the  rear.  It  contams  three 
steam  saw-mills,  several  other  manufac- 
tories, and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  A 
steamboat  runs  from  this  place  to  Detroit. 

Mt.  Clemens,  Macomb  Co.,  Mich.,  is 
situated  on  Clinton  River,  six  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  about 
30  miles  from  Detroit  by  lake  and  river. 
A  bteamer  plies  daily  to  and  from  Detroit 
during  the  season  of  navigation.  Mt. 
Clemens  contams  the  county  buildings, 
several  churches,  three  hotels,  and  a  num- 
ber of  stores  and  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  De- 
troit is  distant  by  plank  road  only  20 
miles. 

Chatham,  C.  W.,  46  miles  from  Detroit 
by  ratlrMkd  route,  and  about  24 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Thames,  which  enters  inta  Lake  St. 
Clair,  is  a  port  of  entry  and  thriving  place 
of  business,  where  have  been  built  a  large 
number  of  steamers  and  sail-vessels. 

Aloonao,  Mich.,  situated  near  the  foot 
of  St.  Clair  River,  40  miles  from  Detroit, 
contains  a  church,  two  or  three  saw- 
mills, a  grist-mill,  woollen  factory,  and 
about  too  inhabitants. 

Newport,  Miob.,  aeven  mileB  fietrthor 


north,  is  noted  for  steamboat  building, 
there  being  extensive  ship-yards,  where 
are  annually  employed  a  large  number  of 
workmen.  Here  are  four  steam  saw- 
mills, machine  shops,  etc.  Population 
about  1,200.  Belle  River  here  enters  the 
St.  Clair  from  the  west. 

St.  Clair  Strait  connects  Lake  Huron 
with  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  discharges  the 
surplus  waters  of  I^kes  Superior,  Mich* 
igan,  and  Huron.  It  flows  in  a  southerly 
direction,  and  enters  Lake  St.  Clair  by  six 
channels,  the  north  one  of  which,  on  the 
Michigan  side,  is  the  only  one  at  present 
navigated  by  large  vessels  in  ascending 
and  descending  the  river.  It  receives 
several  tributaries  from  the  west,  or 
Michigan;  the  principal  of  which  are 
Black  River,  Pine  River,  and  Belle  River, 
and  several  rivers  flow  into  it  from  the 
east,  or  Canadian  side.  It  has  several 
flourishing  villages  on  its  banks.  It  is 
48  miles  long,  from  a  half  to  a  mile  wide, 
and  has  an  average  depth  of  from  40  to 
60  feet,  with  a  current  of  three  miles  an 
hour,  and  an  entire  descent  of  about  15 
feet.  Its  waters  are  dear  and  transparent, 
the  navigation  easy,  and  the  scenery 
varied  and  beautiful — ^forming  for  its  en- 
tire length,  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  banks  of 
the  upper  portion  are  high ;  those  of  the 
lower  portion  are  low  and  in  parts  in- 
clined to  be  marshy.  Both  banks  of  ^ 
river  are  generally  well  settled,  and  many 
of  the  farms  are  beautifully  situated. 
There  are  several  whaiTCS  constructed  on 
the  Canada  side,  for  the  convenience  of 
supplying  the  numerous  steamboas  pass- 
ing and  repassing  with  wood.  J^ere  is 
also  a  settlement  of  the  Chippewa  In- 
dians in  the  township  of  Samia,  Canada; 
the  Indians  reside  in  small  log  or  bark 
houses  of  their  own  erection. 

The  CiTT  of  St.  Clair,  Mich.,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  west  side  of  St 
Clair  Strait,  56  miles  from  Detroit  and  14 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.    >Thia  is  a  thriv* 


TRIP  FROM    DETROIT' TO  MACKINAC,   ORKEN  BAY,   CHICAGO,   StC.      60 


ing  place,  with  many  fine  buQdingiit  and 
is  a  great  lumber  dep6t.  It  contains  the 
county  buUdings  for  St.  Clair  Co.,  several 
churches  and  hotels,  one  flouring-mill,  and 
five  steam  saw-mills,  besides  other  manu- 
facturing establishments,  and  about  3,000 
inhabitants.  St.  Clair  has  an  active 
business  in  the  construction  of  steamers 
and  other  lake  craft.  The  site  of  old 
fbrt  St.  Clair,  now  in  ruins,  is  on  the 
border  of  the  town. 

SouTHEitLAND,  C.  W.,  Is  a  BthoXL  village 
on  the  Canada  shore,  opposite  St.  Clair. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1833  by  a  Scotch  gentle- 
man of  tlie  same  name,  who  here  erected 
an  .Episcopal  church,  and  made  other 
valuable  improvements. 

MooaE,  is  a  small  viU^^e  ten  miles 
below  Samia  on  the  Canalla  side. 

Fromefield,  or  Talfourits,  C.  W.,  is 
anotiier  small  village,  handsomely  situated 
four  and  a  half  mil^s  below  Samia.  Here 
is  an  Episcopal  church,  a  windmill,  and  a 
cluster  of  dwellings. 

The  city  of  Port  Huron,  St  daii* 
Co.,  Mich.,  a  port  of  entry,  is  advantageous- 
ly situated  on  the  west  bank  of  St.  Clair 
River,  at  the  mouth  of  Black  River,  two 
mUes  bebw  Lake  Huron.  It  was  char- 
tered in  1838,  and  now  contains  one  Con- 
gregational, one  Episcopal,  (me  Baptist, 
one  Methodist,  and  one  Roman  Catholic 
Church ;  six  hotels,  and  public  houses, 
forty  stores,  and  several  warehouses ;  dne 
steam  flouring-mtll,  eight  steaia  saw-mills, 
producing  annually  a  large  amount  of 
lumber,  the  logs  being  rafted  down  Black 
Hiver,  runniug  through  an  eztenfliye  pine 
region ;  here  are  also,  two  yards  for  build- 
ing of  lake  craft,  two  refineries  of  petrole- 
um oil,  one  iron  foundry,  and  several  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  4,000. 

During  the  season  of  navigation,  there 
is  daily  intercourse  by  steamboats  with 
Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  ports  on  the  Tipper 
Lakes.  A  steam  ferry-boat  also  plies  be- 
tween Port  Huron  and  Sarnia,  C.  W.,  the 


St  Clair  River  here  being  about  one  mile 
in  widtA.  A  branch  of  the  G  rand  Trus^ 
Railway  runs  from  Fort  Gratiot,  one  mUe 
and  a  half  above  Port  Huron,  to  Detroit, 
a  distance  of  62  miles,  afibrding  alto- 
gether speedy  mides  of  conveyance.  ,A 
raLhroad  is  also  proposed  to  run  from 
Port  Huron,  to  intersect  with  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  at  Owaaso,  Miohr 
igan. 

Fort  Gratiot,  one  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  Port  Huron,  lies  directly  oppo- 
site Point  Henry,  C.  W.,  both  situated  f^ 
the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  where  commences 
St.  Clair  River.  It  has  become  an  impor- 
tant point  since  the  completion  of  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada,  finished 
in  1859;  which  road  terminates  by  a 
branch  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  thus  forming  a 
direct  railroad  communication  from  Lake 
Huron,  eastward,  to  Montreal,  Queb^, 
and  Portland,  Maine. 

The  village  stands  contiguous  to.  the 
site  of  Fort  Gratiot,  and  contains  besides 
the  railroad  building^,  which  are  exten* 
sive,  one  church,  five  public  houses,  tbd 
Gratiot  House  being  a  wellrkept  hotel; 
two  stores,  one  oil  refinery,  and  about  400 
inhabitants.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies 
aeross  the  St  Clair  River,  to  accommodate 
passengers  and  freight;  the  river  Iiere 
being  about  1,000  feet  wide^  and  running 
with  considerable  velocity,  having  a  depth 
of  from  20  to  60  feet 

In  a  military  and  commercial  point  of 
view,  this  place  attracts  great  attention^ 
no  doubt,  being  destined  to  increaee  in 
population  and  importance.  The  Fort  was 
built  in  1814,  at  the  dose  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  consists  of  a  stockade, 
including  a  magazine,  barracks,  and  other 
accommodations  for  a  garrison  of  one  bat- 
talion. It  fully  commands  the  entrance 
to  Lake  Huron  from  the  American  shore, 
and  Is  an  interesting  landmark  to  the  mar- 
iner. 

Sarnia,  C.  "W.,  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  St  Clair  River,  two  miles  below 


70 


TRIP  THROUGH  TBK  LAXIB. 


Lake  Huron  and  €'6  abovn  Detroit,  ia  a 
port  of  entry  and  a  place  of  oonsidentble 
trade ;  two  lines  of  railroad  terminate  at 
this  point,  and  it  is  closely  connected  with 
Port  Huron  on  tL<.  American  shore  by 
means  of  a  steam  'er^ j.  The  town  con- 
tains a  court-hour  ai;  \  Jail,  county  ras- 
ter's office  and  tov.n  hall;  one  Episcopal, 
one  Methodist,  one  Congregational,  one 
Baptist,  one  Roman  Oatholio,  and  one  Free 
Church ;  seven  public  houses,  the  princi- 
pal being  the  Alexander  House  and  the 
Western  Hotd;  twenty  stores  and  sev- 
eral  groceries;  two  grain  elevatorc,  two 
steam  saw-mills ;  one  steam  grifit-mih,  one 
larg^  barrel  factory,  one  steam  cabinet 
fa<^ory,  one  steam  iron  foundry,  and  one 
refinery  of  petroleum  oil,  besides  other 
manufacturing  esitablishments.  Popula- 
tion, ;i,000. 

The  Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada 
terminates  at  Point  Edward,  2  miles  fttxai 
Bamia,  extending  eastward  to  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  Portland,  Me. ;  a  branch  of 
the  Great  Western  Railway  also  termi- 
nates at  Samia,  affording  a  direct  commu- 
nication with  Niagara  Falls,  Boston,  and 
New  York.  Steamers  run  from  Samia  to 
Goderich  and  Saugeen,  C.  W. ;  also  to  and 
from  Detreit,  and  ports  on  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

The  celebrated  Ennxshiaen  Oil  WeUs, 
yielding  an  immense  quantity  of  petroleum 
oU.of  a  superior  quality^  are  distant  some 
18  or  20  miles  ft'om  Samia,  this  being  the 
nearest  shipping  povt.  These  wells  are 
easy  of  access  by  ''joeans  of  railway  and 
plank-roads ;  the  oil  is  brought  to  Samia 
in  barrels,  and  much  of  it  shipped  from 
hence  direct  to  European  ports,  passing 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

The  St.  Clair  River,  opposite  Samia,  here 
one  mile  in  width,  flows  downward  with  a 
strong  current,  at  the  rate  of  about  six 
mUes  an  hour. 


Steamboat  Route  froai  Sar* 
nla  to  Godeiicli,  Sauveen, 
etc. 

Steamers  running  to  and  from  Detroit 
on  theur  way  to  the  different  ports  on  the 
east  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  usually  hug 
the  Canada  side,  leaving  the  broad  waters 
of  the  lake  to  ^e  westward. 

Point  Edwabo,  2  miles  above  Saraia, 
lies  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  opposite 
Fort  Gratiot,  where  are  erected  a  large 
dep6t  and  warehouses  connected  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada.  Here 
terminates  the  grand  railroad  connection 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the 
Upper  Lakes.  It  also  commands  the 
entrance  into  Lake  Huron  and  is  an  im- 
portant military  position  although  at  pres- 
ent unfortified.  In  the  vicinity  is  an  ex- 
cellent fisliery,  from  wh^ice  lai^  quanti- 
ties of  fish  are  annually  export^ 

Batfibld,  C.  W.,  108  nlUes  from  De- 
tioit,  is  a  new  and  flourishing  place,  sit- 
ua\'ed  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  ^e  same 
nam9. 

GrO.'iBRiOH,  120  miles  north  of  Detroit, 
is  siti\ated  on  elevated  gi'ound  at  the 
mouth  of  Maitland  River,  where  is  a  good 
harbor.  This  is  v<i  very  important  and 
growing  place,  where  terminates  the  Buf- 
falo and  Hvron  SaHroadf  160  miles  in 
length.     {See  page  63.) 

KmcAKDiNB,  thirty  miles  from  Gode- 
rich, is  another  port  on  the  Canadian  side 
of  Lake  Huron,  where  the  British  steam- 
ers land  and  receive  passengers  on  their 
trips  to  Saugeen. 

Sauoben,  C.  W.,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  where  is  a 
good  harbor  for  steamers  and  lake  craft. 
Thfs  is  the  most  northern  port  to  wluch 
steamers  now  mn  on  the  Canada  side  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  will  no  doubt,  ere  long 
be  reached  by  railroad. 


It 


TRIP  FROM   DETROIT  TO   IfAOKUIAO,   ORIKN  BAT,   OHIOAOO,  KTO.      71 


Steamlioat  Route  from  Port 
Hurou  to  Safftnaw  City,  eto. 

Oa  leaving  the  wharf  at  Port  Huron, 
the  steamers  pass  Fort  Gratiot  and  enter 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  one  of. 
the  Oreat  Upper  Lakes,  all  alike  celebrated 
for  the  sparkling  purity  of  their  waters. 
The  shores  are  for  the  most  part  low, 
being  covered  hj  a  heavy  growth  of 
forest  trees. 

Lakipobt,  11  miles  from  Port  Hu- 
ron, is  a  small  village  lying  on  the  lake 
shore. 

LExmaTON,  11  miles  further,  is  the 
capital  of  Sanilac  Xounty,  Michigan, 
where  is  a  good  stean&oat  landing  and  a 
flourishing  settlement. 

Port  Sanilac,  34  miles  abow  Port 
Huron,  is  another  small  settlement. 

FOKRIBSTVILLB,  Mich.,  47  miles  from 
Port  Huron,  and  120  miles  north  of  De- 
troit,  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Lake 
Huron,  is  a  new  settlement,  where  is 
erected  an  extensive  steam  saw>mill.  It 
has  some  three  or  four  hundred  inhabi- 
taats,  mostly  engaged  in  the  lumber  trade. 
Several  other  small  settlements  are  situ- 
ated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
which  can  be  seen  from  the  ascendmg 
steamer,  before  reaching  Point  aux  Bar- 
ques, about  seventy-five  miles  above  Port 
Huron. 

Saginaw  Bat  is  next  entered,  present- 
ing a  wide  expanse  of  waters ;  Lake  Hu- 
ron here  attaining  its  gpreatest  width, 
where  the  mariner  often  encounters  fierce 
storms,  wliich  are  prevalent  on  all  of  the 
Upper  Lakes.  To  the  eastward  lies  the 
Georgian  Bay  of  Canada^  with  its  innu- 
merable islands.     ' 

Bay  Cut,  or  Lowbb  Saginaw,  near 
the  mouth  of  Saginaw  River,  is  a  flourish- 
ing town,  with  a  population  of  about 
2,500.  Here  is  a  good  harbor,  from 
whence  a  large  amount  of  lumber  is  an- 
nually exported.  It  has  fifteen  saw-mills, 
and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 


/  •   \ 
Steamers  run  daily  to  Detroit  and  other 
ports. 

East  Saginaw,  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  about  one  mile  below 
Si^inaw  City,  is  a  new  and  flourishing 
pl^,  and  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  moEt 
important  cities  of  the  state.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  lumber  trade,  and  'in  the 
manufacture  of  salt  of  a  superior  quality. 
There  are  several  large  steam  saw-miUs, 
many  with  gangs  of  saws,  and  capable  of 
sawing  from  four  to  five  million  feet  of 
lumber  annually ;  grist  and  flouring-mills, 
with  four  run  of  stones,  planing-mills, 
foundries,  mabhine  shops,  breweries,  a 
ship-yard,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, giving  employment  to  a 
great  number  g£  workmen.  Here  is  a 
well-kept  hotel,  and  several  churches ;  a 
banking  office  an4  a  number  of  larg^ 
stores  and  warehouses.  Goal  of  a  good 
quality  is  abundant,  being  found  near  the 
river,  and  the  recent  (Uscovery  of  aaU 
springs  in  the  neighborhood  is  of  incal- 
culable value,  the  manufacture  of  salt 
being  carried  on  very  extensively.  Popu- 
lation, 4,500. 

Several  lines  of  steamers,  and  one  of 
propellers,  sail  from  this  port  cegularly 
for  Detroit  and  other  lake  ports.  It  is 
near  the  head  of  navigation  for  lake  craft, 
where  five  rivers  unite  with  the  Saginaw, 
giving  several  hundred  miles  of  water 
communication  for  river  rafting  and  the 
fioating  of  saw-logs.  The  surrounding 
country  is  rich  in  pine,  oak,  cheiry,  black- 
walnut,  and  other  valuable  timber.  A 
railroad  ia  finished  from  this  place  to 
Flint,  connecting  by  stages  with  the  De- 
troit and  Milwaukee  raih'oad. 

Saginaw  Gitt,  Saginaw  Gounty,  Mioh., 
Is  iiandsomely  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  river,  23  miles  above  its  mouth.  It 
contains  a  court-house  and  jail,  several 
churdies,  two  hotels,  fifteen  stt:>res,  two 
warehouses,  and  six  steam  saw-mills. 
Population  about  :->,000.  There  is  a  fine 
section  of  country  in  the  roan  of  Sa^^.ma;;, 


78 


TRIP  nntovoB  THs  Lins. 


muohof  which  is  Leavilr  timbered;  the 
■dl  produces  grain  in  aoundanoe,  while 
the  streams  afford  means  of  easy  trans- 
portfttton  so  market    Steamers  run  duly 


from  Saginaw  Oity  and  East  Saghiawto 
Detroit,  Chi&ij^ro,  Ao.,  and  other  ports  on 
the  lakes,  diuk^g  the  season  of  naviga- 

tiODU 


Mjqi  nvmn. 


The  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  lying  be- 
tween 43*^  and  46^  north  latitude,  are 
surrounded  by  low  shores  op.  every  sido 
The  mom  prominent  features  are  Saginaw 
Bay  027  the  noutb  west,  and  the  Georgian 
Bay.ovi  the  northeast ;  the  latter  \arge 
bod^  of  water  being  entirely  in  the  limits 
of  Canada,  i  iie  lakd  proper,  may  be  said 
to  be  IOC  miles  in  width,  from  'east  to 
west,  and  2&0  miles  in  length,  from  south 
to  north,  terminating  at  the  Straits  of 
ICaddnao.  It  is  nearly  destitute  of  is- 
lands, presenting  one  broad  expanse  of 
waters.  It  possesses  seyeral  good  har- 
bors on  its  western  shores,  although  as  yet 
but  little  frequented.  Point  aux  Barques, 
Thunder  Bay,  and  Thunder  Bay  Iskmds, 
are  prominent  points  to  the  mariner. 

Tawab,  or  Ottawa  Bat,  Wing  on  the 
northwest  side  of  Saginaw  Bay,  affords  a 
good  harbor  and  refuge  during  storms,  as 
well  as  Thukobb  Bat,  lying  farther  to 
fhe  north.  Off  Saginaw  Bay,  the  widest 
part  of  the  lake,  rough  weather  is  often 
experienced,  rendering  it  necessary  for 
steamers  and  sail  vessels  to  run  for  a  har- 
bor or  place  of  safety. 

la  addition  to  the  suiplus  waters  which 
Lake  Huron  receives  through  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac  and  the  St.  Mary's  Biver 
firom  the  north,  it  receives  the  waters  of 
SAginaw  Biver,  and  several  other  small 
streams  from  the  west.  This  lake  drains 
but  a  very  small  section  of  country  com- 
pared to  its  magnitude,  while  its  depth  is 
»  matter  of  astonishment,  being  from  100 
to  tSO  feel^  according  to  recent  surveys; 


altiiude  above  the  ocean,  674  feet,  bdng 
2(>  feet  below  the  f^urfiK»  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. Its  om ««;:;,  the  St.  Glair  River,  does 
not  seem  to  be  much  larger  than  the  St. 
Mary's  River,  its  priKipal  inlet,  thus  leav- 
ing nearly  all  its  otnir  waters  falling  in 
the  basin,  to  pass  off  by  evaporation.  On 
entering  the  St  Clair  River,  at  Fort  Ora> 
tiot,  after  passing  over  the  Upper  Lakes, 
the  beholder  is  surprised  to  find  all  these 
accumulated  waters  compressed  down  to 
a  width  of  about  1,000  feet,  the  depth 
varying  ft^m  20  to  60  feet,  with  a  etxong 
downward  current. 

The  Straits  of  Mackinac,  connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  is  a  highly 
interesting  body  of  water,  embosoming 
several  picturesque  islands,  with  beautiful 
headlands  along  its  shores.  It  varies  in 
Width  from  6  to  30  miles,  from  mainland 
to  mainland^  and  may  be  said  to  be  from 
30  to  40  miles  in  length.  Here  are  good 
fishing  grounds,  as  well  as  at  several 
other  pomts  on  Lake  Huron  and  Georgian 
Bay.  >■ 

The  climate  of  Lake  Huron  and  its 
shores  is  perceptibly  warmer  than  Lake 
Superior  during  the  spring,  summer,  and 
autumn  monUis,  while  the  winter  season 
is  usually  rendered  extremely  cold  from 
the  prevalence  of  northerly  winds  passing 
over  its  exposed  surface.  On  the  30th  of 
July,  1860,  at  8  a.  h.,  the  temperature  of 
the  air  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Hiuron, 
was  64*=*  Fahr.,  the  water  on  the  surface, 
52^,  and  at  the  bottom,  60  fathoms  (300 
feet)  42''  Eahr. 


T8S  LOWSB  "PtSISBVLk  07  VLCBSBAX, 


Tbdb  Lower  Peninauia  of  Michigan  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  the 
Great  Ibices,  and,  in  this  respect,  its  situ- 
ation is  naturally  more  fovorable  for  all 
the  purposes  of  trade  and  commerce  than 
any  other  of  the  Western  States. 

The  numerous  streams  which  penetrate 
every  portion  of  the  Peninsula,  some  of 
whidi  are  navigable  for  steamboats  a  oon- 
nderable  distance  fifom  the  lake,  being 
natural  outlets  for  the  products  of  the 
interior,  render  this  whole  region  desira- 
ble for  purposes  of  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion. Even  as  far  north  as  the  Strait  of 
Mackinac,  the  soil  and  climate,  together 
with  the  valuable  timber,  offer  great  in- 
ducements to  settlers ;  and  if  the  proposed 
railroads,  under  the  recent  grant  of  large 
portions  of  these  lands  by  Congress,  are 
constructed  from  and  to  the  different 
points  indiisated,  thu»  extensive  and  heavi- 
ly timbered  region  will  speedily  be  re- 
dfumed,  and  become  one  of  the  most 
lubstantial  and  prosperous  agricultural 
portions  of  the  west. 

It  is  well  that  in  the  system  of  compen- 
sation, wMch  seems  to  be  a  great  law  of 
the  universe,  the  vast  prairies  which 
comprise  so  large  a  portion  of  this  great 
Western  domain  are  provided  so  well  with 
CorresponcUng  regions  of  timber,  affording 
fhe  necessary  supply  of  lumber  for  the 
demand  of  l^e  increai^Mttppulation  which 
is  80  rapidly  xx^urinj^^Bhese  Western 
States.  ^IV^ 

The  State  of  Michigan— «I1  the  waters 
i  which  flow  into  the  Basin  of  the  St. 
Lawrence — ^Northern  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota we  the  sources  from  which  the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Iowa, 
ttd  a  larg^  portion  of  the  prairie  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  must  derive  their 
supply  of  tl^  important  article  (lumber). 
The  supply  in  the  West  is  now  equal  to  the 
demand,  but  the  consumption  is  so  great, 
•nd  the  deooand  so  constantly  increasing 


with  the  development  and  settlement  of 
the  country,  that  of  necessity,  within 
comparatively  a  very  few  years,  these  vast 
forests  will  be  exhausted.  But  as  the 
timber  is  exhausted  the  soil  is  prepared 
for  cultivation,  and  a  large  portion  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  southern  Peninsula 
of  Michigan  will  be  settled  and  cultivated, 
as  it  is  the  most  reliable  wheat-growing 
portion  of  the  Union. 

Besides  the  ports  and  towns  already 
described,  there  are  on  Lake  Hurori,  after 
leaving  Sa{iinaw  Bay,  going  north,  several 
settlements  and  luml^r  establishments, 
fisheries,  &c.  These  are  at  Tawaa  Say, 
mouth  of  the  River  au  Sable,  Blacic  River, 
&c. 

Alpena,  situated  at  the  head  of  Thun- 
der Bay,  is  a  very  flourishing  town,  and 
the  capital  of  Alpena  County.  It  contains 
about  500  inhabitants,  and  four  saw-nulls, 
possessing  a  superior  water-power  on  the 
river  here  emptying  into  the  bay.  It  is 
both  a  lumber  and  fishing  statidn  of  con- 
siderable  importance. 

Duncan  is  the  next  place  of  importance 
on  the  lake  coast,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  Cheboygan  River.  The  United  States 
Land  Office  for  this  district  is  located  at 
this  place.  Nearly  opposite  lies  Bois  Blanc 
Island,  a  large  and  fertile  tract  of  laof. 

The  celebrated  Island  ot  Mackinao  is 
next  reached,  lying  within  the  struts, 
surrounded  by  a  duster  of  interesting 
points  of  land  justly  celebrated  in  Indian 
legends  and  traditions. 

Old  Mackinao,  lymg  on  the  mainland, 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  points,  being 
celebrated  both  in  French  and  English 
history  when  those  two  great  powers  con- 
tended for  the  possession  of  this  vast  Lake 
Region.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a  railroad 
from  Old  Mackinac  to  Saginaw,  and  one  to 
the  southern  confines  of  the  State,  while 
another  Une  of  road  will  extend  north-" 
westward  to  Lake  Superior,  crosshig  the 


74 


TRIP  THROUGH  TBI  LAKIS. 


ttraits  hj  ft  steam  tbnj.  A  town  plot  hai 
been  eanreyed,  and  preparations  made  for 
settlement. 

Passing  around  the  western  extremity 
of  the  Peninsula,  at  the  Waugothance  Light 
and  Island,  the  next  point  is  Zittfe  Travern 
Bay,  a  most  beautiful  sheet  of  water. 

About  fifteen  miles  southwesterly  from 
little  Traverse  we  enter  Grand  Tbavebsb 
Bat,  ft  large  and  beautiful  arm  of  the 
lake,  extending  about  thirty  miles  inland. 
This  bay  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
point  of  land,  from  twro  to  four  miles  wide, 
extending  from  the  head  of  the  bay  about 
eighteen  miles  toward  the  lake.  The 
country  around  this  bay  is  exceedingly 
picturesque,  and  embraces  one  of  the  finest 
agricultural  portions  of  the  State.  The 
climate  in  mild,  and  ft'uit  and  |;rain  of  all 
kinds  suitable  to  a  northern  latitude  are 
produced,  with  less  liability  to  injury  Arom 
frost  than  in  some  of  the  southern  portions 
of  the  State. 

Oband  Tbavibsk  Gitt  is  located  at  the 
head  of  the  west  arm  of  the  bay,  and  is 
the  terminus  of  the  proposed  nulroad  from 
Grand  Rapids,  a  distance  of  about  140  miles. 

Passing  out  of  the  bay  and  around  the 
point  dividing  the* west  arm  from  the  lake, 
we  first  arrive  at  the  river  Aux  Bees  Sceis. 
There  is  here  a  natural  harbor,  capable  of 
accommodating  the  larger  class  of  vessels 
aad^jiamboats.  A  town  named  Fran  £- 
FOBfni&  been  commenced  at  this  place, 
atid  with  its  natural  advantages,  and  the 
enterprise  of  parties  who  now  contemplate 
making  further  improvements,  it  will  soon 
become  a  very  desirable  and  convenient 
point  for  the  accommodation  of  navigators. 

The  islands  comprising  the  Beavers, 
the  Manitous,  and  Fox  Islds  should  here 
be  noticed.  The  Beavers  lie  a  little  south 
of  west  from  the  entrance  to  the  Strait  of 
Mackinac,  the  Manitous  a  little  south  of 
these,  and  the  Foxes  still  farther  down  the 
lake.    These  are  all  valuable  for  fishing 

gurposes,  and  for  wood  and  lumber.  Lying 
1  ^e  route  of  all  the  steamboat  lines  from 


Chicago  to  Buflhio  and  the  Upper  Laken^ 
the  httrbors  on  these  islands  are  stopping* 
points  for  the  boats,  and  a  profitable  trade 
is  conducted  in  furnishing  the  necessarj 
supplies  of  wood,  etc. 

We  next  arrive  at  Manistkb,  a  small 
but  important  settlement  at  the  mouth  ct 
the  Manistee  River.  The  harbor  is  a 
natural  one,  but  requires  some  improve- 
ment.  A  large  trade  is  carried  oa  with 
Chicago  in  lumber. 

The  next  point  of  importance  is  the 
mouth  of  the  Pere  Marqtuite  River.  Here 
is  the  terminus  of  the  proposed  railroad 
from  Flint,  in  Genesee  County,  oonneot> 
ing  with  Detroit  by  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railway,  a  distance  of  about  180 
miles. 

The  harbor  is  very  superior,  and  the 
country  in  the  vicinity  is  well  adapted  for 
settlement.  About  16  miles  in  the  inte- 
rior is  situated  one  of  the  most  compact 
and  extensive  tracts  of  pine  timber  on  the 
western  coast. 

About  forty  miles  south  of  this,  in  the 
county  of  Oceana,  a  small  village  is  looi^ 
ted  at  the  mouth  of  White  River.  The  har- 
bor here  is  also  a  natural  one,  and  the 
region  is  settled  to  considerable  extent  by 
farmers.  Lumber  is,  however,  the  prin- 
cipal commodity,^  and  the  trade  is  prin- 
cipally with  the  Chicago  market. 

The  next  point,  Muskbgon,  at  the  month 
of  the  Muskegon  River,  is  supported  prin- 
cipally by  the^^ra^e  lumber  region  of 
the  integer.  |Hh|ous  steam  saw-miUs 
are  now  in  ac^^H^ration  here,  giving 
the  place  an  ai^Wue  and  activity. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the 
lake,  and  is  at  present  accessible  for  all  the 
vessels  trading  between  Muskegon  and 
Chicago. 

Grand  Havbn,  Ottawa  Co.,  Mich,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  Grand  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Midiigpan,  here 
eighty-five  miles  wide;  on  the  opposite  side 
lies  MUwaukee,  Wis.  Ibrjvrther  descr^ 
Hon,  see  pagt  66. 


Sailin 

Xackina 

St.  Marj 

miles,  th 

of  land  ( 

Thund 

passed,  t 

the  lake 

inaois  » 

nantic  I 

ofMackii 

fromLak 

ways  con 

traveiier. 

forages  t 

neroe,  an^ 

with  civil 

In  this 

Huron  is  ti 

affording  I 

ness  and  ii 

often  are  t 

IjruflBed,  i 

the  voyage 

experience 

IfACKlNj 

wave  the  i 


*-Per  j 

other  locali 

»ate,  for  iti 

»ta  vicinity 

tte  invalid 

fellas  thee 

enjoyment  t 

WMm  weatl 

.    On  leaviui 

Jeamer  gen 

Jhe  mouth  o 

Islands  in  Li 

we  waters  o 

SOMMBR  I 

jttdRooK  Is 
|Mtheentran( 
vie 


ppinff* 
9trado 
efisary 

k  small 
otttb  of 
>r  is  ft 
oprove- 
m  with 

is  th« 
.  Hero 
railroad 
oonned* 
tnd  Mil- 
tout  180 

and  ihs 
apted  for 
the  inte- 

oompaot 
»er  on  the 

ds,intba 

^  isloca- 

The  har- 

and  the 

extent  by 

the  prill- 

is  prin* 

\e  month 
Irtedprin- 
Iregionof 
Isaw-miu* 
Ire,  giving 

fity. 

let  on  the 

I  for  aU  the 
jegon  aod 

Mich,  is 

Biver,  at 

I,  here 

Bite  side 

desonf 


DIRECT   STSAKBOAT    BOITTS   FBOX   DBTBOIT   TO 
OBESH  BATrOiaCAQO,    fte. 

Sailing  direct  throogh  Lake  Horon  lo 
ICackinac,  or  to  the  De  Tour  eatnnoe  to 
St.  Mary's  Riyer,  »  distanoe  of  about  830 
miles,  the  steamer  often  runs  out  ot  tight 
of  land  on  crossing  Saginaw  Bay. 

Thunder  Bay  Light  is  first  si^fhted  and 
passed,  and  then  I^sque  Isle  Light,  when 
the  lake  narrows  and  the  Strait  of  Maok- 
inao  is  soon  entered,  where  lies  the  to- 
mantio  Island  of  Mackktaa  The  Strait 
of  Mackinac,  with  the  approaches  thereto 
from  Lakes  Huron  and  Midiigan,  wiU  al- 
wavB  command  attention  from  the  passing 
trayeiier.  Through  this  channel  wUl  pass, 
for  ages  to  come^  a  great  current  of  com> 
meroe,  and  its  shosM  will  be  enlivened 
with  civilized  life. 

In  ^is  great  omnmerdal  route,  Lake 
Huron  is  traversed  its  entire  length,  o|ten 
affording  the  traveller  a  taste  of  sea-siok- 
ness  and  its  consequent  evils.  Yet  there 
often  are  times  when  Lake  Huron  is  hard- 
ly ruflBed,  and  the  timid  passenger  ei^joyp 
ti>e  voyage  with  as  much  zest  as  the  mo'^-e 
experienced  mariner. 

Maokikao,  crownedby  a  fortress,  where 
wave  the  Stant  and  the  Stripes,  the  gem  of 
the  Upper  Lake  islands,  may  vie  with  any 
other  locality  for  the  salubrity  of  its  di- 
mate,  for  its  picturesque  beauties,  and  for 
its  vicinity  to  fine  fishing-grounds.  Here 
the  invalid,  the  seeker  of  pleasure,  as 
well  as  the  sportsman  and  angler,  can  find 
enjoyment  to  their  heart's  content  during 
varm  weather.    Far  dMcription,  seep.  88. 

On  leaving  Mackinac  for  Green  Bay,  the 
steamer  generally  runs  a  west  course  for 
the  mouth  of  the  bay,  passing  the  Beaver 
Islands  in  Lake  Michiga)i  before  entering 
I  the  waters  of  Green  I^y,  about  150  miles. 

SuMMBB  Island  lies  on  the  north  side 

IndRooK  Island  lies  on  the  south  side 

of  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay,  forming  a 

charming  view  from  the  deck  of  a  steamer. 


'WiiflHorGTov  or  FotawitouhIsluiI^ 
OBAimM'  l8L4n»,  and  other  small  iilaadi 
are  next  passed  on  the  upward  trip  toward 
Uie  head  of  the  bay. 

Washinotov  Habbob,  situated  at  the 
north  end  of  Washington  Island,  is  a  pictu- 
resque fishing  station,  affording  a  good 
steamboat-landing  and  safe  anchorage. 

Gbbbn  Bat,  about  100  miles  long  and 
fW>m  20  to  30  miles  wide,  is  a  sple&did 
sheet  of  water,  destined  no  doubt  to  be 
enlivened  with  commerce  and  pleasure 
exo?>rsions.  Here  are  to  be  seen  a  num- 
ber of  picturesque  islands  and  headlands. 
Several  important  streams  enter  into 
Green  Bay,  the  largest  of  which  is  Neenah 
or  Fox  River,  at  its  head,  and  is  the  outlet 
of  Winnebago  Lake.  Menomonee  River 
forms  the  boundary  between  the  States  of 
Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  and  empties  in- 
to the  bay  opposite  Green  Island. 

The  recent  improvement  of  the  Fox  and 
Wisc^Mii^  Rivers,  not  only  opens  steam- 
boat navigation  between  the  Bay  and  the 
head  of  l^e  Winnebago,  but  it  connects 
the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  one  of 
which,  fiovdng  norUiward,  fiills  into  the  At- 
lantic through  the  St.  Lavnrenoe,  and  the 
other,  running  southward,  discharges  its 
waters,  through  the  Mississippi,  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  By  this  connection  a^ 
steamer  can  start  fW>m  NeW  Orleans,  pass 
up  the  Mississippi  to  the  mouth  of  thie 
Wisconsin,  pass  up  this  river  to  Portage, 
through  a  short  canal  to  the  Upper  Fox 
Rivers,  down  this  river  to  Lake  Winne- 
bago, at  Oshkos^— down  the  lake  to  the 
point  where  it  contracts  into  the  Lower 
Fox, — down  this  romantic  river  some 
thirty-five  miles,  by  means  of  numerous 
canals  around  the  principal  rapids,  into 
Green  Bay,  and  so  on  without  interruption 
through  the  great  lakes  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 


76 


TUP  THROUGH   THK   LAKKS. 


Ctreen  Bay,  one  of 

tbe  most  ftivored  oitiet  of 
Wisooniiin,  the  Capital  of 
Brown  Oounty,  is  adranta- 
geously  situated  near  the 
mouth  of  Fox  or  Neenah 
river,  at  its  entrance  into  Green  Bay,  where 
is  a  good  and  secure  harbor.  It  lies  90 
mOes  sonthwest  from  Lake  Michigan,  by 
water,  26  miles  due  west  of  Kewaunee, 
on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
115  mites  north  tfom  Milwaukee.  The 
town  is  handsomely  situated,  and  con- 
tains many  large  warehouses  and  elegant 
residences,  together  with  several  churches, 
hotels,  and  stores  of  different  kinds,  and 
about  5,000  inhalntants.  The  improve- 
ment of  Fox  River  by  dams  and  lodis,  in 
connection  with  the  improvements  on  the 
Wisconsin  River,  affbrds  mi  uninterrupted 
steam  navigation  firom  Green  Bay  to  Prai- 
rie dtt  Chien,  on  the  Miasissippi  River — 
thus  making  Green  Bay  a  great  point  for 
the  trans-shipment  of  goo(&  and  produce 
of  every  variety ;  the  largest  class  steam- 
ers uid  propellers  running  to  Chicago  on 
the  south,  Saut  Ste.  Marie  on  the  north, 
as  well  as  to  Collingwood,  to  Samia,  to 
Detroit,  and  to  Buffalo  on  the  east.  The 
lumber  trade  of  Green  Bay  is  immense, 
this  whole  section  of  country  abounding 
in  tunber  of  different  kinds  the  most  use- 
ful for  building  purposes.  There  is  no 
city  in  the  West  which  can  boast  of  a  po- 
sition so  advantageous  commercially,  or 
which  will  compare  with  it  in  after  years 
in  the  wealth  and  extent  of  its  trade. 
Witii  an  uninterrupted  water  communicap 
tion  East  and  South,  a  harbor  five  miles 


in  length,  capable  of  accom- 
modating the  shipping  of  the 
whole  laKen,  it  will  eventual- 
ly be  connected  by  Railroad 
with  every  important  point 
West  and  North,  as  the  ne* 
est  route  to  and  ttova.  the  East- 
em  and  Southern  markets. 
AcnoB  is  the  name  of  a  sub- 
urb of  Oreen  Bay,  lying  at  the  mouth  of 
Fox  River,  while  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
stream  stands  Fort  Howard,  surrounded 
by  a  village  of  the  same  name,  where  tei^ 
minates  uie  Chkago  and  Northwest  Rail' 
way,  runniftg  south  to  Chicago,  242  milea 
Oconto,  situated  on  Green  Bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Oconto  River,  is  a  new  and 
thriving  lumber  settlement.    It  lies  26 
miles  north  of  the  town  of  Green  Bay, 
liaving  daily  communioation  by  steamboat. 
As  regards  the  lumbering  inter^ts  of 
this  regfion,  a  late  writer  says :    "  Oconto 
County  is  a  portion  of  the  gpreat  Pine  re- 
gion of  Northern  Wisconsin,  lying  along 
the  west  shore  of  Green  Bay,  Mid  is,  tor 
lumbering  purposes,  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant counties  in  the  State— being  easy 
of  access  during  the  seaacm  of  navigation, 
and  supplied  with  an  almost  exhaustless 
amount  of  excellent  pine  timber.    Jfene- 
kaunee  is  at  the  extreme  northern  verge 
of  the  oounty,  at  the  mouth  of  Menomo- 
nee  River,  and  is  already  the  seat  of  an 
important  trade.    The  settlement  (which 
also  includes  "  Mission  Point"  and  "Mari- 
nette") is  scattered  along  the  bank  of  the 
river  for  a  distance  of  some  two  miles, 
and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants. 

"The  extensive  mills  of  the  *N.  T. 
Lumber  Co.'  are  located  at  this  point,  and 
are  well  worth  a  trip  from  your  city  to 
see.  Some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the 
vast  amount  of  business  done  by  this 
Company,  when  the  fact  is  stated,  that 
they  had  within  their  booms,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  season,  over  fifty  actfs 
of  h(js.  This  vast  amount  of  material  will 
find  its  way  into  market,  before  the  seaaoo 


BTBAUDOAT  ROUTE  PROM  DBTROIT  TO  QRBBN  BAT,  OHIOAOO,  BTO.^  '     11 


acooin* 
l^of  the 
ventual* 
R,ailroad 
&t  point 
he  net. 
^eSasi* 
ftrkets. 
ofasub- 
nouth  of 
ideoftlie 
rrounded 
here  ter- 
yest  Ratt- 
42  roilea 
ly,  at  the 
new  and 
b  lies  26 
een  Bay, 
teamboat 
ter^ta  of 
"  Oconto 
;  Pine  re- 
ing  along 
md  is,  for 
most  iffi" 
©ing  easy 
avigation, 
Ehaustless 
»r.    Mom- 
em  verge 
Menomo* 
leat  of  an 
nt  (which 
ad  "Mari- 
ink  of  the 
wo  mileSi 
taats. 
B  'N.  Y. 
point,  and 
ur  city  to 
3d  of  the 
by  this 
ited,  that 
the  com* 
fifty  m^ 
iterial  wiU 
lo  season 


doses,  in  the  shape  of  good  marketable 
lumber,  ^is  Company's  Mills  alone  turn 
out  over  half  a  tniilion  of  feet  per  week, 
aU  of  which,  I  believe,  goes  to  the  Obicago 
market 

"But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that 
this  is  but  a  fraction  of  the  lumber  which 
is  made  in  this  oonntj.  JThere  are,  be- 
sides the  mills  A«re,  extensive  lumbering 
establishments  at  Peshtigo,  01oton,'Pen- 
saukee,  and  Little  Suamico,  which  proba- 
bly turn  out  in  the  aggregate  at  least  two 
million  feet  of  lumber  per  week,  or  eighty 
millions  per  year — ^wluch  added  to  the  es- 
timate for  this  plaoe,  makes  a  yearly  pro- 
duct of  one  hundred  and  twenty  mulionB. 
A  fair  amount  of  business^  for  a  single 
county  of  not  over  6,000  inhabitants." 

Nbnomoneb  City,  Oconto  County,  Wis., 
is  a  thriving  settlement,  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  Green  Bay,  near  the 
mouth  of  Nenomonee  River,  containing 
2,000  inhabitants,  6  large  saw-mills,  and 
several  stores.  The  country  to  the  west 
and  north  of  this  place  is  as  yet  a  wilder- 
ness, inhabited  only  by  a  #bw  roving  In- 
dians. The  Nenomonee  River  forms  the 
boundary,  in  part,  between  Michigan  and 
Wisocmsin. 

Gbbbn  Bat  to  Lakb  Supbbiob. 

In  regard  to  the  route  from  Green  Bay 
to  Lake  Superior,  a  distance  of  auout  160 
miles,  the  Advocate  says : 

"A  road  from  Green  Bay  to  the  most 
loutherly  point  of  Keewenaw  would  be 
less  than  200  miles  in  length,  and  while 
it  would  shorten  the  travel  over  the  pres- 
ent route  (by  water)  at  least  100  miles, 
would  open  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
fertile  sections  in  the  Union — a  section 
which  will  remain  unknown  and  unoccu- 
pied until  such  a  road  is  opened  by  ttte 
government.  The  Lake  Si^rior  people 
need  it  most  especially  for  proooriog  sup- 
plies, driving  cattle,  etc. 

"  The  traveller  finds  the  whole  diitanoe, 
to  within  *  few  miles  of  Lake  Superior, 


abounding  in  every  resource  which  will 
make  a  country  wealthy  and  prosperous. 
Clear,  beautiful  lakes  are  interspersed, 
and  these  have  plenty  of  large  trout  aad 
other  fish.  Water  and  water-powers  ve 
everywhere  to  be  found,  and  the  timber 
is  of  the  best  kind — maple  gproves,  beech, 
oak,  pine,  etc.  Nothing  is  now  wanted 
but  a  few  roads  to  open  this  rich  countrr 
to  the  settler,  and  it  will  soon  teem  with 
vUlages,  schools,  mills,  faiming  operations, 
and  every  industrial  pursuit  which  the 
more  southern  portion  of  our  State  now 
exhihiU.'' 

Pemsaukeb,  Peshtigo,  and  other  towna 
are  springing  up  on  the  west  "shore  of 
Green  Bay,  where  are  to  be  found  nu- 
merous large  lumber  establishments  situ- 
ated on  the  streams  running  into  the  bay. 

Gbma,  or  Masok,  situated  on  Little  Bay 
de  Noc,  at  the  northern  extremity  of 
'Green  Bay,  is  a  new  and  promising  place. 
Steamers  run  to  and  from  the  town  of 
Green  B^y,  connecting  with  mail  stages 
running  to  Lake  Superior.  A  mail  route  is 
now  opened  from  Qbna,  situated  at  the 
head  of  Green  Bay,  to  Marquette,  L.  S.,  a 
distance,  by  land,  of  about  60  miles.  No 
doubt,  ere  loQg,  a  railroad  wiU  be  con- 
structed along  the  west  shore  of  Green 
Bay,  direct  to  Marquette,  thus  oonneoting 
Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  and  Chicago  with 
Lake  Superior. 


Aonte   firiDm  Green  Bay  to 
Faiid  dii  Eiac,  Wlsconnnw 

There  is  now  a  railroad  and  steamboat 
route,  extending  from  Green  Bay  to  Ap- 
ideton,  Oshkosh,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  situa- 
ted at  the  head  of  Lake  Winnebaga  60 
mUes  distant,  the  latter  passing  thrdlgh 
Fox  River  and  the  above  beauUful  sheet 
of  water. 

Fox  or  Nbbnah  River  rises  in  Marquette 
Co.,  Wis.,  and  passing  through  Lake  Win- 
nebago, forms  its  outlet.  This  important 
steeam  is  rmidered  navigable  for.  steamers 


78 


IflP  THROUGH  THB  LAKSS* 


of  ft  Binall  olMi  bj  mMni  of  cUma  and 
looks,  formioff,  (n  oonneotion  with  a  abort 
canal  to  the  Wisoonsin  River,  a  diraot  wa> 
ter  oommunication  Arom  Green  Bay  to  the 
ICisaiaaippi  River,  a  diatanoe  of  about  aoo 
miles.  The  rapids  in  the  lower  part  of 
Fox  River  afford  an  immense  water-power, 
while  the  upper  section  of  country  through 
which  it  flows,  produces  lumber  and  gnun 
in  great  abundance.  Here  is  a  fall  of  170 
feet  in  the  distance  of  86  miles,  before  en- 
tering Lalce  Wionebago. 

Di  Pbiub,  6  miles  above  Oreen  Bay,  is  a 
town  of  about  700  inhabitants,  where  is 
a  fall  of  8  feet,  also  a  lock  for  the  passage 
of  steamers. 

LiTTLB  Kaukauna,  11  miles,  has  a  &11 
of  8  feet,  with  lock  and  dam.  <■  < 

Wbiohtstowk,  16  miles,  is  a  small  set- 
tlement, where  is  a  steam  saw-mill  and 
other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Rapid  db  Obocpb,  2  miles  further,  is  a 
steamboat  landing.  Here  is  a  lock  and 
dam,  there  being  a  faU  of  about  10  feet 

Kaukauna,  3  miles  f\irther,  is  a  small 
yiUage.  Here  are  five  locks,  overcoming 
a  faU  of  60  feet 

LiTTUi  Ghutb,  26  miles  fW»n  Green  Bay, 
la  a  small  French  settlement,  where  is  an 
old  Roman  Oatholic  Mission  House.  Here 
are  four  locks,  there  being  a  descent  of  40 
feet  in  the  river. 

Applbton,  Outaganie  Co.,  Wis.,  is  situ- 
ated on  Fox  or  Neenah  River,  30  miles 
Arom  its  entrance  into  Green  Bay,  and 
five  miles  from  Lake  Winnebago,  where 
are  rapids  called  the  Orand  Chvit.  The 
river  descends  here  about  30  feet  in  one 
mile  and  a  half,  affording  an  inexhaustible 
amount  of  water-power.  Here  are  located 
three  flouring-mills,  six  saw-mills,  and 
s^eral  other  extensive  manufacturi'ig  es- 
tablishments. This  is  the  capital  of  the 
county,  where  is  situated  the  Latormce 
Dmveririty;  and  it  is  no  doubt  destined  to 
become  a  large  manu&cturing  and  com- 
mercial place,  from  the  facilities  which  it 
posaesaea,  by  means  of  navigation  and  hy- 1 


draulic  power.  Population,  4000.  StoasB- 
ere  run  south  into  Lake  Winftebago^  and 
north  into  Green  Bay. 

The  approach  to  Appleton  fVom  Green 
Bay,  by  water,  ia  most  lovely  and  pictur- 
esque,— the  river  here  winding  through  a 
rich  section  of  country,  clothed  for  several 
miles  by  a  dense  forest,  extending  to  tiie 
verv  marghi  of  tlie  water.  During  the 
early  autumn  months  the  scene  is  truly 
gorgeous,  the  foliage  presenting  every 
variety  of  color. 

MsMASHA,  36  miles  fVom  Green  Bav,  is 
situated  on  an  expansion  of  the  river,  hers 
called  Lake  Butte  dee  Morte,  where  is  a  took 
and  a  canal  of  about  one  mile  in  length. 
Here  are  saveral  large  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, and  a  population  of  about 
2,600. 

Nbbkah,  lying  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Win- 
nebago, on  the  west  shore,  is  a  flourishing 
village,  of  about  2,600  inhabitants. 

Lakb  Winnbbaqo  is  a  most  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  being  32  miles  long  and 
about  12  miles  wide,  with  bold  land  on 
the  east  shore,  while  on  the  west  it  seems 
elevated  but  a  few  feet  above  the  waters 
of  the  lake.  It  abounds  with  several  va- 
rieties of  flsli,  of  a  fine  flavor,  affording  rare 
sport  to  the  angler.  8teamere  run  through 
the  Upper  Fox  or  Wolf  River,  emptying  in- 
to the  lake  at  Oshkosh,  for  upwards  of  100 
miles,  bringing  down  immense  quantities 
of  lumber  and  agricultural  products. 

The  Oity  of  Oiuikcbh,  lying  on  the  west 
side  of  Lake  Winnebago,  20  miles  north  of 
Fond  du  Lao,  is  a  large  and  flourisbiog 
place,  being  favorably  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Fox  River  on  both  sides  of  the  stream. 
It  now  contains  an  active  population  <^ 
about  9,000  inhabitants.  From  its  wharves 
steamers  run  to  lUl  the  ports  on  tl^e  lake 
and  Fox  River,  while  the  Chicago  and 
Northxoestem  BaUway  extends  northward 
to  Green  Bay.  It  contains  the  county 
buildings,  10  churches,  several  well-kept 
hotels,  100  stores  of  different  kinds,  be- 
sides steam  grist-mills,  steam  saw-mill^ 


r^" 


BOUn  FROM  OBIIV  BAT  TO  TOND  DU  LAO,  WIS. 


79 


BtMm- 
j;o,  and 


rer,  uert 
isalook 
\  leBgth. 
iring  Mp 
of  about 

ike  Win* 
:)uri8hiiig 

8. 

beautiful 
long  and 

land  on 
,  itaeemB 
le  waten 
»veral  va- 
•ding  rare 
1  through 
ptyingin- 

daoflOO 
DiuantitieB 

the  west 

B  north  of 

lourishing 

ijhe  mouth 

\d  stream. 

[ation  of 

wharves 

tl^elalio 
Mgo  and 
torthward 
«  county 
well-kept 
:lnd8,  be- 

^^.naills, 


*pm  foundriea,  oabinet>ihopa,  and  %  great 
number  of  other  manufacturing  eatabiiah- 
menta.  This  is  a  great  'mart  for  lumber, 
being  brought  down  the  Fox  or  Wolf 
River  for  upwarda  of  100  milea,  this  atream 
flowing  through  a  fine  pint  region  of  ooun* 
trj,  for  which  northern  Wisconsin  is  justly 
oelebrated. 

Fond  Du  Lao,  capital  of  Fond  du  Lao 
County,  is  a  flourishing  dty  favorably  situ- 
atiKl  at  the  head  of  I^e  Winnebago,  87 
miles  N.  V.  W.  from  Milwaukee,  and  176 
miles  itom  Chicago,  by  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Railway,  now  finished  through 
to  Green  Bay,  a  total  distance  of  242  miles. 
Here  are  located  the  county  buildings,  8 
churches,  4  banks,  6  public-houses,  100 
stores  of  different  kinds,  a  steam  grist- 
mill, 10  steam  saw-mills,  a  steam  car  fao* 
tory,  steam-en£^ne  manufactory,  machine- 
shops,  and  various  other  manufacturing 
eetabUshments.  The  lumber  and  produce 
business  is  very  extensively  carried  on 
here,  affording  profitable  returns.  Fond  du 
Lac  is  oelebrated  for  its  fountains,  water 
being  found  of  a  pure  quality  \>y  means  of 
Artesian  Wells,  in  which  the  city  abounds. 

The  fbx  River  ImprwemerU  is  a  work 
of  great  magnitude,  affording  by  means  of 
locks  and  dams  a  water  communication 
from  Green  Bay  to  Lake  Winnebago,  and 


thenoe  iouth*westwardtbrou|^  the  Upper 
Fox  river  to  Portage  City,  where,  by  mcana 
of  a  canal,  it  interlocks  with  the  Wis- 
consin River,  falling  into  the  Mississippi  at 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

This  enterprise  ia  thus  graphically  de- 
aeribed: 

" '  Muniro  of  thb  Watbbb.'  —A  gen- 
tleman, recently  fW>m  Green  Bay,  men- 
tioned a  curious  fact  a  day  or  two  since, 
illustrative  of  the  results  of  the  completion 
of  the  liiver  Improvement.  He  saw  lying 
at  the  docks  in  that  place  the  steamer 
AppUton  Belle,  built  at  Pittsburgh,  and  the 
steamer  Gurdon  Grant,  built  at  Pliiladel- 
ptua — points  on  opposite  sides  of  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  and  on  waters  flowing  on 
the  one  hand  to  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the 
other  to  the  Mississippi  and  Gulf  ef  Mexico. 
The  BeUe  had  aailed  northward  and  west- 
wi^rd  through  the  Ohio,  Mississippi,  and 
Wisconsin ;  and  the  Orant  in  a  ooutraiy 
direction  through  the  Delaware  and  Hud- 
son, along  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of 
the  Great  Lakes.  These  are  the  victories 
of  commerce,  in  which  Wisconsin  is  play- 


ing a  prominent  pari** 
Tl    ~ 


'he  Trip  from  Cuioaqo  to  Maokinao, 
&C.,  connecting  at  the  latter  place  with^the 
Green  Bay  route,  is  flilly  described  in 
another  part  of  this  work. 


Porti  of  Lake  Hiohigan  litnated  on  the  Eatt  and  South  Shorei* 


michtii^am  CitlTf  Ind.,  situated  at  the 
extreme  south  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  dis- 
tant 45  miles  from  Chicago  by  water,  and 
228  miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad  route. 
The  New  Albany  and  Saiem  Railroad,  228 
miles  in  length,  terminates  at  this  place, 
connecting  with  the  Michigan  Central 
Bailroad.  Several  plank  roads  also  ter- 
luinate  here,  affording  facilities  for  cross- 
ing the  extensive  prairies  lying  in  the 
rear.  Here  are  several  large  storehouses 
■ituated  at  the  mouth  of  TraU  Creek,  in- 


tended for  the  storage  and  shipment  of 
wheat  and  other  produce ;  15  or  20  stores 
of  different  kinds,  several  hotels,  and  a 
branch  of  the  State  Bank  of  Indiana.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1831,  with  the  expec- 
tation that  it  would  become  a  great  em- 
porium of  trade ;  but  owing  to  the  want 
of  a  good  harbor,  and  the  rapid  increase 
of  Chicago,  the  expectations  of  its  founders 
have  not  been  realized.  It  now  contains 
about  3,000  inhabitants,  and  is  steadily 
increasing  in  wealth  and  numbers. 


80 


TRIP  THROUGH  TBB  LAKES. 


Nsw  BuririLO,  Mich.,  lying  50  miles 
east  ofChica(;oby  stoamboat  route,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  line  of  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad,  218  miles  west  o9  Detroit.  Here 
have  been  erected  a  light-house  and  pier, 
the  latter  aSbrding  a  good  landing  for 
steamers  and.  lake  craft.  The  settlement 
contains  two  or  three  hundred  inhabi- 
tants^ and  several  stores  and  storehouses. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  light,  sandy  soil, 
which  abounds  all  along  the  east  and 
south  shores  of  Lake  Micliigan. 

St.  Joseph,  Berrien  Co.,  Mich.,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Joseph  River,  194  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Here  is  a  good  harbor,  affording  about  10 
feet  of  water.  The  village  contains  about 
1,000  inhabitants,  and  a  numbf^r  of  stores 
and  storehouses.  An  active  trade  in 
lumber,  grain,  and  fruit  is  carried  on  at 
this  place,  mostly  with  the  Chicago 
market,  it  being  distant  about  70  miles 
by  water.  Steamers  of  a  small  class  run 
irom  St.  Joseph  to  Niles  and  Constnntine, 
a  distance  of  120  miles,  to  which  place  the 
St.  Joseph  River  is  navigable. 

St  Joseph  River  rises  in  the  southern 
portion  of  Michigan  and  Northern  Lidiana, 
and  is  about  250  miles  long.  Its  general 
course  is  nearly  westward;  is  very  ser- 
pentine, with  an  equable  current,  and 
flowing  through  a  fertile  section  of  coun- 
try, celebrated  alike  for  the  raising  of 
grain  and  different  kinds  of  fruit.  There 
are  to  be  found  several  flourishing  villages 
on  its  banks.  The  principal  are  Constan- 
tine,  Elkhart,  South  Bend,  and  Niles. 

Niles,  situated  on  St.  Joseph  River,  is 
26  miles  above  its  mouth  by  land,  and  191 
miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad  route. 
This  is  a  flourishing  village,  containing 
abort  3,0C0  inhabitants,  Ave  churches, 
three  hotels,  several  large  stores  and 
flouring  mills;  the  country  around  pro- 
ducing large  quantities  of  wheat  and  other 
kinds  of  grain.  A  small  class  of  steamers 
run  to  St.  •peeph  below  and  other  places 


above,  on  the  river,  affording  great  fadl* 
ities  to  trade  in  this  section  of  country. 

South  Haven,  Van  Buren  Co.,  lies  at 
the  mouth  of  Black  River. 

Naples,  Allegan  Co.,  lies  on  the  east 
side  of  Lake  Michigan,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Kalamazoo  River. 

Amsterdam,  Ottawa  Co.,  is  a  small  vil« 
lage  lying  near  the  Lake  shore,  about  20 
mUes  south  of  Grand  Haven. 

HoLLAiO),  situated  on  Bhck  Lake,  a  few 
miles  ^above  Amsterdam,  is  •  thriving 
townjlsettled  mostly  by  Hollanders.  Here 
is  a  good  and  spacious  harbor. 

The  counties  of  Berrien,  Cass,  Yan  Bu* 
ren,  Kalamazoo,  Allegan,  Kent^  and  Ot- 
tawa are  all  celebrated  as 'a  fhiit-bearing 
region. 

The  Ports  extending  from  Qrand  Haven 
to  Saginaw  Bay  are  fully  described  in 
another  portion  of  this  work,  as  well  as 
the  bays  and  rivers  falling  into  Lkkes 
Michigan  and  Hurcm. 


ClllcagO,    "ThB  GaBDEK  OlTT,"i8 

advantageously  situated  on  the  west  side 
of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  moutii  of  Chica- 
go River,  m  N.  lat.  41°  62',  aod  W.  long, 
from  Greenwich  87°  35'.  It  is  elevated 
eight  to  ten  feet  above  the  lake,  which 
secures  it  from  ordinary  floods,  and  ex- 
tends westward  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
about  two  miles  distant  from  its  entrance 
into  Lak^  Michigan,  the  front  on  the  lake 
being  three  or  four  miles  from  north  to 
sou^.  The  harbor  has  a  deptl)  of  from  { 
twelve  to  fourteen  feet  of  water,  which 
makes  it  a  commodious  and  safe  haven ; 
and  it  has  been  much  improved  artiflciallj 
by  the  construction  of  piera,  wliich  extend 
on  Mch  side  of  the  eutranoe  of  tlie  river 
for  some  distance  into  the  lake,  to  pruvent 
the  accumulation  of  saii«l  upon  the  \m. 
The  light-house  is  on  the  south  side  of  the 
harbor,  and  shows  a  fixed  light  on  a  tower 
I  forty  feet  above  the  iurttee  of  the  lake ; 


PORTS  OF  LAKB  MIOHIOAN — BAST  AND  SOUTH  SHOEB. 


ai 


;  faoQ- 
try. 
lies  It 


there  is  also  a  beacon  light  on  the  end  of  | 
the  pier.  In  a  naval  and  military  point 
of  yiew,  this  is  one  of  the  most  important 
ports  on  the  upper  lakes,  and  should  be 
strongly  defended,  it  being  the  '*  Odessa" 
of  these  inland  seas. 

The  city  contains   an   United  States 
custom-house  and  postK)ffice  building,  a 
court-house  and  jail,  the  county  buildings, 
Bush  Medicfd  Gullege,  a  commercial  col- 
lege,  a  marine  hosnpital,  market-houses, 
eighty  churches,  e^ut  banks,  several  fire 
and  marine  insurance  companies,  and  a 
number  oT  large  public  houses ;  gas-works, 
and    water-works.     The    Bianufacturing 
establishmonts  of  Chicago  are  numerous 
and  extensive,  consisting  of  iron-foundries 
and  machine-'Shops,  nulroad  car  manufac- 
tory,  steam  saw,  planing,  and  flouring 
mills,  manufactories  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments, etc.    Numerous  steamers  and  pro- 
pellers ply  between  this  place  and  Saut 
8te.  Marie,  Lake  Superior  ports,  Golling- 
wood,  Groderich,  Detroit,  Bufifalo,  and  the 
various  intermediate  ports.    Population  in 
1860,  109,260,  and  is  r  ipidly  increasing  in 
numbers  and  wealth. 

The  principal  hotels  are  the  Adams 
^Eouse,  Briggs  House,  Lake  House,  Sherman 
House,  and  the  Tremont  House,  besides 
many  other  public-hoiises  of  less  note. 
Chicago  also  boasts  of  several  benevolent 
and  charitable  institutions,  educational 
aud  utidical ;  also  hospitals  and  dispensa- 
ries. Its  commerce  is  already  immense, 
and  rapidly  increasing. 


EinilAOT    fuOM  A  LiTTBR  DATED, 

"Ohicaoo,  Jum  3,  180.1. 
"  Tb  the  Mkititors  of  the  National  Tnlelligencer , 

*'  This  •  Cl^^  City'  of  the  Lakes  yes- 
titrtliiy  aud  t^ray,  at  the  opeiiiiin  of  the 
Rlilp-Oanal  Oouveutiou,  proMRntea  a  soenn 
of  which  every  loyal  Anierluan  might  just- 
ly feel   proud,  bo  he  a  citiisen  of  the 


Atlantic  States,  of  the  great  Valley  of  Hio 
Mississippi,  or  of  the  noble  St.  Lawrence 
valley,  tiie  waters  of  which  here  almoet 
commingle,  and  no  doubt  are  destined  to 
be  wedded,  and  to  flow  in  unison  from  the 
cold  waters  of  the  Qulf  of  St.  Lawrence 
to  the  warm  waters  of  the  Qulf  of  Mexioo^  ' 
carrying  on  their  tide  the  rich  products  of 
the  tropics,  the  cereals  of  the  temperate 
zone,  and  the  timber  and  other  valuable 
commodities  of  the  colder  I'egion  of  the 
American  continent 

"Ghicago,  when  fairly  understood,  in  a 
commercial,  climatic,  and  favored  point  cit 
view,  as  regards  water  and  land  communi- 
cation, has  probably  no  equal  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  Standing  near  the  southern 
border  of  one  of  the  five  great  Lakes  of 
America,  affording  four  or  five  thousand 
miles  of  inland  ship  navigation,  and  by 
means  of  the  Erie  Canal  of  New  York, 
fistvored  by  an  outport  on  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  it  only  now  wants  a  Ship  Canal  to 
the  Mississippi  River  to  give  it  an  outport 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

"As  to  Railroad  fiicilities,  no  adequate 
idea  can  be  conveyed, — the  iron  bars 
already  extend  to  Montreal,  Quebec,  and 
Portland  on  tlie  northeast ;  to  Boston,  New 
York,  Ac.,  on  the  east ;  to  Charleston  and 
Savannah  on  the  southeast,  and  to  Mo- 
bile and  New  Orleans  on  the  south — 
being,  ere  long,  no  doubt  destined  to  have 
railroad  facilities  with  other  cities  to  the 
Gk>ld  R^ons  and  the  Pacific  ocean  on  the 
west ;  wliile  northward  a  railroad  line  is 
finished  to  L'reen  Bay,  Wisconsin,  and 
another  line  nearly  completed  to  St.  Paul, 
Minnesota. 

"  Look  at  a  map  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  see  her  favored  position 
noar  the  centre  of  the  temperate  zone; 
whiln  east  and  west  slie  lies  centrally 
between  the  Atlantic  and  eastern  slope 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  By  nature  she 
oliihns  pre-eniiiieuce  as  a  great  inland  city. 
Ulvn  hoi"  I'm  i»o'»n  she  asks  at  tliis  time, 
and  the  whole  Rep\ibllo  will  be  benefited. 


II 


82 


TRIP  THROUGH  THB  LAKES. 


faasmueh  aait  will  afford  faoilitieB  to  the 
far  West,  and  the  eastern  portious  of  our 
wide-extended  country.  Like  the  Erie 
oanal,  it  will  even  tend  to  lessen  the  price 
of  proTisions  in  foreign  markets,  and  at 
the  same  time  strengUien  and  enrich  our 
own  people.  North  and  South,  notwith- 
standhig  the  latter  are  now  in  open  rebel- 
Uon." 

^A  late  writer  remarks,  *  Chicago  is 
most  emphatically  the  city  of  the  West; 
for  when  any  town  can  justly  claim  to  be 
the  greatest  market  for  grain,  beef,  pork, 
and  lumber  in  the  world,  then  we  may 
confidently  believe  that  all  else  that  en- 
ters into  the  compoBition  of  a  great  city 
will  gather  there  to  build  up,  if  not  the 
greatest,  one  of  the  most  imporf^nt  cities 
of  the  continent.' " 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  con- 
necting Lake  Michigan  with  Illinois  Riv- 
er, which  is  sixty  feet  wide  at  the  top,  6 
feet  deep,  and  107  miles  in  length,  includ- 
ing five  miles  of  river  navigation,  termi- 
nates here,  through  which  is  brought  a 
large  amount  of  produce  {torn  the  south 
and  southwest;  and  the. numerous  rail- 
roads radiating  from  Chicago  add  to  the 
vast  accumulation  which  is  here  shipped 
for  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  Chicago  being 
within  a  short  distance  of  the  most  exten- 
sive coal-fields  to  be  found  in  Illinois  and 
the  pineries  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 
as  well  as  surrounded  by  the  finest  grain 
region  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  makes  it 
the  natural  outlet  for  the  varied  and  rich 
produce  of  an  immense  section  of  fertile 
country. 

It  is  now  proposed  to  construct  a  Ship 
Canal,  connecting  the  waters  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Eiver  with  Lake  Michigan. 


RAILROADS  DIVBBaiNa  FBOM  CHICAOO. 

Miles. 

1.  Chicago,  Alton,  and  St.  LouU  JRnilroad. 281 

2.  OMcagi .  Burlington,  and  Quincy 268 

8.  Chicag   and  Bock  Island 182 


i.  CMeaffo,  FuHon^  and-  Iowa  (flnished) 2tf 

6.  Chicago  and  Iforth-  Western  (Chicago  to 
Green  Bay) 243 

6.  Chicago  and  Milwaukee 85 

7.  Cincinnati  tmd  Chicago  Air  Lins 280 

8.  Galena  and  Chicago  Union*  (Chicago  to 

Freeport) 121 

9.  Illinois  Oentraif  (Chicago  to  Cairo) 865 

10.  Michigan  Central  (Detroit  to  Chicago).  ..284 

11.  Michigan  Southern  and  Iforthem  Indf 

ana  (Chicago  to  Toledo,  Ohio) 248 

13.  Pittsburgh,  Fort  WaynCyOnd  Chicago... 4S» 

*  This  road  oonndptB  with  the  IIIIdoIb  Central 
Railroad,  running  westward  to  Dunleith,  oppo- 
site Da  Baqne,  Iowa, 
t  JlUnois  Central  Railroad  and  its  Branches: 

Cairo  to  Lasalle,  Main  Line 808  Miles. 

Lasalle  to  Dunleith,  Galena  Branch ....  1 47     '* 
Chicago  to  Centralia,  Chicago  Branch.  .267     "■ 

Totallength 722MUea. 


Distances  from  Chicago  to 
Mackinac. 

Running  along  the  West  Shore  0/  Lake 

Michigan. 

Ports. 

CmoAao  to  Waukegan,  111 

Kenosha,  Wis 

Racine,  Wis 

MiLWAtJKEB,  Wis 

Fort  W  asbington.  Wis 

Sheboygan,  Wis 

Manitowoc,  Wis 

Two  Rivers,  Wis 

Kewaunee,  Wis 

Anheepee,  Wis 

Bayley's  Harbor 

Death's  Door 

(To  Green  Bay  80  miles.) 

Washington  Harbor,  Mich 

Rock  Island,  Mich 

Beaver  Island,  Mich 

Pt.  Waugoshance,  Mich 

Old  Mackinac,  Mich 

Maokinao,  Mich. 


35 

16  5J 
11  62* 
28  85 
25  110 
25  185 
80  165 
7  172 
22  1S4 
11  205 
85  240 
20  260 

18  278 
7  280 
67  847 
80  877 
15  892 
8400 


Mackinac  to  De  Tour  PassagqH^ 

DeTour  to  Saut  Bte.  Marie 

Mackinac  to  St  Clair  River  (Fort  Gratiot) 

Fort  Gratiot  to  Detroit 

Fort  Gratiot  to  Saginaw  City 

Fort  GraUot  to  Qodericb,  C.  W 


86 
66 

240 
60 

180 


Miles- 

35 

16    51 

11    68* 

28    85 

25  110 

26  185 

80  165 

7  172 

22  1S4 

11  205 

86  240 

20  260 

18  278 

7  280 

67  847 

80  877 

16  892 

8400 

86 

66 

1       240 

60 

160 

60 

HAVAL   VE88BLS   OH  THK   LAKES. 


HAYAL  VESSELS  OH  THE  s  LAKES. 


Mississippi  axd  Lake  VLicoiqjls  Gakal. 


•9 


A  Report  has  recently  been  made  in 
relation  to  the  practicability,  cost,  and 
military  and  commercial  advantages  of 
opening  a  passage  for  gunboats  and 
armed  vessels  from  the  Mississippi  to  the 
Lakes,  by  improving  the  navigation  of  the 
Illinois  River,  and  enlarging  the  Illinois 
and  Michigan  Oanal.  The  following  is 
an  extract  from  the  above  Report : 

"  The  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi 
River  are  among  the  grandest  features  of 
the  geography  of  the  globe.  Their  names 
are  at  once  suggestive  of  commercial  and 
agricultural  wealth  and  national  great- 
ness. No  such  systems  of  internal  navi- 
gation exist  elsewhere  in  the  world. 
The  most  careful  and  accurate  statements 
of  their  present  uses  for  commercial  pur- 
poses are  truly  wonderful,  while  the  mag- 
nificent future  to  which  enlightened 
cinterprise  may  leacl,  tasir  ^  the  strongest 
imagination. 

''  The  Mississippi  system  of  navigable 
waters  is  variously  estimated  at  from 
10,000  to  20,000  miles.  Its  numerous 
ramifications  penet.v.».e  a  country  of  *in- 
rivaUed  fertility,  and  m  many  parts  abound- 
ing in  useful  metals.  On  the  Lakes,  we 
have  a  coast  of  3,500  miles.  Their  com- 
merce is  estimated  at  the  value  of  $400, 
000,000,  'in  articles  of  prime  necessity 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Easiern  States, 
and  to  our  foreign  commerce.'  Th-^t  of 
the  Mississippi,  in  peaceful  times,  is  sup- 
posed to  equal  this.  It  is  the  union  of 
these  two  mighty  systems  that  we  con- 
template in  the  proposed  improvement. 

"For  this  purpose  no  other  route  exists 
comparable  to  the  line  now  proposed,  in 
the  economy  of  cost  of  the  improvement, 
or  in  general  utility.  It  is  one  of  nature's 
highways — one  of  the  Unes  which  she 


marks  out  for  the  guidance  of  the  great 
emigrant  movements  of  the  race,  aii^  by 
which  topography  foretells  the  march  ct 
empire.  The  aboriginal  savage  travelled 
it  by  instinct,  and  now  educated  intelli- 
gence can  And  no  better  place  for  com- 
pleting  and  uniting  linos  of  travel  and 
traffic  embracing  half  a  continent." 

Estimate  for  a  S?iip  and  Steamboat  Ganai 
from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois  River, 
and  the  improvement  of  the  Illinois  River 
to  the  Mississippi  River ;  the  canal  to  be 
160  feet  wide  on  the  bottom,  sides  pro- 
tected with  stone  walls  10  feet  high;  the 
canal  and  river  looks  to  be  350  feet  long 
and  70  feet  wide,  with  depth  of  water 
su£Scient  to  pass  steamboats  and  vessels 
drawing  six  feet  of  water;  the  canal  to 
be  supplied  with  water  from  Iiake  Michi- 
gan. 

Chicago  to  Lockport,  29  milM. 

The  eatimated  cost  of  earth  and  rock 
excavation  on  the  summit  level  from 
Chicago  to  Lockport,  with  walls  on 
both  sides  10  feet  through  the  ei^rth, 

is $7,092,700 

Lockport  to  Lasalle,  67  miies : 

The  estimated  cost  of  canal  to  Lake 
Joliet,  and  short  canals  at  16  locks, 
walled  on  both  sides ;  also  six  stone 
dams,  600  feet  long,  eleven  canal  and 
five  river  locks,  each  8B0  feet  long  and 
70  feet  wide— making  188  feet  of  lock- 
age between  Lockport  and  Lasalle— is  i,On,0M 
Lasalle  to  the  Mississippi  Biver,  290 
miles : 

Th«  cost  of  seven  tree  and  crib  dama, 
900  feet  long,  the  cribs  to  be  filled 
with  stone,  and  stone  abutments ;  ale>o 
seven  stone  locks,  860  feet  long,  and 
70  feet  wide,  with  entrances  pro- 
tected, and  insuring  a  depth  of  water 
on  all  bars,  to  pass  the  largest  class 
steamboats  and  vessels  drawing  six 
feet,  will  be 1,64B,000 

Add  for  bridges,  right  of  waj,  engineer- 
ing, oontingenoiea,  dto 578,089 

Totd |18,8M,834 


84 


TRIP  THROUGH   THB   LAKKff. 


U.  S.  Natal  Ybssbls  on  Lakb  Ebu, 
1812  TO  1815. 


1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1812 
1818 
1818 
1818 
1818 
1816 


Xam4. 

Glass.    Gone. 

^  here  built, 

Amelia, 

schooner      1 

Eri«,  Pa. 

Ariel, 

4. 

Purchased 

Caledonia, 

brig         jf 

Captured 

Scorpion, 

sehuoner     2 

Purchased 

Bomers, 

2 

M 

THppe. 

sloop         1 

» 

TigreMl, 

schooner      1 

£rie,F». 

Lawrence, 

brig         20 

M 

Niagara, 

20 

U 

Ohio, 

schooner      1 

ii 

Poroapine, 

1 

u 

Ghent, 

1 

u 

Total  Guns,  6T 

\ 

NOTB. — At  the  conclusion  of  tlie  war 
with  Great  Britain,  this  squadron,  with 
the  exception  of  two  small  vessels,  and 
the  prizes  captured  by  the  above  fleet, 
under  Com.  Perry,  Sept.  10,  1813,  were 
dismantled  and  laid  up  at  Erie,  Penn.,  and 
all  subsequently  condemned  and  sold, 
some  having  been  sunk,  with  a  view  to 
their  better  presenwtion. 

In  1844,  the  U.  S.  steamer  Miohioan, 
583  tons,  was  built  at  Erie,  Pa.,  and  is 
now  in  commission  on  the  Upper  Lakea. 


EOTTTE  FBOM  CHIGAOO  TO  MACKINAC  JLSD  SAUT  STE.  HAEIE. 

very  great ;  the  carrying  trade  being 
destined  to  increase  in  proportionate 
ratio  with  the  population  and  wealth 
pouring  into  this  favored  section  of 
the  Union. 

On  reaching  the  green  waters  of 
Lake  Michigan,  the  city  of  Chicago 
is  seen  stretching  along  the  shore 
for  four  or  five  miles,  presenting  a 
fine   appearance   from  the  deck  of  the 
steamer.    Tlie  entrance  to  the  harbor  at 
the  bar  is  about  200  feet  wide.     The  bar 
has  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  water,  the 
lake  being  sybject  to  about  two  feet  rise 
and  fall.     The  steamers  bound  for  Mil- 
waukee and  the  northern  ports  usually 
rup  along  tlie  west  shore  of  the  lake  with- 
in sight  of 'land,  the  banks  rising  from 
thirty  to  fifty  feet  above  the  water. 

liAKB  Michigan  is  about  seventy  miles 
average  width,  and  340  niles  in  extent 
from  Mieliigan  City,  Ind.,  on  the  south,  to 
the  Strait  of  Mackinac  on  the  nortii ;  it 
presents  a  great  expanse  of  water,  now 
traversed  by  steamers  and  other  vessel* 
of  a  large  class,  running  to  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie  and  Lake  Superior ;  to  Collingwood 
and  Godericli,  Can. ;  to  Detroit,  Mich. ;  to 
Cleveland,  Oluo,  and  to  Buffjalo,  N.  Y. 
From  Chicago  to  Buffalo  the  distcmce  is 
about  1,000  miles  by  water;  while  from 


On  starting  from  the  steamboat  wharf 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River,  the 
Marine  Hobpital  and  depot  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  are  passed  on  the  right, 
while  the  Lake  House  and  lumber-yards 
are  seen  on  the  left  or  north  side  of  the 
stream.  The  government  piers,  long 
wooden  structures,  afford  a  good  entrance 
to  the  harbor;  a  light-house  has  been 
constructed  on  the  outer  end  of  the  north 
pier,  to  guide  vessels  to  the  port. 

The  basin  completed  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  to  facilitate  commerce  is 
a  substantial  work,  extending  southward 
for  nearly  half  a  mile.  It  affords  ample 
accommodation  for  loading  and  unloading 
vessels,  and  transffrring  the  freight  to 
and  from  the  railroad  cars. 

The  number  of  steamers,  propellers, 
and  sailing  vessels  annually  arriving  and 
departing  from  the  haf V>or  of  Chicago  is 


BOUTB   FROM   CUIOAOO  TO   MAOKINAO   AND   8AUT  STB.   IfARIB. 


as 


bar 
the 
rise 
Mil- 
lually 


Chioas^  to  Superior  Oity,  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Superior,  or  Fond  du  Lac,  the  dis- 
tance is  about  the  samo,  thus  affording 
two  excursions  of  1,000  miles  each,  over 
three  of  the  g^eat  lakes  or  inland  seas  of 
Americay  in  steamers  of  from  1,000  to 
2,000  tons  burden.  During  the  summer 
and  early  autumn  months  the  waters  of 
Hub  lake  are  comparatively  calm,  afford- 
ing safe  navigation.  But  late  in  the  year, 
and  during  ^e  winter  and  early  spring 
months,  the  navigation  of  this  and  the 
other  great  lakes  is  very  dangerous. 

Wauksqan,  Lake  Co.,  HI,  38  miles 
north  of  Ohicago,  is  handsomely  situated 
on  elevated  ground,  gradually  rising  to  50 
or  60  feet  above  the  water.  Here  are 
two  piers,  a  light-house,  several  large 
storehouses,  and  a  neat  and  thriving  town 
contaiuing  about  5,000  inhabitants,  six 
churches,  &  bank,  several  well-kept  hotels, 
thirty  stores,  and  two  steam-flouring 
mills. 

Kenosha,  Wis.,  52  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  the  lake. 
Here  are  a  small  harbor,  a  light-house, 
storehouses,  mills,  etc.  The  town  has  a 
population  of  about  6,000  inhabitants, 
surrounded  by  a  fine  back  country.  Here 
is  a  good  hotel,  a  bank,  several  churches, 
and  a  number  of  stores  and  manufactur- 
ing establishments  doing  a  large  amount 
of  business.  The  Kenosha  and  Rockford 
Railroad,  73  miles,  connects  at  the  latter 
place  witli  a  railroad  ruuning  to  Madison, 
the  capital  of  the  State,  and  also  to  the 
Mississippi  ^iver. 

The  City  of  Racinb,  Wis.,  62  miles  from 
Chicago  and  23  miles  south  of  Milwaukee, 
is  built  ou  an  elevation  some  forty  or 
fifty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 
It  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  place. 
Here  are  a  light-house,  piers,  storehouses, 
etc.,  situated  near  the  water,  while  the 
city  contains  some  fine  public  buildings 
and  private  residences.  The  population 
is  about  10,000,  and  is  rapidly  increasing. 
Racine  is  tlie  second  city  in  the  State  in 


oommeroe  and  pc^nilation,  and  possesses 
a  fine  harbor.  Here  are  located  the 
county  buildings,  fourteen  churches,  seve- 
ral hotels.  Congress  tiaU  being  the  largest ; 
elevators,  warehouses,  and  numerous 
stores  of  different  kinds. 

The  RacvM  and  Mississippi  RdWoad  ex- 
tends from  tins  plaoe  to  the  Mnsissippi 
River  at  Savanna,  142  miles.  The  Chics- 
go  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  also  runs 
through  the  town,  near  the  Lake  Shore. 


voMAjyam    habbob. 

M ilivaukee,  "  The  Cream  City," 
86  miles  from  Chicago,  by  railroad  and 
steamboat  route,  is  handsomely  situated 
on  rising  ground  on  both  wide.s  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  at  its  entmaco  into  Lake 
Michigan.  In  front  of  the  city  is  a  bay  or 
indentation  of  the  lake,  affordiug  a  good 
harbor,  except  in  strong  easterly  gales. 
The  harbor  is  now  being  improved,  and  will 
doubtless  be  rendered  secure  at  all  times 
of  the  season.  The  river  aftbrda  an  ex- 
tensive water-power,  capable  of  giving 
motion  to  machinery  of  almost  any  re- 
quired amount.    The  city  is  buUt  upon 


86 


TBIP  THBOUOH  THE  LAKIS. 


beantifol  slopes,  desoending  tbward  the 
river  and  lake.  It  has  a  United  States 
Custom  House  and  Fost-OfBce  building; 
a  oourt  house,  city  hall,  a  United  States 
land-office,  the  University  Institute,  a 
college  for  females,  three  academies,  three 
orphan  asylums,  forty-five  churches,  Aev- 
eral  well-kept  hotels,  the  Newhall  Bouse 
and  the  Walker  House  being  the  most 
frequented;  seven  banks,  six  insurance 
companies,  a  Chamber  of  Commerce,  ele- 
vators, extensive  ranges  of  stores,  and 
several  large  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  city  is  lighted  ^vith  gas,  aad 
well  supplied  with  good  water.  Its  ex- 
ports of  lumber,  agricultural  produce,  etc. 
are  immense,  giving  profitable  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  steamers  and  other 
lake  craft,  running  to  dif^'^srent  fiorts  on 
the  Upper  Lakes,  Detr.ut,  Buffalo,  etc. 
The  growth  of  this  city  has  been  aston- 
ishing ;  twenty  years  since  its  nte  was  a 
wilderness;  now  it  contains  over  60,000 
inhabitants,  and  of  a  class  inferior  to  no 
section  of  the  Union  for  intelligence,  so- 
briety, and  industry. 

The  future  of  Milwaukee  it  is  hard  to 
predict;  here  are  centring  numerous  rail- 
roads finislied  and  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, extending  soflth  to  Chicago,  west  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  r  ^rth  to  Lake 
Superior,  which,  in  connection  with  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Ilailroad,  termin- 
ating at  Grand  Haven,  85  miles  distant  by 
water,  and  the  H  les  <:  steamers  running 
to  this  port,  wiU  altogether  giv  an  im- 
petus to  this  favored  city,  ble&&_4  with  a 
good  climate  and  soil,  which  the  future 
alone  uan  reveaL 

During  the  past  few  years  an  unusual 
number  of  tine  buildings  liave  been  erected, 
and  the  commerce  of  the  port  ha.  uinount- 
ed  to  $60,000,000.  The  bay  of  Milwaukee 
offers  tlie  best  advantages  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  harbor  of  refuge  of  any 
point  on  Lake  Michigan.  Tlie  city  lias  ex- 
peuiled  over  $100,000  in  the  construction 
of  a  harbor;  this  needs  extension  and 


completion,  whidi  wiU  no  doobi  1U 
effected. 

The  approach  to  Milwaukee  harbor  by 
water  is  very  imposing,  lying  between 
two  headlands  covered  with  rich  foliage, 
and  dotted  with  residences  inchoating 
comfort  and  refinement  not  to  be  exceed- 
ed on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  or  any 
other  body  of  water  in  the  land.  This 
city,  no  dcubt,  is  destined  to  become 
the  favored  jresidence  of  opulent  families, 
wlio  are  fond  of  congregating  in  favored 
localities. 

Tub  Geanabixs  or  Miitnbsota  and 
WiBCONSiN. — ^The  La  Crosse  Democrat 
speaks  as  follows  of  the  great  strides  of 
agriculture  in  a  region  which  ten  years 
ago  was  a  wilderness.    It  says: 

"We  begin  to  think  that  the  granaries 
of  Minnesota  and  Northwestern  Wiscon- 
sin  will  never  give  out;  there  is  no  end 
to  the  amount,  judging  Item  the  heavy 
loads  the  steamers  continually  land  at 
the  depot  of  the  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee 
Railroad.  Where  does  it  all  come  firom? 
is  the  frequent  inquiry  of  people.  We 
can  hardly  telL  It  seems  impossible  that 
there  can  be  much  more  left,  yet  steam- 
boat men  tell  us  that  the  grain  is  not 
near  all  hauled  to  the  shipping  points 
on  the  river.  What  will  this  country  be 
ten  years  hence,  at  this  rate?  Imagine 
the  amount  of  transportation  that  will  be- 
come necessary  to  carry  the  produce  of 
the  upper  country  to  market.  It  is  hard 
to  state  what  wiU  be  the  amount  of  ship- 
ments of  grain  this  season  (1863),  but  it 
wU)  be  well  into  the  millions." 


RAILROATtS    BUNNING  FBOU  MXLWAUEEB. 

Detroit  and  Milwaukee  (Grand  Haven 
to  Detroit,  189  miles),  connecting  witli 
steamers  on  Lake  Michigan. 

LfK  Crosse  and  Mtkoaukee,  200  miles, 
connecting  with  steamers  on  the  Upper 
Mississippi. 


nU>M   OHICAOO  TO   MAOKINAO   AND   SAUT  STB.   MARIB.- 


87 


JU^tPOukee  and  Prairie  du  Chieni  192 
miles,  connecting  with  steamers  on  the 
Mississippi  Riyer. 

Milwaukee  and  Horicon,  93  miles. 

Milwaukee  and  Western,  71  miles. 

Milwaukee  and  Chicago,  86  miles;  also, 
the  River  and  Lake  Shore  City  Railway, 
running^  from  the  entrance  of  the  harbor 
to  different  parts  of  the  city. 

Port  Washinqtok,  Ozaukee  Co.,  Wis., 
25  miles  north  of  Milwaukee,  is  a  flour- 
ishing place,  and  capital  of  the  county. 
The  villiage  contains,  besides  the  public 
buildings,  several  churches  and  hotels, 
twelve  stores,  three  mills,  an  iron  found- 
ry, two  breweries,  and  other  manufac- 
tories. The  population  is  about  2,500. 
Here  is  a  good  steamboat  landing,  from 
which  large  quantities  of  produce  are  an- 
nually shipped  to  Chicago  :^nd  other  lake 
ports. 

6HSB0TGAN,  Wis.,  60  mlles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  130  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  a  thriving  place,  containing  about  6,000 
inhabitants.  Here  are  seven  churches, 
several  public-houses  and  stores,  together 
with  a  light-house  and  piers ;  the  harbor 
being  improved  by  government  works. 
Large  quantities  of  lumber  and  agricul- 
tural products  are  shipped  from  this  port. 
The  country  in  the  interior  is  fast  set- 
tling with  agriculturists,  the  soil  ar.d  cli- 
Tiaate  being  good.  A  railroad  nearly  com- 
pleted runs  from  this  place  to  Fond  du 
Lao,  42  miles  west,  lying  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Winnebago. 

Manitouwoc,  Wis.,  10  miles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  33  miles  east  from  Green 
Bay,  is  an  important  shipping  port.  It 
contains  about  2,500  inhabitants;  five 
churches,  several  public-houses,  twelve 
stores,  besides  several  storehouses ;  three 
steam  saw-mills,  two  ship-yards,  light- 
house, and  pier.  Large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  annually  shipped  from  this  port. 
The  harbor  is  being  improved  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  refuge  for  vessels  during  stormy 
weather. 


"  Manitouwoc  is  the  most  northern  of 
the  harbors  of  Lake  Michig^  improved  by 
the  United  States  government.  It  de- 
rives additional  importance  from  the  fact 
that,  when  completed,  it  will  afford  the 
first  point  of  refuge  from  storms  for  ship- 
ping bound  from  any  of  the  other  g^eat 
lakes  to  this,  or  to  the  most  southern  porta 
of  Lake  Michigan." 

Two  RivBRS,  Wis.,  seven  miles  north 
from  Manitouwoc,  is  a  new  and  thriving 
place  at  the  entrance  of  the  conjoined 
streams  (from  which  the  place  takes  its 
name)  into  Lake  Michigan..  Two  piers 
are  fiere  erected,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
river;  also  a  ship-yard,  an  extensive 
leather  manufacturing  company,  chair  and 
pail  factory,  and  three  steam  saw-mills. 
The  village  contains  about  2,0(M|;^inhabi- 
tants. 

Eewauneib,  Wis,,  26  miles  north  of  Tw« 
Rivers  and  102  miles  from  Milwaukee,  is 
a  small  shipping  town,  where  are  situated 
several  saw-miUs  and  lumber  establish- 
ments. Green  Bay  is  situated  about  26 
miles  due  west  from  this  place. 

Ahneepeb,  12  miles  north  of  Kewaunee, 
is  a  lumbering  village,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Ahneepee,  ocmtaining  about 
1, 000  inhabitants.  The  back  country  here 
assumes  a  wild  appearance,  the  forest 
trees  being  mostly  pme  and  hemlock. 

Gibraltar,  or  Bailey's  Harbor,  is  • 
good  natural  port  of  refuge  for  sailing 
craft  when  overtaken  by  storms.  Here  ill 
a  settlement  of  some  400  or  600  inhabi- 
tants, mostly  being  engaged  in  fishing  and 
lumbering. 

Port  dks  Morts  or  Death's  Door,  the 
entrance  to  Green  Bay,  is  passed  20  miles 
north  of  Bailey's  Harbor,  Detroit  Island 
lying  to  the  northward. 

POTTOWATOMBE,  or  WaSHINQTON  ISL- 
AND, is  a  fine  body  of  land  attached  to 
the  State  of  Michigan ;  also,  Eock  Island, 
situated  a  short  distance  to  the  north. 
{See  route  to  Green  Bay,  <fcc.). 


88 


TRIP  TBROUOH  TBI  LAKES. 


On  iMTing  7\oo  Riven,  ike  steamera 
paising  tlm>ugli  the  Straits  ipually  run 
for  the  Manitou  Islands,  Mich.,  a  distance 
of  about  100  miles.  Soon  after  the  last 
restige  of  land  sinks  below  the  horizon 
on  the  west  shore,  the  vision  catches  the 
dim  outline  of  coast  on  the  east  or  Miohi* 
gan  shore  at  Pomt  aktx  Bee  Scins,  which 
is  about  30  miles  south  of  the  Big  Mani* 
tou  Island.  From  this  point,  passing 
northward  by  Sleeping  Bear  Point,  a  sin- 
gular shaped  headland  looms  up  to  the 
▼lew.  It  is  said  to  resemble  a  sleeping 
bear.  The  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
presents  a  succession  of  high  sand-banks 
for  many  miles,  while  inland  are  numer- 
OUB  small  buys  and  lakes. 

LiTTLB,  or  South  Manitou  Island,  260 
milss  flibm  Chicago,  and  110  miles  from 
MJEUskinac,  lies  on  the  Michigan  side  of 
the  lake,  and  is  the  first  island  encoun- 
tered on  proceeding  northward  from  Chi- 
cago. It  rises  abruptly  on  the  west 
•hore  ?  cr  300  feet  from  the  water's  edge, 
sloping  toward  the  east  shore,  on  which 
is  a  light-house  and  a  fine  harbor.  Here 
iteamers  stop  for  wood.  Bio  or  North 
Man](T0u  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the 
former  island,  and  contains  about  14,000 
Acres  of  land.  Both  islands  are  settled 
by  a  few  families,  whose  princip^  occu- 
pation is  fishing  and  cutting  wood  for  the 
use  of  steamers  and  sailiug  \  ossels. 

Fojc  Islands,  50  miles  north  from  South 
Manitou,  consist  of  three  small  islands 
lying  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan, 
which  is  here  about  60  miles  wide.  On 
the  west  is  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay, 
on  the  east  is  the  entrance  to  Grrand  Trav 
ene  Bay,  and  immediately  to  the  north  is 
the  entrance  to  Little  Traverse  Bay. 

Great  and  Little  Beaver  Island? 
lying  about  midway  between  the  Manitou 
Islaads  and  Mackinac,  are  large  and  fer- 
tile bodies  of  land,  formerly  occupied  by 
Mormons,  who  bad  here  their  moat  east- 
ern settl'^meut. 

Garden  and  Hoe  Islands  are  nest  pass 


ed  before  reaching  the  Strait  of  HaokinaQ^ 
which,  opposite  Old  Fort  Mackinac,  is 
about  six  miles  in  width.  The  site  of 
Old  Fort  Mackinac  is  on  the  south  main 
or  Michigan  shore,  directly  opposite  Point 
Ste.  Ignaoe,on  the  north  main  shore.  SL 
Helena  Island  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the 
strait  from  the  south,  distant  about  fifteen 
miles  from  Mackinaa 

Old  Fort  Magkinao,*  now  called  Mac- 
kinac City,  is  an  important  and  interesting 
location;  it  was  formerly  fortified  and 
garrisoned  for  the  protection  of  the  strait 
and  tliia  section  of  country,  when  in- 
habited almost  exclusively  by  various 
tribes  of  Indians.  This  place  can  be 
easily  reached  by  sail-boat  from  the  island 
of  Mackinac. 

Pte.  le  Orgs  Cap,  lying  to  the  west 
of  old  Fort  Mackinac,  is  a  picturesque  head- 
land well  worthy  of  a  visit. 

The  Strait  op  Mackinac  is  from  five 
to  twenty  miles  in  width,  and  extends 
east  and  west  abort  forty  miles,  embosom- 
ing (Several  important  islands  besides 
Mackinac  Island,  the  largest  being  Bois 
Blanc  Island,  lying  near  the  head  of 
Lake  Huron.  Between  this  island  and 
the  main  north  shore  the  steamer  Garden 
City  was  wrecked.  May  16,  1854;  her 
upper  works  were  still  visible  from  the 
deck  of  the  passing  steamer  in  the  fall  of 
the  same  year. 

(tRosse  Ilb  St.  Martin  and  lie  St. 
Martin  lie  within  the  waters  of  the  strait, 
eight  or  teu  miles  north  of  the  island  of 
Mackinac,  In  the  neighborhood  of  these 
different  islands  are  the  favorite  tishing- 
grounds  both  of  the  Indian  and  tlie  '^  piUe 
face." 

rSacklnac,  the  Town  and  Fortress,  i« 
most  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  sli(^re 
of  the  island,  and  e:^tends  for  a  distance 
of  about  one  mile  along  the  water's  edgo, 
and  has  a  fine  harbor  protected  by  a 


*  Settled  br  Hm  French  under  Father  Marquette 
Id  1670. 


tiiMHiiiniift'-*^*^"*'-'-^^ 


m^.. 


jJ^c9L^^^. 


FROM   OHIOAGO   TO   MAOXINAO   AND   ftAUT  8T1.   MARII. 


water  battery.  This  important  idand  and 
fortreBS  is  situated  in  N.  lat.  iS**  64',  W. 
Ion.  Si*'  30'  from  Greenwich,  being  seven 
degrees  thirty  minutes  wAt  from  Wash- 
ington. It  is  350  miles  north  flrom  Chica- 
go, 100  miles  south  of  Saut  Ste.  Marie  by 
yie  steamboat  route,  and  about  300  miles 
*  orthwest  from  Detroit.     Ihrt  Mackinac, 

arrison^d  by  U.  States  troops,  stands  on 
elevate  ^  round,  about  200  feet  above  the 
water,  overlooking  the  pioturesqtie  town 
and  harbor  below.  In  the  roar,  about 
half  a  mile  distant  stand  the  r  uins  of  old 
Fort  Holmes,  situated  on  the  highest  point 
of  land,  at  an  elevation  of  320  feet  above 
the  water,  affording  an  extensive  view. 

The  town  contains  two  churches,  five 
hotels,  ten  or  twelve  stores,  100  dwelling- 
hcuses,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  The 
climate  is  remarkably  healthy  and  delight- 
ful during  the  summer  months,  when  this 
favored  retreat  is  usually  thronged  with 
visiters  from  different  parts  of  the  Union, 
while  the  Indian  warriors,  their  squaws  and 
their  children,  are  seen  lingering  around 
this  their  favorite  island  and  fishing-ground. 

The  Island  of  Maokixao,  lying  in  the 
Strait  of  Mackinac,  is  about  three  miles 
long  and  two  miles  wide.  It  contains 
man/  deeply  interesting  points  of  attrac- 
tion in  addition  to  the  vulage  and  fortress ; 
the  principal  natural  curiosities  are  known 
as  the  Arched  Rock,  Sugar  Loaf,  Lover's 
Leap,  Devil's  Kitchen,  Robinson's  Folly, 
and  other  objects  of  interest  well  worthy 


the  attention  ei  the  tonrttt  The  MtsBion 
Bouse  and  Island  Howe  are  the  principal 
hotels,  while  there  are  several  other  good 
public-houses  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

Island  or  Maokikao. — ^The  view  given 
represents  the  Island,  approaching  frmn 
the  eastward.   "  A  cliff  of  1imbu«.one,  white 
and  weather-beaten,  with  a  narrow  allu- 
vial plain  skirting  its  buse,  is  the  first 
thing  which  commands  attention;"  but, 
on  nearing  the  harbor,  the  village  (21 
with  its  many  picturesque  dwellings,  ana 
the  fortress  (3),  perched  near  the  summit 
of  the  Island,  are  gazed  at  with  wonder 
and  delight.    The  promontory  on  the  left 
is  called  the  "  Lover's  Leap"  (1),  skirted 
by   a  pebbly   beach,   extending   to  the 
village.    On  the  right  is  seen  a  bold  rocky 
precipice,   called  "Robinson's  IbHy^^  (5), 
#hile  in  the  same  direction  is  a  sing^ular 
peak  of  nature  called  the  "  Sugar  Loaf.''^ 
Still  farther  onward,  the   "  Arched  Rock," 
and  q^^  interesting  sights,  meet  the  eye 
of  the  explorer,  affording  pleasure  and  de- 
light, particularly  to  the  scientific  traveller 
and  lover  of  nature.     On  the   highest 
ground,  elevated  320  feet  above  the  waters 
of  the  Strait,  is  the  signal  station  (4),  situ- 
ated near  the  ruins  of  old  F^  Holmes. 

The  settlement  of  this  Island  was  com- 
menced in  1764  In  1793  it  was  surren- 
dered to  the  American  government ;  taken 
by  the  British  in  1812 ;  but  restored  by 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  signed  in  Nov.,  1814 


•0 


nUr  TBBOUOM  THI  LAXB8. 


The  I««Ter't  Leaff.— MionirAO 
ISLAVD.— The  huge  rook  oallod  the  "  Lor- 
•r's  IjOftp."  is  lituated  about  one  mile  west 
oftheTflliiffeof  Ifaokinaa  It  is  a  high 
perpendioular  bluff,  160  to  200  feet  in 
lieight,  ritiug  bddly  from  the  shore  of  the 
Lake.  A  solitary  pine-tree  formerly 
stood  upon  its  brow,  whioh  some  Vandal 
has  cut  down. 

Long  before  the  pale  fkoesproflmedthis 
island  noBoe  of  the  Oenii,  Me^e-ne-mook- 
e-Qung-o-qua,  a  young  Ojibway  girl,  just 
maturing  into  womanhood,  often  wander- 
ed there,  and  gazed  from  its  dizzy  heights 
and  witnessed  the  receding  canoes  of  the 
large  war  parties  of  the  combined  bands 
of  the  Qjibways  and  Ottawas,  speeding 
South,  seeking  for  fame  and  scalps. 

It  was  there  she  often  sat,  mused,  and 
hummed  the  songs  Gto-niw-e-gwon  loved; 
this  spot  was  endeared  to  her,  for  it  was 
there  that  she  and  Qe-niw-e*gwon  first 
met  and  exchanged  words  of  love,  and 
found  '^■t  affinity  of  souls  or  spiiits  exist- 
ing bo  I  wean  them.  It  was  there  shtf  often 
xiiii  Bikd  mn^  the  Ojibway  love  song — 

^^  li&ong-e-do-gwain,  in-f^n-naln-dam, 
Mong-e-do-gwain,  In-de-nAin-dam : 
Waia-shang-ith-ween,  neen-e«iuo-BOMe, 
WiUn-shung-ish-ween,  neen-e-mo-aluuie, 
A-  nee- wau*  waa-aau-bo-a-iode, 
A-nee-wtta-waa-Baa-ho>a-sode.** 

I  give  but  one  verse,  which  ma>  be 
transited  as  follows : 

A  luon,  I  thought  wa«  l(?omiiig, 
A  loon,  I  thought  wad  looming; 
Why  I  it  is  he,  my  lover, 
"Why!  It  iahe,  my  lover. 
His  psddle,  in  the  waters  gleaming, 
His  paddle  m  the  waters  gleaming. 

From  this  bluff  she  often  watched  and 
listened  for  the  return  of  the  war  parties, 
for  amongst  them  she  knew  was  Qe-niw-e- 
gwon;  his  head  decorated  with  war-eagle 
plumes,  which  none  but  a  brave  •  could 
sport.  The  west  wind  often  wafted  far 
in  advance  the  shouts  of  victory  and 
death,  as  they  shouted  and  sang  upon 
leaving  Pe-qnot-e-nong  (old  Uaokinac),  to 


make  the  traverse  to  the  Spirit  or  lairle 
Island. 

Om  season,  when  the  war  partv  re- 
titrniud,  she  copld  not  distinguish  his  fa- 
miliar and  loved  war-shout  Her  thinking 
spirit,  or  soul  (presentiment)  told  her  that 
he  had  gone  to  the  Spirit  Land  of  the 
west  It  was  so,  an  enemy's  arrow  had 
pierced  his  breast,  and  after  his  body 
was  plaoed  leaning  against  a  tree,  his  face 
fronting  his  enemies  he  died;  bdt  ere  he 
died  he  wished  the  mourning  warriors  to 
remember  him  to  the  sweet  maid  of  his 
heart. .  Thus  he  died  far  away  from  home 
and  the  friends  he  loved. 

l^e-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-aua*s  heart 
hushed  its  beatings,  and  all  the  warm 
emotions  of  that  heart  were  chilled  and 
dead.  The  moving,  living  spirit  or  soul 
of  her  beloved  Gh)-niw-e-gwon  she  witnes- 
sed, continually  beckoning  her  to  follow 
him  to  the  happy  hunting  grounds  of 
spirits  in  the  west — he  appear^  to  her  in 
human  shape,  but  was  invisible  to  others 
of  his  tribe. 

One  morning  her  body  was  foui^jd  man- 
gled at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The  soul  had 
thrown  aside  its  covering  of  earth,  and 
had  gone  to  join  the  spirit  of  her  beloved 
Ge-niw-e-gwon,  to  travel  together  to  the 
land  of  spirits,  realizing  the  glories  and 
bliss  of  a  future,  eternal  existence. 

Tours,  Ac, 
Wm.  M.  J  *  ♦  ♦  ♦  ♦  ♦ 


ALTITUDB  or  YABIOUS   POINTS  ON  ISLAND 
*"       01*  MACKINAC.  ' 

T^^uu^  Above  Above 

Locaimet.  LaVe  Huron,  the  Sea. 

LakeHuron. OOOfeet  674feet. 

FortMaokinao      150  **  T24  *« 

Old  Fort  Holmes 816  *'  889  *' 

Eobinson's  Folly 128   "  702   " 

Chimney  Rock 181   "  706  « 

Top  of  Arched  Rock.......   140  "  714  " 

tover'sLeap.... ..   146  •»  719  " 

Summit  of  Sugar  Loaf...  .   284   '*  868  «* 

Principal  Plateau  of  Mack- }  jqq  **  784  " 

Inac  Island ) 

0pMr  Plateau .,800**  874** 


m 

i 


Iptrlt,  or  lUrit 

war  party  re- 
Qguiah  his  fa* 
Her  thinking 
t)  told  her  that 
i  Land  of  the 
y*i  arrow  had 
alter  hii  hody 
atree,  hisfkoe 
led;  b^terehe 
ng  warriors  to 
)t  maid  of  his 
way  from  home 

l-oKiua's  heart 
I  aU  the  warm 
ere  chilled  and 
{spirit  or  soul 
i7on  she  witnes* 
ig  her  to  follow 
Dg  grounds  of 
pearM  to  her  in 
risible  to  others 

was  tovaufi  man- 

The  soul  had 

of  earth,  and 

of  her  beloved 

jgether  to  the 

ihe  glories  and 

istenoe. 

,  Ac, 
|i|i  «  «  *  «  « 

ON  ISLAND 


kbove 
I  Huron, 
feet 


It 

M 
U 
U 

u 


Above 

th6S«a. 

574  feet 

T84 

889 

703 

705 

714 

719 

868 

784  * 

874  " 

1,774  " 


M 
it 

U 
M 
U 
M 
U 


V 


.:tt 


^. 


V^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


i 


^/ 


.V 


1.0    ^Bt  Ui 

»  M   122 

:  lit  12.0 


1.1 


WMta 


11-25  1 1.4 


1.6 


Sdmces 
Corporadon 


^ 


4'. 


\ 


^^*i 


as  WBT  MAIN  STMIT 

«ntSTn,N.Y.  145M 

(71«)«72-4S09 


;\ 


.V 


:^ 


\ 


\ 


% 


Abohid  Book.— MaokinM. 


■■■■Pi 


FROM   OHIOAGO  TO  MAOKIHAO   AlTD   lAUT  WtE,  MABIB. 


91 


■¥* 


1 


The  whole  Island  of  Muclrinae  is  deeply 
intdresting  to  the  soientifio  explorer,  as 
well  as  to  the  seeker  of  health  and  pleas- 
ure. The  following  extract,  illustrate  d  by 
an  engravring,  is  copied  ft'om  "Foarsk 
and  WuiTNBT'S  Owlogieal  Report'*  of  that 
region: 

"As  particular  examples  of  denuding 
action  on  the  island,  we  would  mention 
the  'Arched  Rook'  and  the  'Sugar  Loaf.' 
The  former,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore, 
is  a  feature  of  great  interest  The  diffs 
here  attain  a  height  of  nearly  one  hundred 
feet,  while  at  the  base  are  strewn  nnmorous 
fragments  which  haye  fallen  from  aboye. 
The  Ardied  Buck  has  been  excayated  in 
a  projecting  angle  of  tiie  limestone  cliff, 
and  the  top  of  the  span  is  about  ninety 
feet  aboye  the  lake-leyel,  surmounted  by 
about  ten  feet  of  rock.  At  the  base  of  a 
projecting  angle,  whidi  rises  up  like  a 
buttress,  there  is  a  small  opening,  through 
which  an  explorer  may  pass  to  the  main 
arch,  where,  after  clambering  oyer  the 
steep  slope  of  debris  and  the  projecting 
edges  (^  the  strata,  he  reaches  the  brow 
of  the  cliff. 

"  The  beds  forming  the  sumnut  of  the 
arch  are  cut  off  ^om  direct  connection 
with  the  main  rock  by  a  narrow  gorge  of 
no  great  depth.  The  portion  supporting 
the  arch  on  the  north  side,  and  the  curye 
of  the  arch  itself,  are  comparatiyely  fra- 
gile, and  cannot,  for  a  long  period,  resist 
the  action  of  rains  and  frosts,  which,  in 
this  latitude,  and  on  a  rock  thus  consti- 
tuted, produce  great  rayages  eyery  season. 
The  arch,  which  on  one  side  now  con- 
nects this  abutment  with  the  main  diff, 
wiU  soon  be  destroyed,  as  well  as  the 
abutment  itself,  and  the  whole  be  precipi- 
tated into  the  lake. 
"It  is  eyident  that  the  denuding  action 


the  denuding  action  of  the  water  here  in 
time  past,  and  tiie  same ,  actbn  as  now 
manifested  in  the  range  of  the  Pictured 
Rocka  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
As  an  interesting  point  in  the  soenery  of 
this  island,  the  Ardied  Rook  attracts 
mudi  attention,  and  in  eyery  respect  is 
worthy  of  examination."  {See  £}ngra»mg.) 

Other  picturesque  objects  of  great  m- 
terest,  besides  those  enumerated  aboye, 
occur  at  eyery  turn  <m  roying^  about  this 
enchanting  island,  where  the  pure,  bra* 
dng  air  and  dear  waters  aflbrd  a  plea- 
surable sensation,  difficult  to  be  described 
unless  yisited  and  enjoyed. 

The  bathing  in  the  pure  waters  of  the 
Strait  at  this  place  is  tndy  delightful, 
affording  health  and  yigor  to  the  human 
frame. 


The  Iiland  of  Mai^kliiac. 

ROMANnO  AMD  PlOTUBISQUB  APPIARANOB 

or  THi  Island  and  Sdbboundino 
OouNTRT — ^ITS  Ponnnr  of  Atmobphibb 

— ^A  MOONUOHT  BXOUBSION,  ftc,  fto. 

^"From  whose  roekj  tnttets  battled  high, 

Prospeot  immeoM  spread  oat  oo  all  sides  roand; 
Lost  now  between  the  welkin  and  the  nudOf 
Now  walled  with  hills  that  slept  above  the  storm, 

Most  Ats  sach  a  plaee  for  musinff  men : 
Happiost,  sometimea,  when  musing  i 


roduclug  such  an  qpening,  with  other 
attendant  phenomena,  could  only  haye 
operated  while  near  the  leyel  of  a  large 
body  of  water  like  the  great  lake  itself ; 
and  we  find  a  striking  similarity  between  i 


[POLLOK. 

lu  this  Northern  region,  Nature  has  at 
las^  AiUy  resumed  her  green  dress.  Flow- 
ers wild,  but  still  bMutiful,  bloom  and 
disappear  in  succession.  Birds  of  yarious 
hues  haye  returned  to  our  groyes,  and 
welcome  us  as  we  traoe  these  shady  waUcs. 
"  In  all  my  wand'rings  round  this  world 
of  care,"  I  haye  found  no  place  wherein 
the  climate,  throughout  the  summer  sea- 
son, seems  to  exercise  on  the  human  con 
stitution  a  more  beneficial  influence  than 
on  this  Island.  In  other  parts  of  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  the  places  of  Bes<frt 
are  beautiful,  indeed;  but  a  certain  op- 
pressiyeness  there  at  times  peryades  the 


92 


TRIP  THROUGH  THI  LAK18. 


air,  that  a  person  ^rea  with  fhe  best 
health  in  the  world,  feels  a  ^ssitude  creep- 
ing through  his  frame.  Here,  we  seldom, 
if  ever,  experience  such  a  feeling  from  this 
cause.  For  the  western  breeze  even  in 
the  hottest  days  passing  over  this  island, 
keeps  the  Air  cool,  and,  especially  if  proper 
exercise  be  taken  by  walking  or  riding, 
one  feels  a  bracing  up,  a  oertahi  buoyancy 
of  spirits  that  is  trafy  astonishing. 

Ye  inhabitants  of  warm  latitudes,  who 
pant  in  dtiea  for  a  breath  of  cool  air,  fly 
to  this  isle  for  comfort.  Te  invalid,  this 
is  the  place  in  which  to  rer  ovate  your 
shattered  constitution.  The  lovers  of 
beautiful  scenery  or  the  curious  in  nature, 
and  the  artist,  whose  magic  pencil  de- 
lights to  trace  nature's  lineaments,  need 
not  sigh  for  the  sunny  dime  of  Italy  for 
subjects  on^wMch  to  feed  the  taste  and 
imagination.  ^ 

This  island  is  intersected  by  fine  car- 
riage roads,  shaded  here  and  there  by  a 
young  growth  of  beech,  maple,  and  other 
trees.  On  the  highest  part  of  it,  about 
300  feet,  are  the  ruins  of  Old  Fort  Holtnes. 
From  this  point  of  elevation,  the  scenery 
around  is  extensive  and  beautiful  In  sight, 
are  some  localities  connected  with  '*  the 
tales  of  the  times  of  old,"  both  of  the  sav- 
age and  the  civilized.  Looking  westward- 
ly,  and  at  the  distance  of  about  four  miles 
across  an  arm  of  Lake  Huron,  is  Point  St. 
Ignace,  which  is  the  southernmost  point 
of  land,  <xf  the  greater  portion  of  the  Up- 
per Peninsula.  Immediately  south  of  it 
are  the  "  Straits  of  Mackinac,"  which  sep- 
aratmg  the  Northern  and  Southern  Penin- 
sulas fi'bm  each  other,  are  about  four 
miles  wide.  On  the  south  shore,  may  still 
be  -seen  traces  oroid  Fort  Mackinac,  which 
is  well  known  in  history  as  having  been 
destroyed  by  Indians,  in  1763,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Pontiac,  an  Indian  Chief. 
Turning  our  gaze  southeastwardly,  we  see 
the  picturesque  "Bound  Island,"  as  it 
were  at  our  feet.  And  further  on,  is 
**Boi8-Blano  Island,"    stretching    away 


with  its  winding  ■horea,  Ikr  into  lake 
Huron.  Look  to  the  east,  and .  there 
stands  this  inland  sea,  apparently  "  bound- 
less and  deep,  "and  ''pure  as th'  expanseof 
heaven."  Directly  north  from  our  place 
of  observation,  are  the  '^Islands  of  St 
Martin;"  while  beyond  them  in  the  Bay, 
are  two  large  rivers— the  Pum,  and  Carp 
Rivers.  And  lastly,  casting  our  eyes  to* 
wards  the  northwest,  we  see  on  the  main 
land  the  two  "Sitting  B^ibbits;"  being 
two  singular  looking  1^  or  rooks,  and  so 
called  by  the  Inditms  from  some  resem- 
blance at  a  distance  to  rabbits  in  a  sitting 
posture.  As  a  whole,  thia  scenery  pre- 
sents, hills,  points  of  land  jutting  into  Uw 
lake,  and  "straits,"  bays,  and  islands. 
Here,  the  lake  contracts  itself  into  narrow 
channels,  or  stndts,  which  at  times  ars 
whitened  by  numerous  sails  of  commerce; 
and  there,  it  spreads  itself  away  as  far  as 
the  eye  can  reach.  And,  while  contem- 
plating this  scene,  perhaps  a  dark  column 
of  smoke,  like  the  Genii  in  the  Arabian 
Tales,  may  be  seen  rising  slowly  out  of 
the  bosom  of  Lake  Huron,  announomg 
the  approach  of  the  Genii  of  modem  days, 
the  Steamboat  1  Let  us  descend  to  Uie 
shore. 

It  is  evening!  The  sun,  with  all  liis 
glory  has  disappeared  in  the  west ;  but 
tlie  moon  sits  in  turn  the  arbitress  of 
hewrcn.    And  now — 

^        ^eet  the  moonlight  sleeps  apun  this  banlq 
^^        /ill  we  sit,  and  let  the  sounds  of  music 
i^ep  in  oar  ears;  soft  stillness  and  the  nigUt, 
Becomes  the  touches  of  sweet  harmony.*^ 

Such  tk  moonlight  night  I  once  enjoyed. 
The  hum  of  day-life  had  gradually  subsid- 
ed, and  there  was  naught  to  disturb  the 
stillness  of  the  hour,  save  the  occasional 
laughter  of  those  who  lingered  out  in  the  / 
open  air.  In  tiio  direction  of  the  moon, 
and  on  the  Lake  before  me,  there  was  a 
broad  road  of  light  trembling  upon  its 
bosom.  A  few  moments  more,  two  smaU 
boats  with  sails  up  to  catch  the  gentle 
breeze,  were  seen  passii^^  and  re-passing 


VnOH  OHIOAOO  TO   MAOKIHAO  AND  BAUT  8TS.   MARIB. 


99 


fhisbroad  road  of  light  Then  the  Tooal 
aong  was  raised  on  the  waters,  and  wo- 
man's voice  was  borne  on  moonlight  beam 
to  the  listening  ear  in  the  remotest  shades. 
The  voices  beoune  clearer  and  stronger 
as  the  boats  approached  nearer;  then, 
again,  dying  away  in  the  distance,  seemed 
to  be  merged  with  the  mellow  rays  of  the 
moon.  But  let  us  leave  poetry  and  fancy 
aside,  and  oome  to  matters  of  fact,  mat- 
ters of  accommodation,  prepared  for  those 
who  may  &vor  our  island  with  their  visits 
this  summer. 

There  are  several  large  hotels,  with  at- 
tentive hosts,  ever  ready  to  contribute  to- 
wards the  comforts  of  their  visitors.  Wallc- 
ing,  riding,  fishing,  shooting,  and  sailing 
can  be  here  pursued  With  great  benefit  to 
health.  We  have  biIliard«>room8  and  bowl- 
ing-alleys; in  the  stores  are  found  Indian 
curiosities;  and,  perhaps,  the  Indiims 
themselve^  who  resort  to  this  island  on 
business,  may  be  curiosities  to  those  who 
have  never  seen  them;  they  are  the  true 
"native  Americans,"  the  ciHaent  of  tiiis 
North  America; .  Bepublia 

Round  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land 
lying  a  short  distance  southeast  of  Macki- 
■ae,  while  Bois  Blanc  Island  is  a  large 
body  of  land  lying  still  farther  in  the  du- 
tance,  in  the  Strints  of  Mackinac 

St.  Mabtin's  Bat,  and  the  waters  con- 
tiguous, lying  north  of  Mackinao,  afford 
fine  fishing  grounds,  and  are  much  re- 
sorted to  by  visitors  fond  of  aquatic  sports. 
Great  SL  Martin's  «ad  Little  St.  Martin's 
Inlands  are  passed  before  entering  the 
bay,  and  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 

Carp  and  Pinb  rivers  are  two  small 
streams  entering  into  St.  Kartin's  Bay, 
affording  an  abundance  of  brook  trout  of 
a  large  size.  From  the  head  of  the  above 
bay  to  the  foot  of  Lake  Superior,  is  only 
about  30  miles  in  a  northerly  direction, 
passing  through  a  wilderness  section  of 
country,  sparsely  inhabited  by  Indians, 
who  have  long  made  this. region  their 
favored  hunting  and  fishing  grounds. 


Pourr  Di  TouB,  36  milei  fagt  f\rom 
Mackinac,  is  the  site  of  a  light-house  and 
settlement,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  Mary's ;, 
River,  which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  in 
width;  this  passage  is  also  called  the 
West  OhanneL  At  a  distance  of  about 
two  miles  above  the  Point  is  a  new  eet- 
tlement,  where  havo  been  erected  a  steam- 
boat pier,  a  hotel,  and  several  dwellingi. 

Dbummond  Island,  a  large  and  import 
tant  body  of  land  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  ia  passed  on  the  right,  where  are  to 
be  seen  u&e  ruins  of  an  old  fort  erected 
by  the  British.  On  the  left  is  the  main- 
land of  Northern  Michigan.  Ascending 
St.  Mary's  Ri^er,  next  is  passed  Round  w^ 
PiPB  Island,  and  other  smaller  islands 
on  the  right,  presenting  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, most  of  them  belonging  to  the 
United  States. 

St.  Joseph  Island^  10  miles  above 
Point  de  Tour,  is  a  large  and  fertile  island 
belonging  to  Canada.  It  is  about  20 
miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  about 
15  miles  broad,  covered  in  part  with  ft 
heavy  growth  of  forest-trees.  Here  are 
seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fbrt  erected  by  the 
British,  on  a  point  of  land  commanding  the 
channel  of  the  river. 

Gabltonville  is  a  small  settlement  cm  . 
the  Michigan  side  of  the  river,  12  miles 
above  the  De  Tour.  Here  is  a  steam  saw- 
mill and  a  few  dwelling-houses. 

Ldie  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  lying  in 
the  main  channel  of  the  river,  about  12 
miles  firom  its  mouth.  The  channel*here 
forms  the  boimdary  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada^ 

Mud  Lakb,  as  it  is  called,  owing  to  its 
waters  being  easily  riled,  is  an  expansion 
of  the  river,  about  five  miles  wide  and  ten 
miles  long,  but  not  accurately  delineated 
on  any  of  the  modem  maps,  which  appear 
to  be  very  deficient  in  regard  to  St  Uaij^B 
River  and  its  many  ishuids — ^presenting 
at  several .  points  most  beavitiM  river 
scenery.    ]^  the  St.  Mary's  River  there 


94 


TRIP  THflOUOH  THl  LAKSt. 


■TO  about  Hhf  idaada  belonging  to  the 
United  StateSi  besides  several  attached  to 
Canada. 

Nkbish  Island,  and  SaUor^s  JEnemnp' 
ment,  situated  about  half  way  fh>m'the 
Point  to  the  Saut,  are  passed  on  the  left 
while  sailing  through  the  main  channeL 

Sugar  Island,  a  large  body  of  fertile 
land  belonging  to  the  united  States,  is 
reached  about  30  miles  abore  Poh&t  de 
Tour,  situated  near  the  head  of  St  Josei^^ 
Island.  On  the  right  is  passed  the  Briiith 
or  Norik  Chawnd^  connecting  on  the  east 
with  Oeorgian  Bay.  Here  are  seen  two 
small  rocky  islands  belonging  to  the  Brit* 
ish  Qovemment,  which  command  both 
channels  of  the  river. 

The  Ndfiah  Bapida  are  next  passed  by 
the  ascending  vessel,  the  stream  here  run- 
ning about  five  knots  per  hoi|^.  TIm  main- 
land of  Canada  is  reached  immediately 
above  the  rapids,  being  doUied  with  a 
dense  growth  of  forest-trees  of  small  size. 
To  the  north  is  a  dreary  wilderness,  ex- 
tending through  to  Hudson  Bay,  as  yet 
almost  wholly  unexpldred  and  tmknown, 
except  to  the  Indian  or  Canadian  hunter. 

Lakb  Oboroe,  twenty  miles  below  the 
Saut,  is  another  expansion  of  the  river, 
being  about  five  mUes  wide  and  eight  miles 
long.  Here  the  channel  is  only  from  eight 
.to  ten  feet  in  depth  for  about  one  mile, 
forming  a  great  impediment  to  naviga^ 
tion.* 

Church's  Landing,  on  Sugar  Island, 
twelve  miles  below  the  Saut,  is  a  steam- 
boaf  landing;  opposite  it  is  Squirrel 
Island,  belonging  to  the  Canadians.  This 
is  a  convenient  landing,  where  are  sitasted 
a  store  and  dwelling.  The  industrious 
occupants  are  noted  for  the  making  of 
ra^berryjam,  which  is  sold  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  shipped  to  Eastern  and  Southern 
markets. 

Oarden  River  SttUement  is  an  Indian 


*  A  new  chamiel  hM  been  formed,  by  dredging, 
whioh  glret  a  greater  depth  of  water. 


village  ten  miles  below  the  Saot,  on  the 
Canadian  shore.  Here  are  a  missionary 
church  and  several  dwellings,  surrounded 
by  grounds  poorly  cultivated,  fishing  and 
hunting  being  the  main  employment  of 
tlie  Chippewa  Indians  who  inhabit  this 
section  of  country.  Both  sides  of  the  river 
abound  in  wild  berries  of  good  flavor, 
which  are  gathered  in  large  quantities  hj 
the  Indians,  during  the  summer  months. 

Earad  flrom  a  letter  dated  Saut  Sn 
Maris,  Sept.,  1854: 

"The  scenery  of  the  St  Mary's  Iti?er 
seems  to  gprow  more  attractive  every  year. 
There  is  a  delicious  flreshness  in  the  count- 
less evergpreen  islands  that  dot  the  river,  in 
every  direction,  from  the  Falls  to  Lake 
Huron,  and  I. can  imagine  of  no  more 
tempting  retreats  from  the  dusty  streets  of 
towns,  in  summer,  than  these  islands;  I 
believe  the  time  will  soon  come  when  neat 
summer  cottages  ^nll  be  scattered  along 
the  steamboat  route  on  these  charming 
islands.  A  summer  could  be  delightftilly 
spent  in  exploring  for  new  scenery  and  in 
fishing  and  sailiog  in  these  waters. 

"  And  Mackinac,  what  an  attractive  little 
piece  of  terra  firmti,  is  that  island — ^half 
ancient,  half  modem  I  ^  The  view  from  the 
fort  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Perched  on  the  brink  of  a  predince  some 
two  hundred  feet  above  the  bay— one 
takes  in  at  a  glance  from  its  walls  tibe  luff* 
bor,  with  its  numerous  boats  and  the  pretty 
village ;  and  the  whole  rests  on  one's  vision 
more  like  a  picture  than  a  reality.  Every 
thing  on  the  island  is  a  curiosity ;  the 
roads  or  streets  that  wind  around  the  har- 
bor or  among  the  grove-like  forests  of  the 
island  are  naturally  pebbled  and  macadam- 
ized; the  buildings  are  of  every  style, 
from  an  Indian  lodge  to  a  fine  English 
house.  The  island  is  covered  with  charm- 
ing natural  scenery,  from  the  pretty  to  the 
gfand,  and  one  may  spend  weeks  con- 
stantly finding  new  objects  of  interest  and 
new  scenes  of  beauty.  It  is  uuneoessary 
to  particuhurize— every  visitor  will  find 


VROM   OHIOAOO  TO  IIAOKINAO  AHD  8AUT  8TI.  MAUB. 


M^ 


vAf  on  fht 
nisflioiuunf 

surronnded 
fishing  and 
loyment  of 
inhabit  this 
of  the  rirer 
pood  flsTor, 
nantities  h^ 
T  months. 

Saut  Sm 

ai7'«  Biw 
«^«i7  year, 
nthe  oount* 
the  river,  in 
Ua  to  Lake 
f  no  more 
ty  streets  of 
>  islands;  I 
e  when  neat 
tered  along 
e  chamiing 
delightfiiUj 
tnerjandin 
iters. 

ractive  little 
shmd— -half 
>w  from  the 
the  world, 
nfrice  some 
I  baj— one 
ills  ^e  hap* 
d  the  pretty 
one's  Tinon 
ty.    Eveiy 
iosity;  the 
nd  the  har- 
"ests  of  the 
i  macadam- 
irery  style, 
le  English 
rith  charm- 
"etty  to  the 
reeks  con- 
iterest  and 
oneoessary 
will  find 


tbenii  and  eqfoy  tho  sight  more  than  any 
description. 

"The  steamers  all  call  there,  on  their 
way  to  and  firom  Chicago,  and  hundreds  of 
small  sail  vessels,  in  the  fishing  trade, 
have  here  their  head-quarters.  Drawn 
upon  the  pebbled  beach  or  gliding  about 
the  little  bay  are  bark  canoea  and  the  far- 
fomed  'Mackinac  boats,*  without  num- 
ber. These  last  are  the  perfection  of 
light  sail-boats,  and  I  have  often  been 
astonished  at  seeing  them  far  out  in  the 
lake,  beating  up  aminst  winds  that  were 
next  to  gales.  Yesterday  the  harbor 
was  thronged  with  aaU  boats  and  vessels  of 


every  daaeription,  among  ttM  f«l  were 
the  only  two  iron  steamers  thit  ttia  Uni- 
ted States  have  upon  all  the  lakes,  the 
'Michigan' and  the  'Surveyor,'  formerly 
called  the  '  Abert,'  employed  in.the  Coast 
Survey. 

"For  a  wonder,  Lake  Huron  was  cafan 
and  at  rest  for  its  entire  length,  and  the 
ateamer  'Northerner'  noade  a  beautiliil 
and  quick  passage  firmn  Mackinac  to  this 
place.  The  weather  continues  waim  tiod 
dry,  and  hundreds  are  n^pretting  they 
have  so  early  left  the  Saut  and  Mackinac^ 
I  and  we  believe  you  will  see  crowds  ci 
1  visitors  yet  Jat.** 


St.  Hary*s  RlTer. 

By  a  careAil  examina- 
tion of  the  Government 
Charts  of  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac  and  River  Ste. 
Itarie,  published  in  1 857,  it 
appears  that  the  Point  DtTbur Light-Hvun 
is  situated  in  46^  57'  N.  Lat.,  bein^  36 
miles  to  the  eastward  of  Fort  Mackmac. 
The  width  of  the  De  Tour  passage  is  about 
one  mile,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  upwards,  idthough  but  50  feet 
is  found  off  liie  light,  as  you  run  into 
Lake  Huron.  Drumnwnd  Island,  attached 
to  the  United  States,  lies  on  the  east, 
while  the  main  shore  of  Michigan  Mes  to 
the  west  of  the  entrance.  Pipe  Island, 
4  miles,  is  first  passed  on  ascending  the 
stream,  and  then  Lime  JMand,  6  miles 
Airther.  SL  Joseph's  Jskmd,  with  its  old 
fort,  attached  to  Canada^  Uea  8  miles  from 


the  entrance.  Potagatmlf 
sing  Bay,  dotted  with  no- 
merous  small  islands,  moat* 
ly  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  is  seen  lying  to  the 
eastward,  communicating 
=  with  the  North  Chan- 
nel. Mvd  Lake,  6  milet 
Airther,  is  next  entered,  having  an  ex- 
panse of  about  4  miles  in  width,  when 
Sailor's  Encampment  Island  is  reached, 
b^ng  20  miles  from  Lake  finron.  The 
head  of  St  Joseph's  and  part  of  Sugar 
Island  are  reached  26  miles  northward 
from  the  DeTour,  where  diverts  the 
Canadian  or  North  Channel,  runnmg  into 
the  Georgian  Bay;  this  channel  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  Canadian  steamers.  The 
Ndfish  Rapids  are  next  passed,  and  Laks 
George  entered,  6  miles  Airther,  being  32 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.  This  Utke  or  ex- 
pansion of  the  river  is  9  miles  in  length 
and  4  miles  broad,  affording  12  feet  of 
water  over  the  shoals  and  terminating  at 
Church's  Landing,  lying  opposite  S^r- 
rel  Inland,  attached  to  Canada.  Garden 
River  Settlement,  3  miles,  is  an  Lidian 
town  on  the  Canada  side^  Little  Lake 
George  is  passed  and  Poini  Aux  Pins 
reached,  3  miles  ftirther.    From  Little 


90 


TEIP  THROUGH  THI  LAXI8. 


Lake  George  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  paa- 
sing  around  the  head  of  Sugar  Tslandf  is 
8  miles  Airther,  being  65  miles  from  Lake 
Huron.  The  Bapida,  or  Ship  Canal,  ex- 
tend for  i^out  dne  mile,  overcoming  a  fall 
of  20  feet,  when  a  beautiful  stretch  of  the 
river  if  next  passed  and  Waiaka  Bay 
entered,  6  miles  above  the  rapids;  making 
the  St  Mary's  River  62  miles  in  length. 
The  channel  forming  the  boundary  Une 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States  is 
followed  by  the  ascending  steamer  from 
the  lower  end  of  St  Joseph's  Liland  to 
Lake  Superior,  while  a  more  direct  pas- 
sage is  afforded  for  vessels  of  4ight  draught 
through  Hay  Lake,  lying  west  of  Sugar 
Island  and  entering  Mud  I^ke.  Nothing  can 
be  more  .charming  than  a  trip  over  these 
waters,  when  sailing  to  or  flrom  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  Uius  having  in  view 
rich  and  varied  lake  and  rivdJt*  sioenery, 
once  the  exclusive  and  favored  abode  of 
the  red  man  of  the  forest,  now  ftist  pass- 
ing away  before  the  march  of  dviU^aoon. 
Saut  Ste.  Harie,*  capital  of  Chip- 
pewa Co.,  Mich.,  is  advantageously  situated 
on  St  Mary's  River,  or  Strait,  350  miles 
N.NiW.  of  Detroit,  and  16  miles  from  the 
foot  of  Lake  Superior,  in  N.  lat  46°  31'. 
The  Rapids  at  this  place,  giving:  the  name 
to  the  settlements  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  have  a  descent  of  20  feet  within  the 
distance  of  a  mile,  and  form  the  natural 
limit  of  navigation.  The  Ship  Canal,  how- 
ever, which  has  recently  been  constructed 
on  the  American  side,  obviates  this  diffi- 
culty. Steamers  of  a  large  class  now  pass 
through  the  locks   into  Lake  Superior, 

•  Settled  in  1668,  by  the  French. 


greatly  facilitating  trade  and  oommeroa. 
The  village  on  the  American  side  is  pleas- 
antly situated  near  the  foot  of  the  rapids, 
and  contains  a  court-house  and  jail;  a 
Presbyterian,  a  Methodist,  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  church;  2  hotels,  and  15  or  20 
stores  and  storehouses,  besides  a  few 
manufacturing  establishments,  and  about 
1,200  hihabitants.  Many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants and  Indians  in  the  vicinity  are  en- 
gaged in  the  Air  trade  and  fisheries,  tiie 
latter  being  an  important  and  profitable 
occupation.  Summer  visitors  fiock  to  this 
place  and  Ihe  Lake  Superior  country  for 
health  and  pleasure.  The  Chippewa  Botue, 
a  well  kept  hotel  on  the  American  side^ 
and  one  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  river, 
both  afford  good  accommodations. 

Fort  Bbapt  ia  an  old  and  important 
United  States  military  post  contiguous  to 
this,  frontier  Tillage,  where  are  barracks 
for  a  full  ganisoii  of  troops.  It  commands 
the  St  Mary^s  Bi^er  ana  the  approach  to 
the  mouth  of  the  oaoaL 

Saut  Sim  HA919,  0.  W.,  is  a  scattered 
settiement,  where  is  located  a  part  of  the 
!^udson  Bay  Company.  Here  is  a  steam- 
boat landing,  a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
stores,  including  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's; and  it  has  from  500  to  600  in- 
habitants. Indians  of  the  Chippewa  trilie 
reside  in  the  vicinity  in  considerable  num- 
bers, they  having  the  exclusive  right  to 
take  fish  in  the  waters  contiguous  to  the 
rapids.  They  also  employ  themselves  in 
running  the  rapids  in  their  frail  canoes, 
when  desjred  by  citizens  or  strangers — 
this  being  one  of  the  most  exhilarating  en-' 
joyments  for  those  fond  of  aquatic  sports. 
{See  Engraving.)' 


mmeroaL 
iapleas- 
>  rapida, 
^U;  a 
Soman 
6  or  20 
a  few 
id  about 
inbabi. 
'  are  en> 
riea,  the 
rofltable 
ctothia 
ntry  for 
affotui, 
an  side^ 
w  river, 

iportant 
ruouato 
>amicks 
nmands 
roach  to 

cattered 
i  of  the 
1  steam* 
V  three 
7  Com- 
600  in- 
ra  tribe 
lenum- 
ight  to 
to  the 
Ives  in 
canoes, 
igers— 
ingen>' 
sports. 


ThU 
tlon 
Lakes, 
•bout 

U 
bjthe 
pany, 
era  ap 
State 
of  the 

A» 
land 


TBIP  THBOUOB  TBI  LAKM. 


•7 


St.  Mmn**  ''•II*  nip  CmwuA. 

This  Oanal,  whidi  oonneots  the  iMTigft- 
tion  of  Lake  Superior  with  the  Lower 
lekes,  is  one  mile  in  length,  snd  ooet 
•bout  one  miUioa  dollars. 

It  was  bu&t  in  the  yeara  18S3,  *64,  *65, 
b7  the  Saint  Mary's  Falls  Ship  Oanal  Gom- 
pany,  under  a  oontraet  with  oommission- 
ers  appointed  by  the  authorities  d  the 
State  of  Michigan  to  secure  the  building 
of  the  canaL 

A  grant  of  tSOfOOO  acres  of  the  public 
land  had  preTiooidy  been  made  by  Con- 
greas  to  the  State  of  Michigan^  to  aid  in 
the  construction  of  this  important  worlc. 

This  grant  of  760,000  acres  was  given 
to  the  parties  contracting  for  the  building 
of  the  canal,  provided  the  work  should  be 
completed  within  two  years  l^m  the  date 
of  the  contract 

The  work  was  commenced  in  the  spring 
of  1853,  and  'completed  within  the  time 
spedfled  in  the  contract  {two  ytarsf). 

This  result  was  accomplished  under 
many  disadyantages,  during  a  very  sickly 
•season,  and  when  g^reat  difficulty  was  ex- 
perienced in  obtaining  laborers;  but  the 
unremitting  vigor  of  those  who  had  the 
charge  of  the  work  securedfits  completion 
hi  the  most  substantial,  permanent,  and 
acceptable  manner. 

During  a  great  portion  of  the  time  there 
were  from  1,200  to  1,600  men  employed 
upon  the  work,  ei^flusivo  of  the  force  at 
the  different  quarries  where  the  stone  was 
out  and  prepared  for  the  locks,  beside  a 
large  force  employed  in  necessary  agen- 
cies,  getting  timber,  eta 

The  stonea  for  the  locks  were  out  at 
Anderden,  Canada  (near  MaldenX  and  at 
Marblehead,  near  Sandusky,  in  Ohio.  These 
were  sent  in  vessds  to  the  work,  some 
twenty-five  different  sailing  vessels  being 
emi^oyed  in  this  business. 

On  the  completion  of  the  canal  in  June, 
1866,  the  governor  of  the  State,  the  State 
Officers,  ana  the  Oanal  Oommissioners  pro- 

7 


oeeded  to  Sant  Bfea.  Maria  fipv  iht  pnrpoaa 
of  humecting  the  wwk.  .  Itwaaaooepta4 
a&d  tnereupon,  in  aoowdanoe  with  the 
terma  of  the  contract,  the  State  authoi^ 
ities  released  to  the  Oanal  Company  and 
issued  patents  for  the  760,000  acres  of 
land.  This  was  ail  the  remuneration  the 
oompany  received  for  the  work. 

The  lands  were  selected  during  tfM 
building  of  the  canal,  by  agents  19- 
pointed  by  the  governor  of  Micnigan. 

Of  the  760.000  acres,  89,000  aorea  wera 
•elected  hn  tne  iron  region  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, 147,000  acres  in  the  copper  region, 
and  the  balance^  664,000  acres,  in  the . 
Lower  Peninsula^ 

The  following  flgu/ea  will  give  soma 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this  woric : 

Length  of  canal,  6,648  feet,  — •  1  mOa 
304  feet. 

Width  at  top,  116  fbet-at  w«t•^lill•k 
100  feefr-at  bottom,  64  foot 

The  depth  of  the  canal  is  12  Ibei 

A  slope  wall  on  the  sides  of  the  oanal  la 
4,000  feet  in  length. 

There  are  two  looks,  each  360  feet  in 
length. 

Width  of  looks,  70  feet  at  top— 61|  feat 
at  bottom. 

The  waDs  are  26  feet  high— 10  foot  thick 
at  bottom. 

Lift  of  upper  lock,  8  feet— lower  do.,  10 
feet;  total  lockage,  18  feet 

Lower  wharf,  180feetlong;  20feetwide. 
Upper  wharf,  830  Ibet  long;  fhrni  16  to  80 
feet  wide. 

There  are  3  pairs  of  foldhug  gates,  each 
40  feet  wide. 

Upper  gate,  17  feet  highr-Jower  gate,  24 
feet  6  hiohes  high. 

There  are  also  upper  and  lower  caisson 
gates,  used  for  shuttmg  off  the  water  from 
the  canaL 

The  amount  of  lumber,  timber,  and  iron 
used  in  the  building  of  the  piers  and  gates 
is  enormous. 

There  were  108,437  Ihs.  of  wrought  iron 
used  hi  the  gates,  and  38,000  Ibe.  oast  iron. 


..'5 


•8 


fftOM  OmOAOO  TO  MAIVnrAO  AVD  lAUT  tn  MAmn. 


About  8,000  feet  of  oak  timber,  eto. 

The  toUi  on  the  oenal  are  coUeoted  by 
the  State-  ere  merely  nominil — and  only 
intended  to  defray  the  neoesaary  expenaea 
of  repairs. 

Thb  St.  Mart's  Falls  Ship  Oaval, 
ICiohigan,  now  forms  a  navigable  oom- 
muniwtion  between  Lake  Superior  and 
Huron,  passing  through  the  St.  ICary's 
Birer  for  a  distance  of  about  00  miles. 


Tlie  first  Steamer  which  passed  throogli 
the  looks  waa  the  Ilumoisi  927  tons, 
commanded  by  John  Wilson,  on  her  Mp 
through  to  the  upper  ports  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, June  18,  1865.  The  Illinois  was 
followed  by  the  Steamer  Baltimore,  614 
tons:  Samuel  Ward,  434  tona;  and  the 
Nortn  Star,  1,100  tone,  during  the  month 
of  Junp  of  the  same  year. 


OPnmra  Aim  Ctoanro  or  NAYioAnov,  from  1856  to  186S,  induslTe. 


Dfttn  FInt  YeMd. 

Jane  18,  1806 Illlnoii, 

4,  18fiS MMhAtton, 

•,  1857 North  8tM( 

la  1808 IronCttTv 

8,  1808 l4UljElgtii, 

11,  1860 Fonntidn  City, 

8.  1801 MlQhlna, 

1882 iMty  dr  CleTeknd, 

1888 MlnenlKock, 


Ifey 
Umy 

April 
M*7 
Max 
M»jr     «, 

April  27, 
April  28, 


•STtoai. 

Wot. 

880  ** 

Not. 

1,100  •♦ 

Not. 

800  •* 

Not. 

1,088  •♦ 

Not. 

880  •* 

Not. 

8*9  •* 

Not. 

.  t88.  - 

Not; 

660  •* 

Date.  tun  YeM«L 

88,1800 PiMiet. 

18,  1800 Oen.  Taylor, 

80,  186T Mineral  Roek, 

90,1808 LMly  ElfflB, 

28,  1800 Forester, 

81,  1880 Montfoincry, 

98,1861 Oen.  Taylur, 

97,  18tt MliMnl  Book, 


ATerage  season  of  navigation,  0|  months. 

Eak.of  IbU,  6  oents  for  eyeiy  registered  ton,  for  every  description  of 


l,16«toaa 

489  •• 

066  • 

1,008  t* 

884  •* 

878  •• 

400  «" 

105  « 


TABLS  OF  DISTAHC18. 
From  Toronto  to  Collloiffwooil  aood  Saiit  Sto«  RI»rle. 

ToBOMTO  TO  Oollihowood  {BaOrood  JZtmfeX  M  mitos. 
Stiakboat  Roun. 

(OoUingwood  to  Sant  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.,  passing  through  Oeorgiaa  Bay  and  North 

GhanneL) 

Ports,  etc.  Miles.       Ports,  etc. »  Miks. 

OoLLnrowooD. 0    Saut  Stb.  MAsn 0 

Cape  Rich : 80    Sugar  Island. 4 

Oabot'a  Head 80    Garden  River  Set 10 

Lonely  Idand. 100    Churches  Landing 14 

GapeSmyth 125    Lake  Oeorge SO 

Nebish  Rapids S4 

St  Joseph  Island .'. . .  86 

The  Narrows H5 

Oampoment  lyOurs  Is 88 

BneeMinct .* 50 


Sh»4HHoa-nah-ning 145 

Man4-tou>wah>ning  (35  m.) 

lAtOe  Owrent,  )  ...^ 

GreatManitoulin  Is.  J* 

Clapperton  Island. ;..... 190 


FROM  TOBOIITO  TO  OOLUVOWOOD  AMD  §kVt  tm.   MARU. 


99 


Barrieldud 9S0 

Cookburn  Iilaud S55 

Drummond's  IiUnd,  Mich 370 

BnueMine«,  C.  W. 290 

St.  Joieph  IflUnd 296 

Tampement  D'Ouni  !■ 802 

The  Narrows 80S 

Sugar  Island,  Mioh 316 

Nebish  Rapida. 816 

Lake  George 820 

ChwelCt  Landmg. , 826 

Garden  River  Bet 180 

Saut  Sn.  Mabib. 840 

BniMBOAT  Faib,  $8  60. 
Including  meala. 


Porti,  eta.  MOm. 

Drunnond's  Iilaad,  Ifleli '  TO 

Ooekbum  Island,  0.  W '.  86 

Barrie  Island 120 

Cli^perton  laland 160 

lAUk  Ourreni             )  ^m/i 

Great  Maiutoulin  li.  f "" 

Ifan-i-toii-wah-ning  ^6  m.) 

Sht-ba-vKHuA-ning 196 

GapeSmTth 816 

Lonelr  laland 140 

Gabot^s  Head MO 

OapeRich 810 

GOLLXNGWOOD 


J' 


SUAL  Too,  86  houn. 


NoTB.— -Landingi  in  Jkiite, 


C«IUagW#od,  94  miles  north  from 
Toronto,  ia  most  advantageously  aituated 
near  the  head  of  UTottawassaga  Bi^,  an 
indentation  of  Georgian  Bay.  The  town, 
although  commenced  in  1864,  at  the  time 
of  the  completion  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe. 
and  Huron  Railroad,  now  oontains  (1861) 
about  2,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing. The  surprising  growtix  is  main- 
ly owing  to  its  being  the  northern  termi- 
nus df  the  railway  which  connects  the 
Georgian  Bay  with  Lake  Ontario  al 
Toronto.  Great  numbers  of  travdlero  and 
emigrants  are  at  this  point  transferred  to 
steamersor  propellers,  bound  fbr  Mackinae, 
Green  Bay,  Ohioago,  and  the  Great  West, 
as  well  as  to  the  Snot  Ste.  Marie  and  Lake 
Superior.  Here  are  a  long  pier,  800  (bet 
in  length;  a  breakwater,  and  light-hoose; 
several  large  stores  and  storehouses; 
four  hotels,  and  two  or  three  ehurdies  In 
the  course  of  ereodon. 

The  steamers  leaving  OoUingwood  fbr 
Mackinac  and  Ohicago^  running  along  the 
west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  are  of  a 
Urge  class,  aflbrding  good  aooommodationa 
tot  tmveller&    Steamers  nm  every  dijy  to 


Owen*a  Sound,  60  miles  distant;  aad 
woeMy  to  Bruce  Mh^es,  the  Sant  Ste.  M*- 
rie^  and  into  Lake  Superior,  aflbrding  * 
delightftil  steamboat  excursion. 

Immense  quantities  of  fish  a?  3  taken  in 
the  waters  of  Nottawassaga  Bay,  being 
prfaioipallv  carried  to  the  Toronto  sttrkel 
The, whole  north  ^hore  of  the  Georgian 
Bay  abounda  in  white  flsli,  salmon,  trout^ 
BMskalonge,  and  other  fish  of  fine  quali^, 
affording  profitable  employment  to  the 
Oanadiaos  and  Indiana 

"Some  idea  of  the  value  and  exteirt  cf 
the  fishing  operations  prwnisottouslv  pur> 
sued  hi  Nottawassaga  Bay  may  be  formed 
from  the  knowledge  that  the  average 
daily  take  exceeds  one  tiionsand  fish, 
w^ghing  ft«m.fi>rty. pounds  down  to  one 
pound.  At  this  rate,  that  of  the  season 
would  not  UM  diort  of  £40,000.  At  the 
mouth  of  tiie  Nottawassaga  Biver  the 
wUte  fish  are  netted  in  perfect  shoadt 
thronghoui  the  mawning  season.  Meal 
ot  the  larger  khM  of  trout  spawn  about 
the  islands  upon  beds  of  calcareous  rook, 
over  which  a  lifting  drift  of  sand  or 
gravel  paseee  hy  the  adion  ef  the  waives^ 


100 


TRIP  THROUGH  TBI  LAKK8. 


where  the  water  is  shallow;  and  ft'om 
being  exposed  to  the  sun,  th^, temperature 
of  the  lake  is  warmer  at  these  localities 


than  elsewhere.  Thither  the  fishermen 
resort,  and  net  the  fish,  yapid  and  plfusid 
as  they  are,  in  fabulous  amounts." 


OEOEGIAN  BAY. 


The  deeply  romantic  diaraoter  of  this 
pure  and  lovely  body  of  water  is  almost 
unknown  to  the  American  public — flying 
as  it  does  to  the  northeast  of  Lake  Huron, 
being  entirely  within  the  confines  of 
Owada.  The  northeast  shore  is  the  most 
romantic  and  highly  interesting,  from  t|^ 
fact  of  there  being  innumerable  islanW 
and  islets  «dong  the  coast,  greatly  exceed- 
ing in  number  the  "  Thousand  Islands"  of 
the  St  Lawrence. 

From    Penetanguishene,    northeast  to 
She-ba-wa-ns^-nlng,  where  commences  the 

Sioturesque  body  of  water  Icnown  as  the 
Ti^fth  Channd,  there  is  one  continued  sue- 


cession  of  enchanting  scenery.  Here  the 
wild  fowl,  f\ir*bearing  game,  and  the  finny 
tribe  disport  in  perfect  freedom,  being  as 
yet  far  removed  from  the  busy  haunts  of 
civilization. 

Oeorgian  Bay  is  nearly  as  large  as  Lake 
Ontario,  while  the  North  Channel,  connect- 
ing with  St.  Mary's  River  on  the  west,  may 
be  said  to  be  as  large  as  Long  Island 
Sound,  dotted  with  a  large  number  of  love- 
ly islands,  while  to  the  south  lies  the 
romantic  island  of  the  €freat  ManitouUn, 
and  on  the  north  rises  La  Clocha 
ifotintotn— -altogether  forming  the  most 
grand  and  romantic  scenery. 


BOUTS  FBOM  COLLINGWOOD,  C.  W.»  TO  THE  SAVT  STE. 

MAEIE. 

THBOUaH  GBOBQXAN  BAT  AND  NOBTE[  OHANNBL. 


This  is  a  new  and  highly  interesting 
steamboat  excursion,  brought  into  notice 
by  the  completion  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe, 
tmd  Huron  Bailroadj  extending  from 
Toronto  to  Oollingwood,  af  the  southern 
extremity  of  Georgian  Bay. 

NoTTAw  ASSAOA  Bay,  the  southsm  termi- 
nation of  Oeorgian  Bay,  is  a  large  expanse  of 
water  bounded  by  Gape  Rich  on  the  west, 
and  Christian  Island  on  the  east,  each 
being  distant  about  30  miles  from  Ck^ng- 
wood.  At  the  south  end  of  the  bay  lies 
a  small  group  of  islands  called  the  Hen 
and  Chickens. 

Chbistiam  Island,  lying  about  26  miles 
'fhun  Penetanguishene,  and  25  milesnorth- 


east  of  Gape  Rich,  is  a  large  and  fertile 
island,  which  was  early  settled  by  the 
Jesuits.  There  are  several  others  passed 
north  of  Christian  Island,  of  great  beauty, 
while  still  farther  northwest  are  encoun- 
tered-innuiperable  islands  and  islets,  form- 
ing labyrinths,  and -secluded  passages  and 
ooves  as  yet  ahnost  unknown  to  the  white 
man,  extending  westward  for  upward  of 
one  hundred  miles. 

Pbnbtanguishbni),  G.  W.,  50  miles 
north  of  CoUingwood  by  steamboat  route, 
situated  on  a  lovely  and  secure  bay,  is  an 
old  and  very  important  settlement,  com- 
prising an  Episcopal  and  Roman  Catholic 
ohurch,  two  hotels,  a  custom-house,  severa 


i-i.iiii,Mi  fm,0m»im 


ROVTl  VROM   OOLLINOWOOD  TO   SAUT  BTB  MARIK. 


101 


stores  and  storehouaes,  and  haa  about  600 
ii^bitants.  In  the  immediate  yieinitj  are 
a  naval  and  military  depot  and  barracks, 
established  by  the  British  government. 
The  natural  beauties  of  the  bay  and  har- 
bor, combined  with  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  shores,  make  up  a  picture 
of  rare  beauty.  Here  may  be  seen  the 
native  Indian,  the  half-breed,  and  the 
Canadian  Voyageur,  with  the  fuU-blooded 
Englishman  or  Scotchman,  forming  one 
community.  This  place,  be^ng  near  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Severn,  and  contiguous 
to  the  numberless  islands  of  (Georgian 
Bay,  is  no  doubt  destined  to  become  a 
favorite  resort  for  the  angler  and  sports- 
mun,  as  well  as  for  the  invalid  and  seeker 
of  pleasure. 

On  leaving  OoUingwood  for  Bruce  Mines 
and  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  the  steamer 
usually  runs  direct  across  Georgian  Bay 
to  Lonely  Island,  passing  Cabot's  Head 
to  the  right,  and  the  passage  leadmg  into 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  which^ 
is  the  route  pursued  by  the  steamers  in  the 
voyage  to  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  and 
Ch'cago.  During  the  sununer  months -the 
trip  from  CoUingwood  to  Mackinac  and 
Chicago  affords  a  delightful  excursion. 

Owen's  Sound,  or  Sydenham,  50  miles 
west  of  Collingnvood,  although  off  the 
direct  route  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  is  well 
worthy  of  a  passing  notice.  Here  is  a 
thriving  settlement,  surrounded  by  a 
fertile  section  of  country,  and  containing 
about  2,500  inhabitants.  A  steamer  runs 
daily  from  Gollingwood  to  this  place, 
which  will,  no  doubt,  soon  be  reached  by 
railroad. 

Lonely  Island,  situated  about  100 
miles  west  of  CoUingwood  and  20  miles 
east  of  the  Great  Manitoulin  Islands,  is  a 
large  body  of  land  mostly  covered  with  a 
dense  forest,  and  uninhabited,  except  by  a 
few  fishermen,  who  resort  here  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year  for  the  purpose  of 
takiug  fish  of  different  kmds.  The  steam- 
er usually  passes  this  island  on  its  north 


side,  iteerin|f  for  CSspe  Sm\/t\  %  bold 
promontory  jutting  out  Arom  the  Great 
Manitoulin,  and  distant  from  t«onely  liland 
about  26  miles. 

Squaw  Island  and  Papoose  Island 
are  seen  on  the  northeast,  wliile  farther 
inland  are  the  Fox  Jslanda,  being  the  com- 
mencement on  the  west  of  the  mhumera- 
ble  islands  which  abound  along  the  north 
shore  of  Georgian  Bay. 

La  Cloche  Mountains,  rising  4bout 
2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  are  next  seen  in 
the  distance,  toward  the  north  ;■  these,  com- 
bined with  the  wild  scenery  of  the  islands 
and  headlands,  form  a  grand  panoramic 
view,  enjoyed  Arom  the  d^  of  the  passing 
steamer. 

Smyth's  Bay  is  passed  on  the  west, 
some  eight  or  ten  miles  distant.  At  the 
head  of  this  bay,  on  the  great  Manitoulin 
Island,  are  situated  a  viUage  of  Indians, 
and  a  Jesuit's  mission,  called  We-qua-me- 
kong.  These  aborigines  are  noted  for 
their  industry,  raising  wheat,  com,  oats, 
and  potatoes  in  large  quantities.  This 
part  of  the  island  is  very  fertile,  and  the 
climate  is  healthy. 

She-ba-wa-nah-ning,  signifying,  hi  the 
Indian  dialect,  "  Here  is  a  Channel,'"  is  a 
most  charming  spot,  40  miles  distant  flrom 
Lonely  Islan<^  hemmed  in  by  mountains 
on  the  north  and  a  high  rocky  island  on 
the  south.  It  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  a  narrow  channel,  about  half  a 
mile  in  length,  which  has  a  great  depth  of 
water.  Here  are  a  convenient  steamboat 
landing,  a  church,  a  store,  and  some  ten 
or  twdve  dwellings,  inhabited  by  Cana- 
dians and  half-breids.  Indians  assemble 
here  often  in  considerable  numbers,  to  sell 
their  fish  and  furs,  presenting  with  their 
canoes  and  dogs  a  very  grotesque  appear- 
ance. One  resident  at  this  landing  usual- 
ly attracts  much  attention — a  noble  dog, 
of  the  color  of  cream.  No  sooner  does 
the  steamer's  bell  ring,  than  this  anhnal 
rushes  to  the  wharf|  sometimes  assisting 
to  secure  the  rope  that  is  thrown  ashore ; 


102 


rmf  VHROUCtH  THS   LAXIli. 


the  next  move  he  makes  !■  to  beerd  the 
Tessel,  as  though  he  were  a  custom-house 
officer ;  but  on  one  occasion,  in  his  eager- 
ness to  get  into  the  kitchen,  he  fell  over- 
board ;  nothing  daunted,  he  swam  to  the 
shore,  and  then  again  boarding  the  vessel, 
fucoeeded  in  his  desire  to  fill  his 
stomach,  showing  the  instinct  whidi 
prompts  many  a  biped  office-seeker. 

On  leaving  She'ba-wa-nah-ning  and  pro- 
ceeding westward,  a  most  beautiful  bay  is 
passed)  studded  with  islands ;  and  moun- 
tains upwards  of  1,000  feet  in  height,  pre- 
senting a  rocky  and  sterile  appearance, 
form  an  appropriate  background  to 
the  view  ;  thence  are  passed  Badgley  and 
Heywood  Islands,  the  latter  lying  off  Hey- 
wood  Sound,  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Great  Manitoulin. 

Man-i-tou-wah-nino,  25  miles  Aorth- 
west  of  She-ba-wa-nah-ning,  ishtrndsome- 
ly  situated  at  the  head  of  Heywood 
Sound.  It  is  an  Indian  settlement,  and 
also  a  government  agency,  being  the  place 
annually  selected  to  distribute  the  Indian 
annuities. 

Little  CuRBEirr,  25  miles  west  of  She- 
ba-wa-nah-ning,  is  another  interesting 
landing  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Great 
Manitoulin,  opposite  La  Cloche  Island. 
Here  the  main  channel  is  narrow,  with  a 
current  usually  running  at  the  rate  of  five 
or  six  knots  an  hour,  being  much  affected 
by  the  winds.  The  steamer  stops  at  this 
lUuading  for  an  hour  or  upward,  receiving 
a  sup^y  of  wood,  it  being  furnished  by 
•n  inteU^nt  Indian  or  half-breed,  who 
resides  at  this  place  with  his  family.  In- 
dians are  often  seen  here  in  considerable 
numbers.  Tttey  are  reported  to  be  indo- 
lent-and  harmless,  too  often  neglecting 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  t^  more 
uncertain  pursuits  of  fishing  and  hunting, 
although  a  considerably  large  clearing  is 
to  be  seen  indifferently  cultivated. 

Glappbrton  Island  and  other  islands 
of  less  magnitude  are  passed  in  the  North 
Channel,  which  is  a  large  body  of  water 


about  120  miles  long  and  25  miles  wide- 
On  the  north  shore  is  situated  a  post  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  whidi  may 
be  seen  Arom  Uie  deck  of  the  passing 
steamer. 

CocKBURN  Island,  85  miles  west  of 
Little  Current  lies  directly  west  of  the 
Great  Manitoulin,  Arom  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  channeL  It  is  a  large 
island,  somewhat  elevated,  but  uninhabit- 
ed, except  by  Indians. 

Drummond  Island,  15  miles  farther 
westward,  belongs  to  the  United  States, 
being  attached  to  the  State  of  Michigan. 
This  is  another  large  body  of  land,  being 
low,  and  as  yet  mostly  uninhabited. 

The  next  Island  approached  before 
landing  at  Bruce  Mines  is  8t.  Josbph  Is- 
land, being  a  large  and  fertile  body  of 
land,  with  some  few  settlers. 

Brucb  Minbs  Villaqi,  C.  W.,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Huroni 
or  the  "North  Channel,''  as  it  is  here 
called,  distant  290  miles  firom  CoUingwood, 
and  60  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Here 
are  a  Methodist  chapel,  a  public-house, 
and  a  store  and  storehouse  belonging  to 
the  Montreal  Copper  Mining  Company, 
besides  extensive  buildings  used  for  crush- 
ing ore  and  preparing  it  for  the  market; 
about  76  dwellings  and  600  inhabitifnts. 
The  copper  ore,  after  being  crushed  by 
powerful  machinery  propelled  by  steam, 
is  put  into  puddling  troughs  and  washed 
by  water,  so  as  to  obtain  about  20  per 
cent,  pure  copper.  In  this  state  it  is 
shipped  to  the  United  States  and  England, 
bringing  about  $80  per  ton.  It  then  has 
to  go  through  an  extensive  smelting  pro- 
cess, in  order  to  obtain  the  pure  metaL 
The  mines  are  situated  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  village,  there  being  ten 
(^nings  or  shafts  from  whidi  the  ore  is 
obtained  in  its  crude  state.  Horse-power 
is  mostly  used  to  elevate  the  ore:  the 
whims  are  above  g^und,  attached  to 
which  are  ropes  and  buckets.  This  mine 
gives  employment  to  about  800  w<vkmen. 


to 


» 


TRIP  FROM   OOLLIHOWOOD  TO   PORT  WILLIAll. 


10« 


Thd  it«l  Btook  of  the  oompanj  amoiintB 
to  $^.0,000. 

Tho  Wdlington  Mine,  about  one  mile  dis- 
tant, is  also  owned  by  the  Montreal  Min- 
ing OcMnpany,  but  is  leased  and  worked 
by  an  English  company.  This  mine,  at 
the  present  time,  is  more  productive  than 
the  Bruce  Mines. 

The  Lake  Superior  Journal  gives  the 
following  description  of  the  Bruce  Mine, 
from  which  is  p«t>duced  a  copper  ore  dif- 
fering ft-om  that  which  is  yielded  by  other 
mines  of  that  peninsula. 

"Ten  years  ago  this  mine  was  opened, 
and  large  sums  expended  for  maclunery, 
which  proved  useless,  but  it  is  now  un- 
der new  management,  and  promises  to 
yield  profitably.  Twelve  shafts  have  been 
opened,  one  of  which  has  been  carried 
down  some  330  feet.  Some  200  or  300 
men  are  employed,  all  from  the  European 
mines.  Some  of  (he  ores  are  very  beauti- 
ful to  the  eye,  resembling  fine  gold.  After 
being  taken  out  of  the  shaft,  they  are 
taken  upon  A  rail-track  to  the  crushing- 
house,  where  they  are  passed  between 
large  iron  rollers,  and  sifted  till  only  a 
fine  powder  remains ;  from  thence  to  the 
'jifffirer- works,'  where  they  are  shaken  in 
water  till  much  of  the  earthy  matter  is 
washed  away,  after  which  it  is  piled  in 
the  yard  ready  for  shipment,  having  more 
the  appearance  of  mud  than  of  copper.  It 
ia  ndw  mostly  shipped  to  Swansea,  in 
Wales,  for  smelting.    Two  years  since, 


1,500  tons  were  shipped  to  Baltimore  and 
Buffalo  to  M  smelted."     ' 

On  resuming  the  voyage  after  lealving 
Bruce  Mines,  the  steamer  runs  along 
St.  Joseph  Island  through  a  beautiful 
idieet  of  water,  in  which  are  embosomed 
some  few  islands  near  the  main*  shore. 

OAMPBmiTT  D'OuBS  is  an  island  passed 
on  the  left,  lying  contiguous  to  St  Joseph 
Island.  Here  are  encountered  several 
small  rodcy  islands,  forming  an  intricate 
channel  called  the  ^^NaUrotu"  On  some 
of  the  islands  in  {Lis  group  are  found  cop- 
per ore,  and  beautiftd  specimens  of  mesa 
The  forest-trees,  however,  are  (^«  dwwrf- 
ish  griwth,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  scant- 
iness of  soil  on  these  rocky  islands. 

About  10  miles  west  of  the  "  Narrows,'* 
the  main  channel  of  the  St.  Mary's  Hir- 
er is  reached,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada.  ▲ 
rocky  island  lies  on  the  Canadian  sid^ 
whidi  is  reserved  for  government  pur^ 
poses,  as  it  commands  Uie  main  or  ahlp 
ohanneL 

SuOAB  ISLANO  Is  now  reached,  wfaioii 
belongs  to  the  United  States,  tfA  thf 
steamers  run  a  further  distance  of  25 
miles,  when  the  landing  at  the  Saut  Ste.  M»> 
rie  is  reached,  there  being  settlements  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  The  British  boats 
usually  land  on  the  north  side,  while  tho 
American  boats  make  a  landing  on  titio 
south  side  of  the  river,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  fdiip  canaL 


TKIP  FEOM  COLLnrGWOOB  TO  POST  WILIJA]I»  C.  W. 

Ths  First  Trip  or  thi  Stbambb  Rrsour. 


"  To  the  Editor  of  the  Ibronto  OJohe. 

"  Sib  :  As  you  have  on  all  occasions  taken 
a  prominent  part  in  advocating  the  opening 
up  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Territory  ad  the 
North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior,  I  sena  you 
ft  log  journal  of  the  first  cruise  of  the 
Steamer  Resctntf  Captain  Jaji  ss  Diok,  ftom 


Oollingwood  to  Fort  WilGam.  On  thia 
trip,  she  fairly  maintained  hor  previous 
reputation ;  for  in  a  heavy  gale  of  wind  o& 
the  beam  for  many  hours,  between  Mich- 
ipicohen  Island  and  Fort  William,  shs 
made  her  10|  miles  per  hour,  and,  during 
the  gale,  was  steady,  and  firee  ftom  any 


104 


TRIP  tBHODOH  TBI  LAKES. 


imptoMint  uotton.  W«  toft  OolUsgwood 
•t  10.80  A.  K.,  on  th«  lath  ^uly,  1868, 
Oiptilii  Ksnnedj  in  oharge  o(  the  mails, 
for  Red  River.  We  paeaed  Oabot'a  Head 
at  6.80  p.  M.;  Gove  Island  light,  at  9  p.  K. 
(merely  *  lantern  on  the  top  of  the  tower, 
Tisible  about  two  miles  on  a  dei^  night) ; 
paaaed  between  the  middle  and  western 
bttok  Islahds  al  4  ▲.!!.,  at  eaay  steam,  .so 
as  to  enter  the  Missisaga  Straits  in  day- 
li^t :  at  11.80  a.  k.,  ran  alongside  the 
wnarfat  Brvee  MkMt;  landed  mails,  and 
wooded.  Under  the  Icind  supervision  of 
Mr.  Davidson  we  inspected  the  process  of 
extraoting  oom>er  ore  flrom  the  bowels  of 
the  earth,  we  found  that  it  contained  i 
per  cent  at  the  mouth  of  the  pit,  and  26 
per  cent  barrelled  up  in  the  form  of  paste. 
Boinetime  ago,  thd  Montreal  Mining  Com- 
pan/ (owning  tha  Bruce  Mines),  leased 
balf  their  looatioBL  to  the  Wellington  Min- 
ing Company.  There  are,  in  conseiiuence, 
wttfain  one  mile,  separated  by  a  small 
Jaland,  two  establishments,  forming  one 
oonsiderable  town.  Arrived  at  Saut  8te. 
Mariei  Pim*i  wharf  (British  side),  at  1  p. 
IL;  landed  mails,  and  ran  over  to  the 
Amwican  side  for  coals.  At  6  jl  m.,  on 
the  Utii,  entered  the  ship-iSsnal,  pa^^ng 
■iz  cents  per  km  lockage  dues.  Mr.  Sunp- 
ion,  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  veiy 
politely  sent  with  us  the  Oaptaln  of  their 
■cdiooner  to  pilot  us  through  to  Phie  Point, 
where  we  engaged  his  aon-in-law,  Alex, 
dark,  as  lulot. 

"FasMid  White  Fish  Point,  Lake  Su- 
perior,  at  10  o'dook  a.  m..  Caribou  Island 
at4.30  o'clock  p.  x.  Thii  island  was  so- 
called,  Arom  the  circumstance  of  Captain 
McHargOt  who  accompanied  Bayfield  in 
his  survey,  having  on  one  occasion  killed 
60  Caribous  on  it.  At  6  p.  m.,  we  were 
dose  to  'Rescue*  Harbor,  Island  of  Mi- 
dhiirfoa^NL  The  harbor  at  Micbipiooten 
ii  described  bv  the  pilot,  who  has  been  15 
Tears  on  the  lake,  as  superb,  and  is  so 
laid  down  by  Bayfield.  The  island  is 
about  16  miles  by  6^  covered  with  spruce, 


(Ir,  birdi,  ash  and  maple,  the  latt^gro\i^i 
ing  on  elevated  grouno.  There  are  sever- 
al lakes  upon  it,  fVill  of  speckled  trout;  Qie 
bay  is  full  of  salmon,  trout,  and  white  fish. 
A  schooner  was  loaded  here  last  season  in 
a  very  short  time  with  fish  in  and  i^ut 
the  harbor;  and  the  climate  is  said  by  old 
voyageurs  to  be  far  more  pleasant  during 
the  winter  than  at  the  Saut  and  other 
^aoes  farther  south,  being  of  a  drier  nature* 
Between  the  island  and  the  main  land  is 
the  most  sheltered  passage,  with  two  ex- 
cellent harbors  on  each  side,  one  at  Ot- 
ters' Creek  and  the  other  at  Miohipicoten 
River  and  harbor.  This  latter  place  is 
an  important  port  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  distant  from  JTooiM  Ibrt,  Hud- 
son's Bay,  300  miles,  which  has-been  paaa- 
ed over  in  canoes  in  six  days.  Mi(mipi<> 
coten  Island  is  said  to  contain  great  min- 
eral deposit — silver,  copper,  and  lead;  tiie 
Quebec  Mining  Company  have  a  location 
here. 

At  daybreak  on  Thursday  we  passed 
Slate  Island,  and  shortly  after  encountered 
a  dense  fog  and  lay  to  till  1  p.  x.  It  waa 
two  o'dook  before  we  saw  land.  Passed 
dose  to  Thunder  Cape,  a  perpendioidar 
rook  rising  flrom  the  water's  edge  1,360 
feet  Anchored  at  Fobt  Whxiah,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  Kaministoguoi  River 
at  1  p.  M.,  on  Thursday  16th,  and  landed 
the  mail  Owing  to  a  bar  and  shoal  at 
the  mouth  of  the  *iver,  we  anchored  about 
a  mile  trom  the  Fort,  early  on  Fridi^  the 
16th.  Some  of  the  party  went  up  the 
river  in  canoes  to  ^&  Jesuit  Mission,  about 
three  miles,  wjiere  they  were  kindly  re- 
ceived by  the  priest  Oapt  Jas.  Dick  and 
Mr.  MoMurrich  went  fialiing  to  Current 
River,  about  five  miles  to  the  north,  where 
the  speckled  trout  proved  too  large  and 

*  The  romutio  and  uninhabited  harbor  on  the 
Booth  ^de  of  Miohii>io(»ten  Island,  exceeds  in 
aafetv^Ktent,  and  griuideur  any  harbor  found  on 
the  smR  of  these  arreat  lakes.  It  waa  visited 
by  the  steamer  **  Phmghboyy  with  a  party  of 
pleasure  on  board  in  1840^  lying  at  anchor  all 
night 


TRIP  FKOM  OOLLIVOWOOD  TO  VORT  WILLIAM. 


lOff 


id* 


'  ► 


strong  for  Uieir  Ughl  rods  and  taoUa^ 
smaBmng  the  tops  of  their  rodu  and  tear- 
ing away  their  lines  and  flies  as  fast  as 
they  were  thrown  ii,  and  they  had  to 
give  it  up  for  want  of  material.  One  of 
tlie  trout  caught  was  the  largest  speckled 
trout  I  have  seen  for  some  years.  There 
are  trout  in  this  stream,  and  in  aUthe  riupid 
streams  between  the  Saut  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam, from  2  lbs.  to  6  lbs.,  and  if  larger 
ones  are  required,  at  Neepigon  Biver 
they  can  be  caught  from  8  lbs.  to  12  Ibe. 
Fancy  such  a  spot,  ye  disciples  of  Isaac 
Walton;  speckled  trout  to  be  had  fw  the 
trouble  of  throwing  a  fly,  within  3^  days 
of  Toronto,  weighing  from  2  lbs.  to  12  lbs. 
In  this  vidnity  are  to  be  found  beantifril 
specimens  of  amethyst  and  other  {veoious 
stones. 

"  The  gardens  at  Fort  William  and  at 
th  Jesuit  Mission  are  as  forward  as 
those  on  the  north  part  of  the  county  of 
Simooe.  The  Hudson's  Bay  Oompany 
have  a  large  fonn,  60  cows  besides  horses 
and  sheep,  and  up  the  river  there  are 
other  farms;  they  raise  oate,  bariey,  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables,  and  I  see  no  rea- 
son why  they  cannot  raise  wheat.  Mrs. 
Mclntyre,  the  wife  of  the  agent,  was  very 
polite  and  kind,  and  invited  us  all  up  to  the 
Fort— gave  us  supplies  of  milk  and  vege- 
tables. By  this  route  their  trade  is  car- 
ried on  to  Red  River.  Sir  Qeorge  Simp- 
son returned  teoai  Red  River  just  before 
we  arrived  with  two  canoes  (9  men  in  each) 
and  left  again  for  the  Saut  This  bay. 
Black  Thunder,  Neepigon  Bay,  and  Pie 
Island  Bay  and  neighborhood,  abound  in 
white  fish  and  trout — 10  fish  fluently 
flU  a  barrel — 20  as  a  general  rule;  nets 
should  be  H  to  T^inch  mesh.  Our  pilot, 
two  years  ago,  in  five  weeks,  widi  two 
men,  filled  176  barrels;  he  was  frimished 
by*  merchants  at  the  Saut  with  barrels 
and  salt,  and  $6  when  returned  Aill — ^the 
rate  this  year  being  about  $4.  Thirty 
barrels  of  white  fish  were  taken  at  one 
haul  of  a  seine  near  Fort  William. 


We  left  Fort  WQUam  at>S  p.  It,  for 
Cfrand  Portage^  pas^ng  McKay's  Modbft 
of  Oreenstone,  1,000  feet  perpendiouuwr 
height  La  Pate  or  Pie  Island.  860  foet 
perpendicular ;  this  island  is  said  to  sboond 
m  lead ;  hardly  a  stems  can  be  picked  njs 
on  the  shore  witheot  lead  in  it  On  all 
these  islands  valuable  stones  can  be  pick* 
ed  up,  fit  for  brooches  and  rings*  Th* 
channel  being  very  intricate,  and  the  pQol 
not  quite  posted  up^  we  kj  to  till  d«gr« 
break,  and  entered  Onmd  Forkufe  Boy  9^ 
6  A.  M.  Capt  Kennedy  landed  here  with 
the  mails,  porohased  a  canoe,  and  waa 
ready  to  start  before  we  left.  A  nudeiis 
of  a  town  has  already  sprung  up  here  on 
the  United  States  side. 

"After  giving  Oufit,  Kennedy  a  hear^ 
shake  of  uie  hand  all  round,  we  started 
homeward*  at  f.l6  a.  x.,  and  passed  Cop- 
per Harbor  at  2  p.  x.,  Maniftou  Light  6.|P 
p.  X.,  White  Fish  Point  6.40  ▲.  x.: 
and  c:i  the  18th  July  entered  the  Saos 
Canal  at  10.18  ▲.  x.  Coaled  on  Urn 
American  side,  and  wooded  on  Pim'a 
wharf;  British  side.  Landed  the  maQ,  and 
Itarted  at  2.46  p.  x.  Came  to  the  wharf 
at  Bruce  Mines  at  seven  p.  x.— >wooded 
and  left  at  7.40 — ^passhig  through  the  Mis- 
sesaga  Straits  and  the  channel  between 
the  Middle  and  West  Duck.  On  the 
19th  passed  Cove  Island  light  at  8 
A.  X,— Cabot's  Head  10  o'dook  a.  x., 
and  came  to  the  wharf  at  Cidling- 
wood  at  6  p.  X.  Thus  making  the  first 
trip,  including  delays  and  stoppages 
round  Lake  Superior,  in  $evmday»cmi»i» 
houn;  distance  run,  taken  ttom  Bayfield's 
chart,  between  1,260  and  1,300  (geographic 
cal)  miles.  The  average  speed,  wmnmg 
Hmej  being  a  little  over  ten  mUeaper  haw, 

"  The  scenery  throughout,  and  especial- 
ly that  of  Superior,  is  magnificent  And 
now  that  the  means  of  communicati<m 
are  afforded  co  this  great  and  unknown 
region,  in  a  safe  and  commodious  boat» 
under  the  care  of  a  well-known  and  ex- 
perienced captain,  it  must  become  the 


/  / 


loii 


«BI»  VHROUftH  TBI  LASUR 


htotiU  fouto  forth*  kmrlst  in  March  of 
health  ahd  plctareaque  ioentnr." 

The  Gomptter  of  this  vblume  hatrlDg, 
during  the  summer  of  1860,  paased  over 
tfca  same  route  on  board  the  Owiadian 
iteamer  Plocohbot,  can  vouch  (br  the 
■oeuraqr  of  moat  of  the  abo?e  described 
trip,  exceeding  in  rioh  variety  of  lake  and 
river  eoenery  anj  other  exounion,  of 
equal  extent,  on  tUe  continent  of  Am- 
erica. 

The  Bhorea  or  mainland,  together  with 
^rgin  islands,  are  in  view  for  most  of  the 
distance,  except  while  crossing  the  wide 
waters  of  Lalce  Superior, — when  all  the 
vastnesB  of  the  ocean>deep  is  realized,-^ 
vott  then  being  surrounded  by  an  un- 
broken waste  of  waters. 


DIttailoe  around  lAke 
Superior*  ^ 
Saut  Stb.  Marib  to  Fort  William,  0. 
W.,  800  miles ;  Fort  William  to  Superior 
Oity,  Wis.,  200  miles;  Superior  Oity  to 
Saut  Ste.  Marie  (American  side),  365  miles 
— 4naking  the  grand  oiroult  of  Lake  Supe- 
riw,  1,065  miles. 


Dl8UiiieM  flroai  the  Mmmt.  WU. 
Marie  to  Superior  €)lt|r^ 


Porto,  Ae.  DUtUMes. 

Saut  Stk.  Mabib,  Mich 

Point  Iroquois 15 

White  Fish  Point 85 

Point  au  Sable 60 

Pictured  Rooks 80 

Grand  Island 10 

Mwiising^  Mich 6 

Mabqubttb,  " 45 

Huron  Islands 45 

Portage  Entry 85 

H'mgV'n  (Portage  Lalce,  14  m.) 
Uanitou  Island,  or  Kewee- )    g^ 

naw  Point f  "" 

CcpperHairhor, 15 

Agate  Harbor 10 

Emgk  Barbor • 

Eagk  Bivtr 9 

ONTOVAQoir,  Mich 66 

Porcui^n^  Hills 85 

lMPaint»,WM 68 

Bau/Md 8 

Point  de  Tour 10 

SopsBiOR  Orrr,  Wis. tO 


00 

15 

40 

00 

110 

180 

186 

170 

815 

840 

800 

815 
885 
831 
840 
405 
480 
488 
485 
495 
565 


whe 
nam 
Hoi 
whi 
bein 
duri 


GEAHD  PLBABtraS  EZOtTESIOH  ABOUVD  LAXB  SITPSEIOB. 


On  leaving  the  Ship  Oanal,  at  the  Saut, 
tiie  steamer  ascends  a  beautiM  stretdi 
of  the  St.  Mary's  River  (br  10  miles  be- 
fan  reaching  Waiska  Bay,  being  an  ex- 

eAsicMti  ci.  ih»  river  of  about  6  miles, 
ere  the  shores  assume  a  bold  appearance 
well  worthy  the  attention  of  the  traveller 
before  launching  out  on  the  waters  of  the 
broad  lake. 

Iroquois  Point,  on  the  American  side, 
and  Gro8  Gap,  on  the  Ganadian  sidey^are 
next  passed,  l5  miles  (hun  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie.  ^  The  latter  is  a  bold  promcmtory, 
rishig  some  400  or  600  feet  above  the 
water,  with  still  Idgher  hills  rising  in  the 
distanoe. 


ToKQUAiONOV  Bat  is  next  entered,  and 
a  scene  of  grandeur  is  presented  to  the 
view;  on  t^  southwest  or  American 
shore  the  land  rises  to  a  moderate  heighty 
while  on.  the  northeast  or  Ganada  sh<»e 
the  land  ritos  to  mountwn  height,  being 
elevated  trom  800  to  1,000  feet,  running 
off  for  in  the  distanoe  toward  the  n<^h. 

Paribibn  and  other  islands,  attaehed  to 
Ganada,  are  passed  on  tibe  right,  the  bay 
being  about  26  miles  long  uid  as  many 
broad;  in  feet,  fwming  a  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  whose  pure  waters  are  in  Aill 
view  as  far  as  ttie  eye  can  reach. 

GouLAis  Bat,  and  Point,  another  bold 
headland,  lie  to  the  north  of  Qros  Gain 


■ZOUMfOIr  AROUVO  LAKB  SUFBRIOR. 


107 


MII«t. 

00 
1ft 
40 
00 

no 

ISO 
136 
170 
215 
SiO 

300 

815 
825 
831 
840 
406 
430 
488 
486 
496 
666 


wh«rB  tfitnv  »  lirvt  or'  Um  same 
name,  and  are  situated  on  the  Oanada  side. 
Hore  are  fine  flshing-ffrounds  in  the  bay, 
while  the  rlTer  abounds  in  n>eGk]ed  trout, 
being  a  fiiTored  resort  for  mUung-parties 
during  pleasant  weather. 

Lake  Superior,  by  fiw  the  largest 
of  the  Inland  Seas  of  North  AmeHoa,  ly- 
ing between  46<*  30'  and  49*  north  lati- 
tude, and  between  84(>  30'  and  98*  30' 
west  longitude,  situated  at  a  height  of 
600  feet  above  the  sea,  from  whioh  it  is 
distant  about  1,600  miles  by  the  course  of 
its  outlet  and  the  St.  Lawrence  lUyef,  is 
460  miles  long  tnm  east  to  west,  and  170 
miles  broad  in  its  widest  part,  witii  an 
average  breadth  of  86  miles.  It  is  800 
feet  in  greatest  depth,  extending  800  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  ocean ;  estimated 
area,  32,000  square  miles.  Near  two 
hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
flow  into  the  lalce,  the  greater  part  being 
small  strei^ms,  and  but  few  navigable,  ex- 
cept by  canoes,  owing  to  their  numerous 
Ms  and  n^ds.  It  contains  several 
islands,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
Me  Eoyaie^  and  The  IMhe  ApdgUea, 
near  its  western  extremity,  and  Qrand 
Island,  all  attached  to  the  United  States ; 
Caribou  Island,  Ifidiipicoten,  St  Ignace, 
Pie,  Slate,  and  odier  islands  sttached  t6 
Canada. 

KswBBKAW  Fonrr  is  its  most  remarka- 
ble feature,  jutting  far  out  into  the  lake 
some  sixty  or  seventy  miles.  On  the 
range  of  hills  running  through  this  point, 
about  20  miles  wide,  are  found  ib»  most  val- 
uable copper  mines  in  the  world.  Its  good 
and  secure  harbors  are  but  few  on  the  south 
side  of  the  lake,  while  on  the  north  shore 
and  islands  are  several  perfectly  safe 
harbors,  and  easy  of  access.  It  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  by  the  Strait, 
or  River  St.  Mary,  60  miles  long,  into 
Lake  Huron,  which  lies  27  feet  below, 
most  of  the  de£>cent  being  at  the  Saut  Ste. 
Marie,  where  is  a  Ship  Canal  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  length,  with  two  locks  of  10 


ftet  less  each,  overcoming  i'^desoent  of  30 
feet. 

"  The  early  French  Jesuit  fathers,  who 
first  explored  and  described  this  great 
lake,  and  published  an  account  of  it  in 
Paris,  in  1636,  describe  the  form  of  ita 
shores  as  similar  to  that  of  a  bended  bow, 
the  northern  shore  behig  the  arc,  and  th« 
southern  shore  the  Cord,  while  Keweenaw 
Point,  prqjeotbff  ttom  the  southern  shore 
to  near  the  middle  of  the  lake,  is  the  ar- 
row.** 

This  graphic  description  is  illustrated 
by  a  map,  prepared  by  them,  which  dis- 
plays the  geographical  position  of  iti 
shores  with  as  much  fidelity  as  most  of 
the  maps  of  our  day,  and  proves  that 
those  early  exidorers  were  peffecUyfik 
miliar  with  its  outline  and  shores. 

"  The  coast  of  Lake  Superior  is  mostly 
formed  of  rooks  of  various  kinds,  and  of 
different  geological  groups.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  samly  bars  at  the  mouth  of 
some  of  the  rivers  and  small  streams,  tiie 
whole  coast  o{  the  lake  is  rock-bound; 
and  in  some  places,  but  more  particularly 
on  the  north  shore,  mountain  masses  of 
considerable  elevation  rear  themselves 
from  the  water's  edg^  while  mural  pred- 
I^cesand  beetling  cr^;s  oppose  themselves 
to  the  surges  of  this  mighty  lake,  and 
threaten  the  unfortunate  mariner,  who 
may  be  caught  in  a  storm  upon  a  lee-shore^ 
witti  almost  hievitable  destruction." 

"  Father  at  Lakes  t  thy  waters  bend 
Beyond  the  eagle's  utmost  view. 

When,  throned  In  heaven,  he  sees  thee  r-^ad 
Bade  to  the  sky  Its  world  of  bine, 

**  Boundless  and  deep,  the  fbrests  weare 
Their,  twilight  shade  thy  borders  o'er, 

And  threatening  ellllh,  like  giants,  heave 
Their  rugged  forms  along  thy  shore." 

There  are  now  situated  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  Lake  Superior  twelve  light- 
houses, viz.,  on  Point  Iroquois;  White 
Fish  Point;  Grand  Island;  Marquette 
Harbor;  Portage  Entry;  Manitou Island, 
near  Keweenaw  Point;  Copper  Harbor; 


108 


TMP  THBOUOH  THX  LAKI8. 


Baffle  Harbor;  Bag^  BlTer;  Ontonagon, 
at  mouth  Ontonagon  River;  La  Pointe, 
on  Madeline  Island;  »nd  Minnesota  Point, 
mouth  of  St.  Louis  River. 

A.  government  survey  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  including  the  St.  Mary's  River 
and  Straits  of  Mackinac,  is  being  made 
by  a  corps  of  Topogn^hical  Surveyors, 
which  when  published  will  Aimish  accu- 
rate charts  of  these  Inland  Seas. 

Whit^  Fish  Point,  and  Lioht-housi, 
40  miles  from  the  Saut,  lies  on  the  south- 
west or  American  shore,  forming  a  con- 
spicuous landmark,  while  Mamaina  Pioint 
is  seen  on  the  northeast  or  Canada 
shore. 

On  passing  White  Fiah  P&irU,  where 
may  be  seen  a  number  of  "  sand-dunes," 
or  hills,  and  a  light-house  76  feet  in 
height,  the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
are  reached.  The  steamers  usually  pur- 
sue a  westerly  course  toward  Orand 
Island  or  Marquette,  passing  Point  au 
Sable,  50  miles  farther.  Dnring  dear 
weather,  the  steep  sandy  hills  on  the 
south  shore,  ranging  firom  300  to  600 
feet  in  height,  may  be  seen  from  the 
deck  of  the  steamer. 

Ponrr  au  Sablb,  60  miles  from  White 
Fish  Point,  is  the  first  object  of  interest 
seen  on  the  south  shore,  on  the  upward 
trip^  from  the  deck  of  the  passing  steamer, 
which  usually  runs  within  sight  of  land, 
affording  views  of  a  contmued  succession 
of  interesting  points  and  bold  headlands. 

The  PiotubbD  Rooks,  20  miles  fhrther, 
or  about  110  miles  flrom  the  Saut,  are 
next  passed,  presenting  a  magnificent  ap- 
pearance at  certain  times  of  the  day, 
when  favorably  seen  under  the  rays  of  a 
brilliant  sun;  then  the  effect  is  height- 
ened by  the  constantly  changing  appear- 
ance of  these  alihost  enchanted  rocks. 
The  steamers  occasionally  run  dose  in 
shore,  when  the  weather  is  favorable,  af- 
fording a  fine  opportunity  to  examine 
these  wonders  of  nature. 


Trip  to  lAke  Superior. 

Extract  firom  a  Letter,  dated 
"St.  lUiUroiB,  off  Pictured  Roche,  L.  A, 

*'July,  31,  1862. 

"At  sunrise  this  morning,  m  ap- 
proached the  far-(luned  Pictured  Boeke 
of  Lake  Superior,  and  were  fkkvored  with 
one  of  the  most  grand  scenes  imaginable. 
The  sun  rose  dear,  reflecting  its  rays  in 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  presenting  a  got- 
geous  appearance.  The  SaU  IMe,  and 
other  points  of  interest,  were  dif^ctly 
visible,  while  the  steamer  was  running 
for  the  '  Grand  PortaiP  of  the  voyageura, 
the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  won- 
der of  nature,  varying  with  every  doud 
effect  as  seen  flrom  the  passing  vessel 

"The  steamer  approached  cautiously  un- 
til she  had  run  her  bows  under  the  project- 
ing cUf^  then  came  to  a  stand-still  as  quietly 
as  though  she  was  lying  at  a  pier  or 
wharf,  giving  the  numerous  passengers  a 
fine  opportunity  to  examine  the  deep  re- 
cesses of  this  immense ,  cavern,  the  floor 
being  covered  with  dear,  transparent 
water  to  the  depth  of  ;0  or  20  feet  In- 
side were  visible  two  lesser  openings, 
where  a  small  boat  might  pass  out  into 
the  lake  on  either  side— the  portaii  being 
fbrmed  at  the  termination  of  a  projecting 
diff— rising  about  200  feet  above  the  lake 
surface. 

"The  Pictured  Rocks  are  thus  briefly 
described  by  Foster  and  Whiti^^ey,  in  their 
geological  report: — 'l^ey  may  be  de- 
scribed, in  jreneral  terms,  as  a  series  of 
sand-stone  bluffs,  extending  along  the 
South  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  for  eight 
or  ten  miles,  and  rising,  in  most  places, 
vertically  from  the  water,  without  any 
beach  at  the  base,  to  a  height  varying 
from  60  to  200  feet' 

"Yours,  Ac.,    J.  D." 


of 
ed 
ed 
tifi 


SX0UB810N  AROUITD  LAKE  lUPIBIOB. 


109 


< 


The  Pidwred  Roeka^  of  which  almMt  fob- 
ulous  aoooonts  are  given  by  traveUera,  are 
one  of  the  wonders  of  this  "Inland  Sea." 
Here  are  to  be  seen  the  Cascade  liUk  and 
other  objects  of  great  interest    The  Am- 

?hitheatre,  Miners'  Castle,  Ohapel,  Grand 
'ortal,  and  Sail  Bock,  are  points  of  great 
picturesque  beauty,  which  require  to  be 
peen  to  be  justly  appreciated. 

Extract  ttom  FosTiB  and  WHrnntT's 
Report  of  the  Qeology  of  the  Lalce  Supe- 
rior Land  District: 

PtctnnDd  Rocks.—"  The  range 
of  difflB  to  which  the  name  of  the  Pictur- 
ed Roolcs  has  been  given,  may  be  regard- 
ed as  among  the  most  striking  Mid  beau- 
tiful features  of  the  scenery  of  the  North- 
west, and  are  well  worthy  the  attention 
of  tlie  artist,  the  lover  of  the  grand  and 
beautiful,  and  the  observer  of  geological 
phenomena. 

"Although  occasionally  visited  by  trav- 
ellers, a  fuU  and  accurate  description  of 
this  extraordinary  locality  has  not  as  yet 
been  communicated  to  the  public.* 

"The  Pictured  Bocks  may  be  described, 
in  general  terms,  as  a  series  of  sandstone 
bluffs  extending  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  for  about  five  miles,  and  rising^ 
in  most  places,  vertically  fh>m  the  water, 
without  any  beach  at  the  base,  to  a  height 
varying  from  fifty  to  nearly  two  hundred 


*  Sohooloraft  hu  nndertaken  to  describe  this 
range  of  oIifflis*n<l  iUastrate  the  scenery.  The 
sketches  do  not  appear  to  have  been  made  on  the 

rt,  or  finished  by  one  who  was  aoooainted  with 
scenery,  as  they  bear  no  resemolance,  so  fitr 
as  we  observed,  to  any  of  the  prominent  leatures 
of  the  Pictured  Books. 

*^  It  Is  a  matter  of  surprise  that,  so  fiv  as  we 
know,  none  of  oar  artists  nave  visited  tills  region, 
and  given  to  the  world  representations  of  scenery 
so  striking,  and  so  different  from  any  which  can 
be  found  elsewhere.  We  can  hardly  conceive  of 
any  thing  more  worthy  of  the  artist's  pencil; 
and  if  the  tide  of  pleasure-travel  should  once  be 
turned  in  this  direction,  it  seems  not  unreason- 
able to  suppose  that  a^  fashionable  hotel  may  yet 
be  built  under  the  shade  of  the  pine  groves  near 
the  OhapeL  and  a  trip  thither  beodme  as  common 
as  one  to  Niagara  now  Is.** 


feet  Were  they  simply  a  line  of  oliflk, 
they  might  not,  so  far  as  relates  to  height 
or  extent,  be  worthy  of  a  rank  among 
great  natural  curiosities,  although  bu(£ 
an  assemblage  of  rocky  strata,  wuhed  bj 
the  waves  of  the  great  lake,  would  not: 
under  any  drcumstanoes,  be  destitnte  cc 
grandeur.  To  the  vovager  coasting  aloiw 
their  base  in  his  flrail  canoe  they  wouU^ 
at  all  times,  be  an  object  <rf  dread;  tiie 
i«coil  of  the  surf,  the  rodcbound  ooast| 
affording  for  miles  no  place  of  reMke;  the 
lowering  sky,  the  rising  wind;  aU  these 
would  excite  his  apprehension,  and  induce 
him  to  ply  a  vigorous  oar  until  the 
dreaded  wall  was  passed.  But  in  the 
Pictured  Rocks  there  are  two  features 
which  Qommunicate  to  the  scenery  a  won- 
derAil  and  almost  unique  character.  Tl^ese 
are,  first,  the  curious  manner  in.  which' the 
difb  have  been  excavated  and  worn  awaj 
by  the  action  of  the  lake,  which  for  cen- 
turies has  dashed  an  ocean-like  sorf 
against  their  base;  and,  second,  the  equal- 
ly curious  manner  in  which  large  portions 
of  the  surface  have  been  colored  ny  bands 
of  brilliant  hues. 

"It  is  from  the  latter  drcumstance  that 
the  name  by  which  these  diffs  are  known 
to  the  American  traveller  is  derived;  while 
that  applied  to  them  by  the  French  voyo- 
gewrs  ('Les  Portails'*)  is  derived  from  the 
former^  and  by  fiar  the  most  striking  pe- 
culiarit/. 

"  The  term  Pictvred  Bocks  has  been  in 
use  for  a  great  length  of  time,  but  when 
it  was  first  applied  we  have  been  unable 
to  discover. 

"  The  Indian  name  applied  to  those  diffli, 
according  to  our  voyageurSj  is  Schkuee- 
arehibi-Jnmgj  or  '  The  end  of  the  rocks,' 


*  Le  Portatl  is  a  French  term,  signifying  the 
principal  entrance  of  a  church  dr  a  portal,  and 
this  name  was  given  to  the  Pictured  Rocks  bf 
the  voyageurs,  evidently  in  allusion  to  the  arched 
entrances  which  constitute  the  most  characteris- 
tic feature.  LeOrand  Portatl^  is  the  great  arch- 
way, or  Grand  PqrtaL 


110 


niP  THAOVQH  THB  LAKBt. 


whloh  wemi  to  ntn  to  the  ftot  that,  in 
doaotnding  tha  liUce,  After  having  paued 
them,  no  more  roolce  ere  eein  uong  the 
■hore.  Our  voyagmurg  had  many  legenda 
to  relate  of  the  pranlce  of  the  Mvnmhbotiiiiu 
in  theee  oaverni,  and  in  answer  to  our  in- 
quiriee  seemed  dispoeed  to  fabricate  eto- 
riea  without  end  of  the  aohievemente  of 
thia  Indian- deity. 

"We  will  desoribe  the  most  interesting 
points  in  the  series,  proceeding  firom  west 
to  east.*^  On  leaving  Grand  Island  harbor,* 
high  cUfliB  are  seen  to  the  east,  which  form 
^bi»  commencement  oi  the  series  of  rocky 
promontories,  which  rise  vertically  from 
the  water  to  the  height  of  from  one  hun- 
dred to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet, 
covered  with  a  dense  canopy  of  foliage. 
Oooasiohally  a  sm^tU  cascade  may  be  seen 
iiftUlng  from  the  verge  to  the  base  in  an 
unbrwcen  curve,  or  gliding  down  the  in- 
clined face  of  the  cliff  in  a  sheet  of  white 
iMun.  The  rooks  at  this  point  begin  to 
assume  flmtaatio  shapes ;  but  it  is  not  un- 
til having  reached  Miners'  River  that 
their  striking  peculiarities  are  observed. 

•  Th«  traTeII«r  deftrons  of  vlslttiig  this  soens 
■koald  take  adTUitage  of  one  of  th«  ateamers  or 

8rup«Uers  whtdi  luvigato  tho  lake  and  land  at 
fniad  Island,  from  whlob  he  can  proceed  to 
moke  the  t<iur  of  the  interesting  points  In  a  small 
boat  The  terge  Teasels  on  the  lake  do  not  ap- 
proaoh  aaffioienttjr  near  the  oUffli  to  allow  the  trav- 
eller to  gather  more  than  a  general  idea  of  their 
position  and  ontltnes.  To  be  able  to  appreciate 
and  understand  their  extraordinary  chanoter.  it 
la  indispensable  to  eoast  al<wg  in  close  pruztmitT 
to  the  o^flii  and  pass  beneath  the  Grand  Portal, 
which  is  only  accessible  from  the  lake,  and  to 
land  and  enter  within  the  precincts  of  the  Ohapol. 
At  Qrand  Island,  boats,  men,  and  provisions  may 
be  procured.  The  traveller  should  lay  in  a  good 
supply,  If  It  is  intended  to  be  absent  long  enough 
to  make  a  thorough  examination  of  the  whole 
series.  In  flMst,  an  old  voyager  will  not  reatUly 
trust  himself  to  the  mercy  of  the  winds  and  waves 
of  the  lake  without  them,  as  he  may  nut  unfre- 
quently,  however  auspicious  the  weather  when 
■tarting,  And  himself  weather-bound  for  days  to- 
gether. It  is  possible,  however,  in  one  day,  to 
■tart  from  Orand  Island,  see  the  most  interesting 
points,  and  return.  The  distance  fr^on  WilUam^s 
to  the  0hapel-4he  (hrthest  point  of  interest— is 
•boat  fifteen  miles. 


Here  the  ooast  makea  an  abnipt  tun  to 
the  eastward,  andjust  at  the  point  w^ere 
the  rooks  break  off  and  the  fnendly  sand- 
beach  begins,  ia  seen  one  of  the  grandest 
works  of  juture  in  her  rook-boUt  arohip 
teoture.  We  gave  it  the  name  of '  Miners* 
Caatle,'  firom  ita  singular  resemblance  to 
the  turreted  entrance  and  arohed  portal 
of  some  old  castle— fw  instanoe,  that  of 
Dumbarton.  The  height  of  the  advano> 
ing  maas,  in  wUioh  the  form  of  the  Oothki 
gateway  may  be  reoogpiised,  is  about  sev- 
enty feet,  while  that  of  the  main  mSl 
forming  the  background  is  about  one  hun< 
cLred  and  forty.  The  appearance  of  the 
openings  at  the  base  changes  rapidly  with 
each  change  in  the  position  of  the  speo- 
tatw.  On  taking  a  position  a  little  &r- 
ther  to  the  right  of  that  occupied  by  the 
sketcher,  the  oentnd  opening  appears 
more  distinctly  flanked  on  either  side  by 
two  lateral  passages,  making  the  resem- 
blance to  an,  artificial  work  still  more 
striking. 

"A  little  farther  east,  Miners'  River 
enters  the  lake  dose  under  the  brow  of 
the  clifi^  which  here  sinks  down  and  g^vea 
j^boe  to  a  sand-bank  i^early  a  third  of  a 
mile  in  extent  The  river  is  so  narrow 
that  it  requires  no  little  skill  on  the  part 
of  the  voyager  to  enter  its  mouth  when 
a  heavy  sea  is  rolling  in  from  the  north. 
On  the  right  bank,  a  sandy  drifV  plain, 
covered  with  Norway  and  Banksian  pine, 
spreads  out,  affording  good  camping-ground 
— the  only  place  of  refuge  to  the  voyager 
until  he  reaches  Ohi^Ml  River,  five  miles 
distant,  if  We  except  a  small  sand-beach 
about  midway  between  the  two  pdnti^ 
where,  in  case  of  necessity,  a  boat  may 
be  beached. 

"Beyond  the  sand-beach  ab*  Miners 
River  the  cliffs  attain  an  altitude  of  one 
hundred  and  seventy-three  feet,  and 
maintain  a  nearly  uniform  height  for  a  con- 
siderable distance.  Here  one  of  those 
cascades  of  which  we  have  before  spolran 
is  seen  foaming  down  the  rook. 


w 


ii 


■ZOUBUOV  AROUVD  LAMM  tUnmiOR. 


in 


"Tht  diffli  do  not  foim  ■traight  liiie% 
b..t  ratlier  :  -ct  of  oirdM,  the  spaoo  bo- 
tweea  the  projecting  point!  havmg  been 
worn  out  in  ■ymmetrioal  ourvee,  eome  ot 
wliioh  ftre  of  large  dimonsionl^  To  one 
of  the  grandest  and  moet  reguljtfly  form- 
ed  we  gave  the  naaie  of  'The  Amphi- 
theatre.' Looking  to  the  west,  anoUier 
projecting  point— ita  base  worn  into  oaye- 
like  forms — and  a  portion  of  the  oonoaye 
sur&oe  of  the  intervening  space  are  seen. 

"  It  is  in  this  portion  ^  the  aeries  that 
the  phenomena  of  colon  are  most  beauti- 
fully and  oonspicuousl/  displayed.  These 
cannot  be  illustrated  by  a  mere  crayon 
sketoli,  but  would  require,  to  reproduce 
the  natural  effect,  an  elaborate  drawing 
on  a  lar^  scale,  in  which  the  various 
combinations  of  oolor  should  be  carefiilly 
represented.  These  colors  do  not  by  any 
means  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  diff 
even  where  they  are  most  conspicuously 
disi^ayed,  but  are  oonftned  to  certain 
portions  of  the  diflb  in  the  vidnity  of  the 
Amphitheatre ;  the  great  mass  of  the  sur- 
face presenting  the  natural  light-yeUow 
or  raw  sienna  color  of  the  rook.  The  col* 
ors  are  also  limited  in  their  vertical  range, 
rarely  extending  more  than  thirty  (nt  forty 
feet  above  the  water,  or  a  quarter  or  a 
third  of  the  vertical  height  of  the  dim 
The  prevailing  tints  oonsist.of  deep-brown, 

Jellow,  and  gray— burnt  sienna  and 
'renoh  gray  predominating. 
"  There  are  also  bright  blues  and  greens, 
though  less  firequent.  All  of  the  tinta 
are  fresh,  brilliant,  and  distinct,  and  bar* 
monize  admirably  with  one  another,  whidi, 
taken  in  conne(^on  with  the  grandeur  of 
the  arched  and  cavemed  surfaces  on 
which  they  are  laid,  and  the  deep  and 
pure  green  of  the  water  which  heaves  and 
swells  at  the  base,  and  the  rich  foliage 
which  waves  above,  produce  an  effect 
truly  wonderfuL 

"  They  are  not  scattered  indisoriminate- 
1?  over  the  surface  of  the  rock,  but  are 
arranged  in  vertioal  and  pvrallel  bands, 


extending  to  the  watef'r  edgtw  The 
mode  of  thdr  produotion  it  undoiibt- 
edly  as  follows:  Between  the  bands 
or  strata  of  thick-bedded  sandstone 
there  are  thin  seams  of  shaly  matMals,' 
which  are  more  or  less  charged  with  the  , 
metallic  oxides,  iron  largely  predemhui* ' 
ting,  with  here  and  there  a  trace  of  oopper. 
As  the  surfiMe-water  penaeates  throogli 
the  porous  strata  It  oomea  in  oontaot  with 
these  shaly  bands,  and,  ooaing  out  firmii 
the  exposed  ecU^s,  trickles  down  the  faoe 
of  the  oliflll^  and  leaves  behhid  a  sediment, 
colored  according  to  the  oxide  whioh  is 
contained  in  the  band  in  whidi  it  origi- 
nated. It  cannot,  however,  b^denled  thai 
there  are  some  peculiarities  which  it  is 
difficult  to  explain  by  any  hypothesis. 

"  On  first  examkiiag  the  Pictured  Rodn, 
we  were  forcibly  stru^  with  the  brillianoy 
and  beauty  of  the  oolors,  and  wondered 
why  some  of  our  predecessors,  in  their 
desoriptiuns,  had  hwdly  adverted  to  whsl 
we  regarded  as  their  most  characteristJo 
feature.  At  a  subsequent  visit  we  wepe 
surprised  to  find  that  the  eflbct  of  the 
colors  wss  much  less  striking  than  be* 
fore ;  they  seemed  fsded  out,  Iseving  only 
traces  of  their  former  brillianoy,  so  that 
the  traveller  might  regard  this  as  m  un- 
important feature  in  we  scenery.  It  is 
cUfftcult  to  account  for  this  change^  but  it 
may  bo  due  to  the  dryness  or  humidity  of 
the  season.  If  the  odon  are  produoed 
by  the  percolation  of  the  water  through 
the  strata,  taking  up  and  depositing  the 
colored  sediments,  as  before  suggested,  it 
is  evident  that  a  long  period  of  drought 
would  out  off  the  sup^y  of  mdiAure,  and 
the  colors,  being  no  loi^^r  renewed, 
would  fade,  and  finally  disappesr.  This 
exidanation  seems  reas<mable,  t»  at  the 
time  of  our  second  visit  the  beds  of  the 
streams  on  the  aunuait  of  the  table-land 
were  dry. 

''lOs  a  ourious  fact,  that  th*  oolors 
are  so  flrasly  attached  to  the  surfiMO  that 
they  are  veiy  Uttle  affected  by  rahp  or 


Hi 


nuF  mftouoB  thb  laxm. 


fh*  diihiiif  of  Um  farf;  ifaMt  thtj  wtra, 
in  Diimerouf  inatanoet,  qbaerred  extend* 
inf  in  aU  th«ir  freahkiMi  to  tho  Tory  w»- 
ttr'iMlgo. 

*'nooMding  to  tho  OMtwurd  of  tho 
Amphithootvo,  wo  And  tho  oliflli  ■ooopod 
out  into  oftyenii  ond  grotosquo  oponinga, 
of  tho  moat  atrildng  and  bOautiftil  yariotj 
of  fonna.  In  aomo  plaooa  huge  blodct  of 
aandatono  hoTO  b^oome  diaIo<i(ed  and  ao- 
oumulatod  at  tho  baae  of  tho  diff,  whoro 
thoj  aro  ground  up  and  tho  fragmonta 
borno  away  b j  tho  ooaaoloia  action  of  tho 
lurgo. 

"  To  a  itriking  group  of  detadhod  blooka 
tho  name  <rf^Siul  Rook'  haa  been  giyen, 
from  its  striking  reaemblanco  to  me  Jib 
and  mainsail  of  a  sloop  when  spread— so 
muoh  so  that  when  viewed  flrom  a  dis- 
tance, with  a  f\ill  s^are  of  light  upon  it, 
while  the  dUT  in  the  rear4a  left  in  the 
ahade,  the  illusion  is  perfeot  The  height 
of  the  block  is  about  forty  feet. 

"Masses  of  rook  are  frequentlj  dis- 
lodged from  the  difli  if  we  may  Judge 
from  the  freshness  of  the  fracture  and 
the  appearance  of  the  treoa  inydved  in 
the  desoent.  The  rapidity  with  whidi 
this  undermining  prooess  is  oarried  on, 
at  many  points,  will  bo  readily  appreoia* 
ted  when  we  consider  that  the  cuflli  do 
not  form  a  single  unbroken  line  of  wall ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  they  present  numer- 
ous salient  angles  to  the  full  force  of  the 
waTOS.  A  projecting  comer  is  undermin- 
ed until  the  superincumbent  weight  be- 
oomes  too  great,  l!he  oyerhanging  mass 
cracks,  and,  aided  perhaps  by  the  power 
of  frost,  gradually  becomes  loosened  and 
finally  topples  with  a  crash  into  the  lake. 

"The  same  general  arched  and  broken 
Une  of  difb  borders  the  coast  for  a  mile 
to  the  eastward  of  Sail  Bode,  where  the 
most  impodng  feature  in  the  series  is 
reached.  This  is  the  Grand  Fort^^Le 
Orand  Porkal  of  the  voyagewn.  The  gen- 
eral disposition  of  tho  arched  openhigs 
nrhidi  travorao  this  great  quadrilateral 


mass  may.  porhapi,  bo  made  faltalligl^' 
without  tne  aid  of  a  ground-plan.  >  Tiie 
main  body  of  the  structure  conaiats  of  a 
Tast  masijf  a  rectilinear  shape,  prpject* 
ing  out  Wo  the  lake  about,  aix  hundred 
feet  and  praaenting  a  firont  of  three  hun- 
drea  or  four  hundred  feet,  and  rising  to 
a  height  of  about  two  hundred  feet  An 
entrance  has  been  oxcaTated  from  one 
side  to  the  other,  <q>ening  out  into  large 
yaulted  paasagea  whidi  communicate  with 
the  great  dome,  some  three  hundred  feet 
from  the  front  of  the  difll  The  Grand 
Portal,  which  opens  out  on  the  lake,  is 
of  magnificent  dimensions,  being  about 
one  hundred  feet  in  height,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty-eiffht  feet  broad  at  the 
water-leveL  The  distance  fhmi  the  varge 
of  the  diff  OTor  the  arch  to  the  waior  is 
one  hundred  and  thirty-three  feet,  leaving 
thhrty-three  feet  for  the  thickness  of  the 
rock  above  the  arch  itself.  The  extreme 
height  of  the  diff  is  about  fl(^  feet  more, 
making  in  all  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
three  feet 

"It  ia  impossible,  by  any  arrangelnent 
of  words,  or  by  any  combination  of  od- 
ors, to  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  this 
wonderfril  scene.  The  vast  dimensions 
of  the  cavern,  the  vaulted  passages,  the 
varied  effects  of  the  light,  as  it  streams 
through  the  great  arch  and  iUls  on  the 
different  objects,  the  deep  emerald  green 
of  the  water,  the  unvarying  swell  of  the 
lake,  keei^g  up  a  suooesnon  of  musiod 
edioes,  tiie  reverberations  of  one's  own 
voice  coming  back  with  startling  effect 
all  theife  must  be  seen,  and  heard,  and 
fdt,  to  be  fliHy  am>reciate>d. 

"Beyond  the  Grand  Portal  the  clilfe 
gradually  diminish  in  height,  and  the  gen- 
eral trend  of  the  coast  is  more  to  the 
southeast ;  hence  the  rock,  being  less  ex- 
posed to  the  force  of  the  waves,  bears 
fewer  marlcs  of  their  destructive  action. 
The  entrance  to  Ohapd  Biver  is  at  the 
most  easterly  extremity  of  a  sandy 
beach  which  extends  fat  a  quarter  of  a 


■■*-^ 


r  ; 


in 

00 

P( 


IZOURSION  AROUND  LAKS   8I7PSRIOB. 


119 


mile,  and  aflbrds  a  conTenient  landing- 
place,  while  the  drift-terrace,  elevated 
about  thirty  feet  above  the  lake-level,  be- 
ing an  open  pine  plain,  affords  excellent 
camping-gpround,  and  is  the  most  central 
and  convenient  spot  for  the  traveller  to 
pitch  his  tent,  while  he  examines  the  most 
interesting  localities  in  the  series  which 
occur  in  this  vicinity — ^to  wit,  the  Grand 
Portal  and  the  Ghapd.  {See  Engraving.) 

"The  Chapel — La  Chapdle  of  the  voyo- 
gmra — ^if  not  the  grandest,  is  among  the 
most  grotesqjue  of  Nature's  architoctiu'e 
here  (hsplayed.  Unlike  the  excavations 
before  described,  which  occur  at  the  wa- 
ter's edge,  this  has  been  made  in  the  rock, 
at  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  above 
the  k^e.  The  interior  consists  of  a  vaidt- 
ed  apartment,  which  has  not  inaptly  re- 
ceived the  name  it  bears.  An  arched 
roof  of  sandstone,  from  ten  to  twenty  feet 
in  thickness,  rests  on  four  gigantic  col- 
umns of  rook,  so  as  to  leave  a  vaulted 
apartment  of  irregular  shape,  about  forty 
feet  in  diameter,  and  about  the  same  in 
height.  The  columns  consist  of  finely 
stratified  rock,  and  have  been  worn  into 
curious  shapes.  At  the  base  of  one  of 
them  an  arched  cavity  or  niche  has  been 
cut,  to  which  access  is  had  by  a  flight  of 
steps  formed  by  the  projecting  strata. 
The  disposition  of  the  whole  is  such  as 
to  resemble  very  much  the  pulpit  of  a 
church;  since  there  is  overhead  an  arch- 
ed canopy,  and  in  front  an  opening  out 
toward  the  vaulted  interior  of  the  chapel, 
with  a  fiat  tabular  mass  in  front,  rising 
to  a  convenient  height  for  a  desk,  while 
on  the  right  is  an  isolated  block,  which 
not  inaptly  represents  an  altar;  so  that 
if  the  whole  had  been  adapted  expressly 
for  a  place  of  worship,  and  fashioned  by 
the  hand  of  man,  it  could  hardly  have 
been  arranged  more  appropriately.    It  is 

8 


hardly  poBsible  to  describe  the  lingular 
and  unique  effect  of  this  eztraordmary 
structure ;  it  is  truly  a  temple  of  nature— 
'a  house  not  made  with  hands.' 

'*0n  the  west  side,  and  in  dose  proz- 
unity.  Chapel  River  enters  the  lake,  pre- 
cipitating itself  over  a  rod^  ledge  ten  or 
fifteen  feet  in  height.* 

"It  is  surprising  to  see  how  little  the 
action  of  the  stream  has  worn  awajr  the 
rocks  which  form  its  bed.  There  appears 
to  have  been  hardly  any  recession  of  Uie 
cascade,  and  the  rocky  bed  has  been  ex- 
cavated only  a  foot  or  two  since  the  Btream 
assumed  its  present  direction. 

"  It  seems  therefore  impossible  that  the 
river  could  have  had  any  influence  in  ex- 
cavating the  CShagA  itself,  but  its  exca" 
vation  must  be  reined  to  a  period  when 
the  waters  of  the  lake  stood  at  a  higher 
level 

"Near  the  Grand  Portal  the  cliffs  are 
covered,  in  places,  with  an  efflorescence 
of  sulphate  of  lime,  m  delicate  crystalli- 
zations ;  this  substance  not  only  incrusts 
the  walls,  but  is  found  deposited  on  the 
moss  which  lines  them,  forming  singular 
and  interesting  specimens,  which  how- 
ever cannot  be  transported  without  losing 
their  beauty. 

"At  the  same  place  we  found  numer- 
ous traces  of  organic  life  in  the  form  of 
obscure  fucoidal  markings,  which  seem  to 
be  the  impressions  of  plants,  similar  to 
those  described  by  Prof.  Hall  as  occurring 
in  tho  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  York. 
These  were  first  noticed  at  this  place  by 
Dr.  Locke,  m  1847." 

*  "  At  this  flill,  Moording  to  Immemorial  nBage 
among  the  voyagewrs  in  ascending  the  lake,  the 
mangeurs  d*  lard,  who  make  their  first  trip,  re- 
ceive baptism ;  which  consists  in  giving  them  a 
severe  ducking— a  ceremony  somewhat  similar 
to  that  practised  on  green-horns  when  crossing 
tho  line. 


114 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE   LAKES. 


liftke  Superior  Reytoii. 

The  following  verses  were  written  by 
J.  G.  Whittibr,  on  receiving  an  eaglets 
quiU,  when  on  a  visit  to  Lake  Superior  in 
1846. 

THE  SEER. 

I  hear  the  far-off  Toyager^s  horn, 

I  see  the  Tankee^s  trail— 
His  foot  on  every  mountain  pass, 

On  eyery  stream  his  saiL 

He's  whistling  round  8t  Mary's  Falls, 

Upon  his  loaded  train ; 
He^s  leaving  on  the  Pictured  Socks 

His  fi:«sh  tobacco  stain. 

I  see  the  mattock  In  the  mine, 

The  ase-Btruke  in  the  dell, 
The  clamor  flrom  the  Indian  lodge, 

The  Jesuit^s  chan^  bell  I 

I  see  the  swarthy  trappers  come 

From  Missisttippi's  Sprin^rs ; 
And  war-chiefs  with  their  printed  brows, 

And  crests  of  eagle  wings. 

Behind  the  scared  squaw's  birch  canoe. 
The  steamer  smokes  and  raves ; 

And  city  lots  are  staked  for  sole      .  -■ 
Above  old  Indian  graves. 

By  forest,  lake  and  water-fiill, 

I  see  the  peddler's  show; 
The  mighty  mingling  with  the  mean, 

The  lofty  with  the  low. 

1  hear  the  tread  of  pioneers 

Of  nations  yet  to  oe ; 
The  first  low  wash  of  waves  where  soon 

Shall  roll  a  human  sea. 

The  rudiments  of  empire  here 

Are  plastic  yet  and  w.ar  jri : 
The  chaos  of  a  mighty  world 

Is  rounding  into  form  1 

Each  rude  and  jostling  fragment  soon 

Its  fitting  place  shall  find — 
The  raw  materials  of  a  state. 

Its  muscle  and  its  mind  I 

And,  westering  still,  the  star  which  leads 

The  n^  world  in  its  train, 
Has  tipped  with  fire  the  icy  spears 

Of  many  a  mountain  chain. 

Grand  Island,  125  miles  distant  from 
the  Saut,  is  about  10  miles  long  and  6 
wide,  Ijing  dose  in  to  the  south  shore. 


This  is  ft  wild  and  romaxitio  island ;  tbe 
diflb  of  sandstone,  irregular  and  broken 
into  by  the  waves,  form  picturesque  oav- 
ems,  pillars,  and  arches  of  immense  di- 
mensions. There  are  several  romantic 
bays  and  inlets  protected  from  storms, 
.which  are  frequent  on  this  great  lake, 
where  the  brook  trout  of  a  large  size  can 
be  caught  in  quantities.  The  forests  also 
afford  a  delightful  retreat,  while  all  nature 
seems  hushed — save  by  the  mouiing 
winds  and  billowy  surges  of  the  surround- 
ing waters. 

A  few  families  reside  dh  the  south 
shore,  facing  the  mainland,  where  is  a 
clearing  of  considerable  extent  The 
main-shore  in  full  sight,  and  the  Pictured 
Rocks,  visible  from  its  eastern  shore,  alto- 
gether add  a  charm  to  this  truly  Grand 
Island,  unsurpassed  by  no  other  S|)ot  in 
this  interesting  region. 

MuKisiNO,  formerly  called  Grand  Island 
City,  lies  on  the  south  side  of  Grand  Island 
Bay,  here  about  3  miles  in  width.  Here  is 
a  steamboat  wharf  and  hotel,  together  with 
a  few  dwellings,  being,  no  doubt,  destined 
to  become  a  favorite  place  of  resort,  as 
from  this  place  the  Pictured  Rocks  can  be 
easily  reached  by  canoes  or  small  boats 
during  calm  weather.  Trout  fishing  is 
also  good  in  Ann's  River,  which  enters 
Grand  Island  Bay,  and  in  Miner's  River, 
near  the  Pictured  Rocks. 

The  bay  or  harbor  is  capadous,  deep, 
and  easy  of  access  from  the  east  or  «rest, 
being  6  miles  in  length  by  from  2  to  4 
in  width,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  upwards.  It  is  perfectly  land- 
locked by  hills  rising  from  100  to  300  feet 
high,  and  capacious  enough  to  contain  the 
entire  fleet  of  the  lakes. 

It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  railroad 
from  this  harbor  to  the  head  of  Big  Bay 
de  Noc,  the  most  northern  arm  of  Green 
Bay,  only  40  miles  distant. 

Miner's  Point,  a  most  remarkable  head* 
land,  lies  6  miles  east  of  Munising,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name. 


^>F^rVMw:.MM^>^ai^>t^^MtttAttilMW<>- 


RBifARKABLI  PflBVOHfelTA.  OH  LAKB  SOPBRIOR. 


116 


land;  the 
ad  broken 
aque  oav* 
mense  di- 

romantio 
n  storms, 
reat  lake, 
;e  size  can 
>rests  also 
all  nature 

moaoing 
surrpund- 

the  south 
here  is  i^ 
Dt  The 
3  Pictured 
hore,  alto- 
Illy  Grand 
ir  spot  in 

tnd  Island 
md  Island 
Here  is 
)ther  with 
i  destined 
resort,  as 
kscan  be 
nail  boats 
fishing  is 
ih.  enters 
's  River, 

lus,  deep, 

or  firest, 

2  to  4 

ir  of  100 

tly  land- 
300  feet 

ntain  the 

railroad 
Big  Bay 
)f  Green 

>le  head* 
1^,  at  the 
lename. 


Th«  aetioa  of  the  waters  .has  here  di»> 
Integrated  portions  of  tlie  sand-stone 
formation,  forming  romantic  eayema  and 
grottoes  where  the  waters  of  the  lake 
penetrate,  making  strange  music  ia  the 
subterranean  passages. 


MoHuimT  Book,  abamk  one  mile  weit 
of  Miner's  Point,  ia  another  straof^  flreak 
of  nature,  being  an  upright  column  stand- 
ing in  fiiU  view,  near  tiie  water's  edge, 
eLevated  some  80  or  100  feet  above  uie 
lake.  (^See  Engraving.)  AU  these  points 
can  eaadj  be  reached  from  Muniaing  bj  * 
sail  or  row  bosl,  during  calm  weather. 


Remarkable  PlieaemeBa  oa 
lAfce  8E.#ei?ior* 

The  sudden  and  singular  changes  of  the 
weather  on  Lake  Superior,  in  oenneotlon 
with  its  healthy  influence,  during  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  months,  present  one  of  the 
phenomena  of  nature  whidi  seems  almost 
unaccountr.ole.  The  sun  frequently  rises 
dear  and  doudless,  giving  indications  of 
continued  sunshine,  when  suddenly  the 
sky  becomes  overcast  with  white,  fleecy 
clouds,  scudding  low  and  giring  out  a 
chilly  atmosphere,  not  unft«quently  ao> 
companied  with  rain, — ^the  clouds  as  sud- 
denly disappear,  and  a  pleasant  afternoon 
uaually  follows,  with  light  winds.  This 
influence,  causing  a  fluctuation  of  several 
degrees  of  the  thermometer,  seems  to 
have  an  injurious  effect  en  most  kinds 
of  fruit  and  yegetables  requiring  a  warm 
sun  throughout  the  day  in  order  to  arrive 
at  maturity;  the  country  a  few  miles  in- 
land, however,  being  less  subject  to  these 
frequent  changes. 

On  the  6th  of  August,  1860,  there  oo* 
curred  a  remarkable  phenomenon,  as  wit- 
nessed on  Grand  Island  Bay,  near  the 
Pictured  Rocks — ^Lake  Superior  being  here 
about  170  miles  wide.  During  the  fore- 
nocn  of  a  pleasant  summer's  day,  the  wa- 
ter was  observed  suddenly  to  fall  some 
three  or  four  feet  perpendicularly  on  the 
south  shore,  then  rise  in  about  half  an 
hour,  as  suddenly  again  to  recede  and 
rise  several  times;  exposing  the  bed  of 
the  lake  for  accmsiderable  distance  where 


H 


116 


TRIP  THROUGH  TBI  LAKB8. 


tii«  water  wm  shallow,  affording  a  fine  op- 
portunitgr  to  cdleot  pebbles  of  different 
hues,  and  predous  stones. « t 

At  noon  the  wind  Mew  moderatelj  from 
the  southward,  while  the  thermometer 
rai^ped  at  about  74^Fahr.  This  appa- 
rently oalm  and  pleasant  weather  was  ta- 
ken adyantage  of  by  a  party  of  pleasure  to 
cross  the  bay  in  a  sail-boat  from  Munising 
toOrand  Ishuid,  3  mi|es  distant,  affording  a 
deughtful  excursion.  On  looking  eastward 
•t  about  4  o'dodc,  p.  m.,  a  dense  fog  or 
low  doud  was  seen  rapidly  to  enter  the 
east  channel  of  the  bay,  from  the  north- 
ward, rolling  on  in  mi^estic  gn^deur,  and 
presenting  apparently  the  smoke  caused 
by  the  discharge  of  a  park  of  artillery,  ob- 
scuring every  oliject  in  the  far  distance, 
while  the  headlands  within  one  or  two 
miles  were  distinctly  visible.  As  it  ap- 
proached, the  thermometer  fell  several 
degrees,  and  rain  followed,  attended  with 
lightning  and  thunder.  Soon,  however, 
the  wind  lulled,  or  entirely  ceased,  while 
the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents.  The 
mist  or  fog  seemed  mostly  to  ascend  as  it 
passed  over  the  high  lands  on  the  main 
land,  and  assumed  the  appearance  4>of 
douds,  while  portions  remained,  in  low 
and  wet  localities,  above  the  forest-trees, 
— ^presenting  altogether  a  most  magnifi- 
cent appearance.  The  rain-storm  and 
doud  effect,  after  continuing  some  two 
hours,  as  suddenly  ceased,  followed  by  a 
splendid  rainbow, — ^being  the  harbinger 
of  a  pleasant  evening  and  cahn  weather 
for  a  time. 

Mackenzie,  who  wrote  in  1789,  relates 
a  very  similar  phenomenon,  which  oc-, 
curred  at  Grand  Portage,  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  for  which  no  obvious  cause  could 
be  assigned.  He  says :  "  The  water  with- 
dsew,  leaving  the  ground  dry  which  had 
never  before  been  visible,  the  fall  being 
equal  to  four  perpendicukur  feet,  and  rush- 
ing back  with  great .  velocity  above  the 
common  mark.  It  continued  thus  rising 
Mid  falling  for  several  hours,  gradually 


decreasing  until  it  stopped  at  its  usual 
height" 

To  the  mariner  these  sudden  stoMus 
and  fluctuations,  accompanied  by  fog,  are 
attended  with  much  danger,  more  partic- 
ularly if  near  the  land,  when  the  sun  and 
all  objects  in  sight  suddenly  disappear  as 
if  in  darkest  night,  the  terrific  noise  of 
tiie  waves  and  wind  alone  being  heard. 
When  followed  by  snow  the  danger  is 
still  more  increased,  firequently  causing 
the  most  disastrous  shipwredca.  In  this 
high  latitude  a  perfect  calm  seldom  contin- 
ues but  for  a  short  time ;  the  wind  will  oc- 
casionally lull,  when  fitfhl  gusts  disturb 
the  waters,  to  be  fdlowed  by  a  breeze 
or  storm  from  some  quarter  of  the  compasa. 

On  examining  the  meteorological  record 
kept  at  Fort  Mackinac,  about  100  miles 
distant  in  a  southeast  direction  from  Grand 
Island,  it  was  found  that  the  thermome- 
ter ranged  at  78^  Fahrenheit  at  2  p.  x. 
on  the  above  day;  the  windHbeing  from 
the  south.  At  7  p.  Ii.  a  heavy  rain  and 
thunder  storm  commenced,  which  lasted 
two  hours,  the  same  as  on  Lake  Superior, 
terminating  witli  a  gorgeous  sunset  vie^ 
exceeded  only  by  the  magnificent  aurora, 
which  frequently  illuminates  the  n<vthem 
heavens  in  this  high  latitude,  or  the  beau- 
tiful mirage  of  mid-day,  which  reflects 
with  remarkable  distinctness  the  invisible 
landscape,  and  vessels  floating  on  the  bo- 
som of  this  vast  inland  sea. 

How  far  the  receding  of  the  waters 
had  to  do  with  the  above  ooming  storm, 
must  be  left  to  conjecture  or  further  in- 
vestigatioin-^no  doubt,  however,  it  caused 
a  displacement  of  water  at  some  remote 
parts  of  the  lake,  whidi  was  almost  im- 
mediately felt  at.  other  and  far  distant 
points.  So  with  the  vapory  douds  which 
suddenly  rise  over  Lake  Superior ;  they, 
no  doubt,  being  caused  by  cold  currents 
of  air  from  the  higher  regions  or  north- 
west, passing  over  warmer  portions  along 
the  south  shore,  when  immediately  a  mist 
or  fog  is  created,  which  ascends  in  the 


RSMABXABLB  PHINOMXVA  ON  LAMM  8UPIBI0K. 


117 


fom  of  douds  into  'the  upper  regiooi; 
not,  however,  «fe  flrat  very  far  above  tiie 
bdce  level — ^thus  siving  out  the  odd  in* 
fluence  above  referred  to  as  peculiar  to 
the  south  shore  of  the  lake  when  the 
northwest  winds  prevail:  this  'cold  in- 
fluence being  most  probably  wafted  far  to 
the  east  and  southward,  producing,  no 
doubt,  an  effect  on  the  weaker  alcmg  tiie 
Atlantic  coast  several  hundred  miles  to 
the  southeast  The  northwest  whids 
which  mostly  prevail  in  the  States  of  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  have  a  modified 
character,  similar  to  the  winds  from  the 
same  quarter  passing  over  the  upper 
lakes  of  North  America— affording  a  cod 
and  bradng  influence  on  the  human 
system. 

Another  remarkable  feature  in  the  di- 
mate  of  Lake  Superior,  is  ito  healthy  and 
invigorating  influence  on  residents  and 
invalids  suffering  from  incipient  pulmo- 
nary and  throat  oomplaints--the  sudden 
changes  of  hot  and  cold,  or  wet  weather, 
seem  to  brace  the  constitution,  without 
producing  any  o^er  injurious  effects  than 
rheumatism,  when  too  mud^  exposure  is 
endured. 

While  the  balmy  southern  dime  too 
often  disappoints  the  invalid,  this  north- 
ern dimate,  ite  influence  extending  west- 
ward toward  the  Rocky  Mountains,  seems 
to  give  strength  to  the  respiratory  and 
digestive  organs — thereby  often  effecting 
moat  miraculous  and   permanent  cures, 


without  the  aid  of  skedidno,  othitt  thin 
that  afforded  by  nature — pure  i^  and 
water.  The  intense  colds  of  winter  are 
here  represented  as  being  fkr  more  endu- 
rable than  in  more  southern  latitodel[^ 
along  the  Atlantic  coast,  where  damp 
northeast  storms  prevaiL 

In  Ibater  and  WhUney's  lUport  on  tho 
Geology  of  Lake  Superior,  the  ph^ome- 
na  of  these  fluctaalionB  are  elaborate^' 
discussed;  and,  for  the  most  part,  they 
are  found  to  be  the  jwemonition  of  an  ap- 
proaching gale.  They  remark,  that  the 
earth  may  be  regarded  as  surrounded  by 
two  oceans— one  aerial,  the  other  hquid. 
By  the  laws  which  regulate  two  fluids 
thus  relatively  situated,  a  local  distur- 
bance in  the  one  would  produce  a  corre- 
sponding disturbance  in  the  other. 

Svery  rise  or  ML  of  one-twentieth  of  an 
inch  in  the  mercurial  column,  would  be 
attended  with  an  elevation  or  depression 
in  the  surface  of  the  water  equal  to  one 
inch.  A  sudden  change  of  the  atmos- 
pheric pressure  over  a  lai^  body  of  wa- 
ter would  cause  a  perpendicular  rise  or 
faU,  in  the  manner  of  waves,  greater  than 
the  mere  weight  itself,  which  would  prop- 
agate themselves  in  a  series  of  nnduto- 
tions  trom  the  centre  of  disturbance. 
These  undulations  result  firom  an  unusual 
disturbmoe  of  the  atmosphere  occurring 
around  the  margin  of  the  storm,  and  ito 
effects  are  perceived  before  the  storm  ao 
tually  breaks. 


Rite  and  Fall  of  the  Waters  of  I^ake  Superior. 


From  a  series  of  careflil  observations 
continued  through  a  period  of  eight  years, 
from  1864  to  1862,  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Blaker,  of 
Marquette,  L.  S.,  it  has  been  found  that  the 
annual  rise  and  fall  of  the  surface  of  Lake 
Superior  ranges  between  20  and  28  inches. 
From  the  first  of  May,  when  the  snow 
begins  to  melt  freely,  until  the  first  of 


September,  the  surface  of  the  lake  level 
continues  to  rise  constently,  about  six 
inches  a  month,  until  it  gains,  on  an  aver- 
age, two  feet  by  the  middle  of  August; 
—and  by  the  first  of  September  it  begins 
to  fall,  and  so  continues  through  the  win* 
tor,  until  about  the  middle  of  April  The 
permanent  rise,  however,  was  found  to 


118 


TRIP  TBftOUaa  tHI  ItAKSBi 


hmn  bMn  alxmt  Iwo  imifmjaan  flian  the 
fidl  for  the  first  six  years,  trom  1854 
to  end  of  1859,  thus  xnaking  a  total  rise 
of  some  12  inches  in  the  lake  level  at  the 
latter  period. 

During  the  jesrs  1860  and  1861,  the 
waters  of  Lake  Superior  fell  about  two 
inches  annually,  Boiaking  a  fall  of  four 
indies  since  1859,  at  which  period  they 
were  at  their  highai  point 

During  the  winter  of  1861-'62,  there 
fell  at  Marquette  only  four  feet  and  two 
inches  of  snow,  being  about  one-quarter 
the  usual  amount,— «nd  for  the  spring 
months  of  1862  thorefrli  only  flye  inches 
of  moisture,  being  about  one-half  the  usual 
quantity.  These  well-authenticated  and 
singular  facts,  continued  to  July,  1862, 
show  that  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  at 
Marquette  are  twenty  inchest  lower  than 
they  were  in  1861 — ^thus  showing  an  un- 
usual depression  in  the  waters  of  this  great 
inland  sea. 

When  thesA  interesting  observations 
shall  have  been  extended  over  a  longer 
period  and  at  diflferent  stations,  they  will, 
no  doubt,  solve  the  mystery  whidi  has 
heretofore  invdved  the  annual  and  period- 
ical rise  and  foil  of  these  great  waters  in 
obscurity. 

A  careful  survey  of  the  great  lakes  by 
a  corps  of  engineers  attached  to  the  Topo- 
graphical Bureau  is  now  nearly  comple- 
ted, which  will  give  meteorological  results 
and  tidal  observations  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance to  the  mariner,  agric^turist,  and 
intelligent  traveller. 


Marqaette,  the  county  seat  of  Mar- 
quette county,  and  a  port  of  entry,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  on  the  Bay  of  Marquette, 
m  N.  lat.  46°  32',  W  long.  87°  41'.  The 
harbor  is  safe  and  commodious,  being  fully 
protected  fh>m  all  but  northeast  winds, 
when  vessels  are  obliged  to  anchor  in  the 
bay  for  safety.  The  settlement  of  Mar- 
quette was  commenced  iu  July,  1849,  and 


hioorporaled  as  a  yiDtge  In  Jane,  IMl 
It  now  contains  a  court-house  and  Jafl; 
1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist,  1  Presbyterian, 
1  Baptist,  and  I  Roman  Catholic  church: 
4  public-houseiL  the  Marquette  Bouat  and 
Ttemoni  House  oeing  the  most  flrequented 
by  strangers;  2printing-offlee8;  15  or  20 
stores  and  storehouses;-  besides  a  large 
number  of  machine-shops  of  diflbrent 
kinds.    Popfdation  in  1860,  1,665. 

This  flourishing  town  is  identified  with 
the  iron-ore  beds  in  the  vicinity,  being 
some  12  or  18  miles  distant,  situated  on 
an  elevated  ridge  being  known  as  the 
Iron  Mountatifi.  Here  are  now  three  ore- 
beds  extensively  and*Mprofitably  workdd, 
b^ug  owned  by  the  Jackson  Iron  Com- 
pany, tiie  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Compa- 
ny, and  the  Lake  Superior  Iron  Company; 
each  of  the  above  companies  have  sepa- 
rate docks,  firom  which  tiie  ore  is  shipped 
to  the  Eastern  marlcets.  A  railrMd  ex 
tends  fh>m  Marquette  to  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior mine,  18  miles,  affbrding  ample  means 
for  the  transportation  of  iron  ore  to  the 
place  of  shipment.  The  Pioneer  Iron 
Works,  situated  near  the  Jackson  Iron 
Mountain,  is  a  large  blast  furnace  giving 
employment  to  about  150  workmen.  At 
CoUinsville,  3  miles  from  Marquette,  is 
also  a  blast  furnace  employing  about  100 
hands.  At  Forrestville,  situated  on  Dead 
River,  is  another  blast  furnace. 

The  Nortkem  Iron  Company,  situated  at 
Chooolat,  3  miles  distant  from  Marquette, 
are  new  works  of  an  extensive  character, 
being  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  pig-iron.  In  the  village  are  two  iron 
foundries  fbr  the  manufacture  of  railroad 
car- wheels  and  other  castings. 

The  iron  business  now  gives  employ- 
ment to  above  100  sail-vessols,  besides 
several  propellers.  Steamers  of  a  large 
class,  during  the  season  of  navigation, 
which  usually  lasts  six  months,  arrive  and 
depart  almost  daily  for  Detroit,  Cleveland, 
Miiwaukie,  and  Chicago,  carrying  fi^ight 
and  passengers. 


Bzouanoit  iMun  lamm  sdfbbiob. 


lit 


Cy^  aiiA  Deid  liTtrt  both  flow  into 
Lake  Superior  neAr  Marquette,  on  each 
aide  of  which  there  are  rapids  and  fails  of 
neat  beauty,  affording  good  water-power. 
Chocolate  River  also  flows  into  the  lake 
some  two  or  three  miles  ealt  of  Mar- 
quette, but  through  a  different  geological 
formation. 

The  small  streams  in  tixe^rioinity  abound 
in  speckled  trout,  While  the  lake  is  at  most 
seasons  of  fhe  year  aliye  with  white-flfdi, 
and  the  Mackinac  trout  of  large  dimen- 
sions, weighing  from  6  to  60  lbs.  The 
dimate  of  Marquette  and  itryicinitj  is 
celebrated  for  its  purity  and  healthy  influ- 
ence, being  the  favorite  resort  of  invalids 
and  seekers  of  pleasure. 

NsQAumK  is  a  new  and  thriving  settle- 
ment, situated  on  the  line  of  the  railroad, 
12  milea  (Tpm  Marquette,  and  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  Iron  Mountain. 
Here  is  $k  population  of  about  1,000  souls, 
being  mostly  engaged  in  working  at  the 
inines. 


Trout  Fitliliig, 

Extract  from  a  MABQUsm  Paper  of  July, 
1862. 

"The  chances  for  taking  trout  in  our 
streams  and  lakes  this  season  appear  to 
be  better  than  ever.  Every  day  we  see 
parties  of  our  citizens  or  visitors  starting 
out,  armed  and  equipped  with  all  the  im- 
plements necessary  and  convenient  for  the 
sport,  and  returning  with  satisfied  coun- 
tenances and  &ie  strings  of  *  speckled 
trout.' 

"A  considerable  quantity  have  been  ta- 
ken about  the  rocky  points  that  extend 
into  the  bay  and  Is^e,  while  along  the 
Oarp,  Dead  River  and  smaller  streams, 
the  sportsman  meets  with  excellent  suc- 
cess. 

"  To  those  fond  of  taking  long  fishing 
excursions,  and  enjoying  ttie  luxury  of 
'camping  out,'  this  country  offers  extra 
inducements.    Various  places,  both  above 


nd  below  iui,  on  tbiB  lidtt  ihorp,  whidli 
are  easily  reached  by  sail-boat,  are  fre- 
quented bv  lovers  of  sport,  who  alwaya 
return  with  a  good  supply  of  treat 

"Back  in  the  country  are  the  Esoona#bft 
River  and  Lake  Miohigaumie,  both  of  which 
are  within  a  comfortable  day's  journey 
from  the  terminus  of  the  rauroad.  The 
scenery  around  this  lake  and  along  the 
river  is  delightfril,  jprhich,  with  the  abun- 
dance of  fish  to  be  taken  there,  well  repay 4 
the  trouble  of  the  excursion." 


Bay 


de   IVoqnet    and 
quette  Railroad. 


niar^i 


This  road  was  commenced  in  1863,  ai 
a  private  company,  by  the  late  Herman 
B.  Ely  and  his  associates,  and  chartered 
in  1866,  under  the  title  of  the  Iron  Maun- 
tain  Railroad;  finished  in  1867  to  the 
Lake  Superior  Iron  Mine,  17  miles  distant 
from  Murquette ;  passing  the  Jackson  Mvm^ 
14  miles,  and  the  Clevekmd  Mine,  16  miles. 
In  1869  it  was  consolidated  with  the  Bar 
de  Noquet  and  Marquette  Railroad,  whUm 
will  be  extended  to  the  head  of  Little  Bay 
de  Noquet,  situated  on  the  north  end  of 
Green  Bay,  a  total  distance>of  70  miles. 
When  finished  it  will  form  a  direct  route, 
by  means  of  railroad  and  steamers,  to  all 
the  ports  on  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Michi- 
gan. This  road  has  a  land  grant  from 
government  of  six  sections  of  timbered 
land  for  every  mile  constructed,  amount- 
ing to  420  sections  of  640  acres  each,  or 
268,800  acres,  valued  at  $672,000. 

This  is  a  well-constructed  road  as  tit 
as  finisheci  having  an  ascending  grade 
for  twelve  miles,  overcoming  an  elevation 
of  860  feet  before  reaching  the  Iron  Mines, 
thus  facilitating  the  transportation  of  iron 
ore  to  the  port  of  shipment,  where  exten* 
sive  piers  are  constructed  for  loading  of 
vessels  engaged  in  this  growing  and  im- 
portant tn^e.  The  amount  carried  over 
the  road  in  I860,  averaged  about  1,600 


120 


TUP  TBROUOH  TBI  LAUS. 


toni  daQj,  during  tht  Maaon  of  nayigap 
tlon.  It  has  at  the  prasead  tima  (1862)  in 
use  four  flrst-daaa  looomotivea  and  360 
freight-^8,  with  a  oarryiug  papaoity  of 
2,600  tons  a  day. 

On  leaving  Marquette  the  ooast  tends 
north-westward,  passing  Frtaque  Jek  and 
other  bold  headlands,  the  ooast  here  pre- 
senting a  rooky,  iron-bound  appearanoe 
for  mai^  miles,  wit#high  hills  in  the 
distance,  being  eleyated  from  800  to  1,000 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 

Gbanitb  Island,  15  miles  north  of 
Marquette,  is  passed  on  the  right,  haying 
on  one  side  two  yertical  walls  of  trap,  20 
feet  high  and  12  apart,  forming  a  secure 
boat  harbor.  On  the  mainland  opposite 
is  seen  Qranite  Poini^  rising  from  120  to 
130  feet.  Due  North  froni  tlie  above 
island  lies  StationTa  Rocky  a  most  danger- 
ous projection  discovered  by  Captain 
Stanard  in  1836,  while  in  the  employ  of 
the  American  Fur  Gompany,  sailing  the 
Bohooner  John  Jacob  Astor.  The  rock 
may  be  seen  on  the  direct  route  of  steam- 
ers ttom  Marquette  to  Manitou  Island  or 
Copper  Harbor. 

The  Huron  Isles,  lying  about  20  miles 
east  of  Portage  Entry,  numbering  five  or 
six  rocky  islands  or  islets,  form  a  most 
picturesque  group,  covered  in  part  with  a 
stunted  growth  of  trees. 

HuBON  Bay  and  Point  Abbeys  are 
next  passed,  and  the  upward  bound  steam- 
er enters  a  large  expanse  of  water  called 
L'Anoe,  or  Keweenaw  Bay,  extending  far 
inland. 

'L'Anob  is  an  exoellent  harbor  where  is 
a  small  settlement,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Keweenaw  Bay.  A  short  distance  north 
are  located  a  Roman  Catholic  and  Metho- 
dist mission-house  and  church.  The  Cath- 
olic being  on  the  west  shore  of  the  Bay, 
and  the  Methodist  on  the  east,  both  are 
surrounded  by  Indian  tribes  and  settle- 
ments. This  locality,  at  no  distant  day, 
must  become  an  important  point,  being 


Ikyonblj  situated  between  the  iran  «nd 
mpper  regions  of  lakt  Superior. 

PoBTAOB  Emtby,  70  miles  above  Mtr^ 
quette,  is  an  important  port  of  entry,  here 
being  the  mouth  of  the  outlet  to  Portage 
Lake,  wh<lk«  stands  a  light-house  to  guiot 
the  mariner. 

The  land  here  is  low  and  the  shore  un- 
interesting, e^^pt  being  lined  with  va- 
riegated sandstone,  worked  into  almofet 
every  variety  of  shape  by  t^e  action  of 
water. 

The  Bntry  and  Lnki  is  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  sheet  of  water,  extending  to 
within  half  a  mile  of  the  entire  breadth 
of  the  peninsula  of  Keweenaw  Pmnt,  in 
the  county  of  Houghton.  It  receives  a 
number  of  small  streams,  dnoning  the 
rich  copper  region  of  Lake  Superior.  No 
portion  of  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior exceeds  this  lake  and  its  vicinity  as 
a  resort  for  invalids. 

In  the  immediate  vidnity  of  the  lake 
are  found  rich  deposits  of  copper,  yield- 
ing great  returns  to  the  miner  and  capi- 
talist 

HouoHTON,  the  county  seat  of  Hough- 
ton county,  Michigan,  and  a  port  of  entry, 
is  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Portage 
Lake,  14  miles  IVom  Portage  Entry,  where 
its  waters  commingle  with  Lake  Superior. 
The  harbor  is  land-locked,  beiij|f  pro- 
tected by  high  hills  on  both  sides.  The 
settlement  of  Houghton  was  commenced 
in  1854,  and  incorporated  as  a  village  in 
1861.  It  now  contains  a  court-house  and 
jail;  1  Episcopal,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Bo- 
man  Catholic  church;  5  public-houses, 
the  Do/ugUut  House  being  a  large  and 
well-kept  hotel;  10  stores,  and  several 
warehouses ;  2  steam  saw-mills,  2  brew- 
eries, and  2  large  stamp-mills  using  steam 
power.  The  population  of  the  town  is 
estimated  at  3,000,  being  mostly  engaged 
in  mining  operations,  while  the  general 
trade  and  lumbering  afford  profitable  em- 
ployment to  those  engaged  in  the  latter 
pursuits.    This  new  and  flourishing  town, 


IXOUBUOV  ABOUVD  LAK>  8UP1M0S. 


ISl 


lying  on  a  M^-hill  rfariiig  800  or  400  tteit, 
ig  identified  with  the  copper  mines  in  its 
immedU^  tioinity.  There  ue  seyeral 
mines  worked  to  a  large  extent,  besides 
others  of  less  note  which  will,  no  doubt, 
soon  be  rendered  productive.  The  min- 
eral range  of  Keweenaw  Point,  some  4 
to  6  miles  in  width,  extends  tlurough  aU 
this  section  of  countnr,  being- as  yet  only 
partially  explored.  The  Isle  Royal,  Hu- 
ron, and  Portage,  are  the  principal  mines 
worked  on  the  south,  side  of  the  lake. 

PoRTAOB  Lake  is  an  irregular  body  of 
water  ahovA  20  miles  in  length,  extend- 
ing nearly  across  Keweenaw  Point  to 
within  2  miles  of  Lake  Superior.  Steam- 
ers and  sail-yessels  drawing  12  feet  can 
pass  through  Portage  Entry,  and  navi- 
gate the  lake  with  safety.  This  body  of 
water  was  an  old  and  favorite  thorough- 
fare for  the  Indians,  and  the  Jesuit  Fa- 
thers who  first  discovered  and  explored 
this  section  of  country.  A  canal  of  two 
miles  in  length  would  render  this  portage 
route  navigable  for  steamers  and  ssol- 
vessels  navigating  Lake  Superior,  there- 
by reducing  the  distance  over  100  miles. 
During  the  winter  months  the  atmosphere 
is  very  dear  and  transparent  in  the  vi- 
cinity  of  Houghton,  and  all  through  Ke- 
weenaw Point ;  objects  can  be  seen  at  a 
great  distance  of  a  dear  day,  while  sounds 
are  conveyed  distinctly  through  the  at- 
mospliere,  presenting  a  phenomenon  pe- 
culiar to  all  northern  latitudes.  This  is 
tlie  season  of  health  and  pleasure  to  the 
permanent  residents. 

Hanoock,  Houghton  county,  Michi- 
gan, is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Port- 
age Lake,  opposite  to  the  village  of  Hough- 
ton, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  steam 
ferry.  The  town  was  first  laid  out  hi 
1858,  and  now  contains  about  4,000  in- 
•habitants,  including  the  mining  popula- 
tion on  ihe  north  side  of  the  lake ;  its 
sudden  rise  and  prosperity  bemg  identi- 
fied with  the  rich  deposit  of  native  copper, 
in  which  this  section  of  country  abounds. 


The  I.  .  of  the  Tillage  ii  on  a  aide-ldll 
rising  from  the  Idee  level  to  a  height  of 
about  500  feet,  Wner^  the  opening  to  the 
mines  is  situated.  Here  is  1  Congrega 
tional,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Oatholic 
diurch;  3  public-houses,  the  Maaon  JbuH 
being  a  well-kept  hotel;  a  number  of 
stores  and  warehouses,  1  steam  saw-mil], 
I  barrel-factory,  1  foundry  and  machine- 
shop,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments; also,  in  the  vicinity  are  4  exten- 
sive steam  stamping-mills  worked  by  Uie 
different  mining  companies.  The  Portage 
Lak§  SmeUing  Works  is  an  incorporated 
company,  turning  out  annudly  a  large 
amount  of  pure  merchantable  copper. 
The  business  of  the  company  consists  of 
fusing  and  converting  the  mineral  into 
refin^  metal  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  Quincy,  Hancock,  Pewabic,  •  and 
Franklin  mines  are  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  the  lake,  on  elevated  ground,  being 
now  in  active  operation,  giving  employ- 
ment to  about  1,800  operatives.  The  suc- 
cessful working  of  these  mines  by  means 
of  improved  ms^chinery,  in  connection  mth 
the  smelting  works,  will,  no  doubt,  give 
profitable  employment  to  thousands  of 
miners  and  laborers,  thereby  rendering 
this  locality  the  great  copper  mart  of  this 
region,  the  pure  metal  being  shipped  to 
the  Eastern  market  during  the  season  of 
navigation. 

Kbwkenaw  Point  *  is  a  large  extent 
of  land  jutting  out  into  Lake  Superior, 
from  10  to  25  miles  wide  and  about  60 
miles  in  length.  This  section  of  country 
for  upward  of  100  miles,  running  from 
southwest  to  northeast,  abounds  in  silver 

*  **  On  many  maps  spelled  Kitwetwaitoona,  and 
otherwise,  rronounced  by  our  Indians,  *  Ki-wi« 
wai-non-ing/  now  written  and  pronounced  as 
above ;  meaning  a  portage,  or  place  where  a  port- 
age is  madfr— the  whole  distance  of  some  eljrtity 
or  ninety  miles  around  the  Point  being  saved  bv 
entering  Portage  Lake  and  following  up  a  Binall 
stream,  leaving  a  portage  of  only  about  a  half 
mile  to  Lake  Superior  on  the  other  side."— Aw- 
ter  and  WhitMi^'t  Report. 


188 


TilP  TBmOUOH  Ttm  LAKM. 


iad  e6Mr  oni,  fkMig  teuMnM  qnan- 
kities  or  th«  tottsr ;  uraqh  of  it  Mng  pure 
nsUve  oopper,  but.  oflen  in  such  liirM 
masses  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible 
to  be  separated  for  the  purpose  of  trans- 
portation.  Masses  weighing  flrom  1,000 
to  5,000  pounds  are  often  sent  forward 
to  the  Eaatem  markets.  The  geological 
formation  is  rery  interesting,  producing 
■pecimens  of  jrare  beauty  and  much  Talue. 

MAMnou  Island  lies  off  Keweenaw 
Point,  on  which  is  a  light-houSe  to  guide 
the  mariner  to  and  from  Oopper  Harbor. 
The  island  is  about  7  miles  in  lengtl»and 
Ibur  wide. 

OOPPKB  Habbob,  Mich.,  is  situated  near 
the  ettreme  end  of  Keweenaw  Point,  in 
N.  lat.  470  80',  W.  long.  88«  00';  the  har- 
bor, allj^ough  somewhat  diflBoult  to  enter, 
is  one  of  the  best  on  Lalcll  Superior,  being 
distant  260  miles  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie. 
The  settlement  contains  about  200  inhabi- 
tants, a  churchf  a  hotel,  <uid  two  or  three 
stores.  Ibrt  WtUcina^  formerly  an  IT.  8. 
military  post,  has  been  conyerted  into  a 
hotel,  being  handsomely  situated  on  lake 
I\uiny  Hoe,  about  Yum  a  mile  distant 
firom  the  steamboat  landing.  In  the  Tidn- 
ity  are  oopper  mines  wtSch  have  been 
extensiy^y  worlced,  and  are  well  worthy 
of  a  yisit. 

AoATi  Habbob,  10  miles  west  of  Cop- 
per Harbor,  is  the  name  of  a  small  settle-' 
ment.  This  port  is  not  as  yet  mudi  fre- 
quented by  steamers. 

EagIjB  Habbob,  16  miles  west  of  Oop- 
per Harbor,  is  a  good  steamboat  landing. 
HeM  are  two  diurches,  a  good  public- 
house,  together  with  seyeral  stores  and 
storehouses.  Population  about  700,  be- 
ing mostly  engaged  in  mining.  The 
Oentral,  Copper,  FaUs,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Amygdaloid  are  the  principal  worlcing 
copper  mines. 

Eaolb  Rivsb  Habbob  and  Village,  eight 
miles  further,  are  fayorably  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  stream  of  the  same  name. 
Here  are  two  ohurohes,  a  well-lcept  hotel, 


foiirStorMiiidii«iMl«lolf«lto«Mi  W^ 
ulation  800.  This  is  a  thriying  settlement 
it  being  the  outport  of  the  celebrated 
GliiT,  or  Pittsburgh  and  Boston,  and  other 
mines.  The  copper  found  in  this  yicinity 
is  of  the  purest  quality,  where  is  found 
silver  in  small  Quantities,  some  of  the 
spechnens  being  highly  priced.  Off  this 
harbor  the  lamented  Dr.  Houghton  was 
drowned,  October,  1846,  while  engaf|ed  in 
exploring  this  section  of  oonn^ :  Ke- 
weenaw Point  and  *4i*o>nt  country  be- 
ing very  appropriately  named  Houghton 
County  in  honor  of  his  memory. 

On  the  north  side  of  Keweenaw  Point 
bold  shores  exttrud  to  near  Ontonagon, 
with  high  landis  m.  the  distance,  ibndng 
the  rich  oopper  range  of  this  region.  - 

Ontonaifoii,  Ontonagon  Co.,  Mich., 
386  miles  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  at  the  mouu  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  The  river  is 
about  200  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  wifli  a 
sufficient  depth  of  water  over  the  bur  for 
large  uteamers.  Here  is  being  erected 
an  extensive  pier  and  breakwater.  The 
village  contains  an  Episcopal,  a  Presby- 
terian, and  a  RMnan  Oatholio  church ;  two 
good  hotels,  the  JBigtlow  House  and  John- 
eon  House;  two  steam  saw-mills,  and  ten 
or  twelve  stores  and  storehouses,  and 
about  1,200  inhabitants. 

In  this  vicinity  are  located  the  Minne- 
sota, the  National, .  the  Rockland,  and 
several  other  very  productive  copper 
mines.  The  ore  is  found  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  miles  from  the  landing,  l)eing  im- 
bedded in  a  range  of  high  hills  traversing 
Keweenaw  Point  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  for 
about  100  miles.  Silver  is  here  found  in 
small  quantities,  beautifully  intermixed 
with  the  copper  ore,  which  abounds  in 
great  masses. 

A  good  plank  road  runs  from  Ontona-^ 
g^n  to  near  the  Adventure  Mine,  and 
other   mines,   some  twelve-  or  fourteen 
miles  distant,  where  commences  the  cop* 
per  range  of  hills.    A  small  steamer  also 


izoumoir  AWdvifh  tiMM  twrna/oiu 


IM 


runs  on  Oittonteon  RiTer  to  netr  the 
Minnesota  a&d  National  Minea^  where  ia 
•  flouriahing  lettlement   inhtUted^bj 

minera. 

The  Onkmoffon  River  is  thus  beantiftiUj 
detoribed  by  Bcnmt  Alut,  Baq., 

To  UI0  0iit«iuiv«ii  ftlver. 

Sweet  rlTtr,  <n|  tky  Mywj  tide 

The  eftble  wMilun  do  more  glide; 

Along  toy  wild  and  wooded  uiore 

Tbetr  IclndHng  w«toh-flreB  blue  no  more. 

WhereVr  thoa  roam'st  by  dale  or  hlU 

Thy  bank!  are  silent  now  and  ttill, 

As  if  thy  waves,  sinee  time  began. 

Had  ne^r  been  stained  by  sAvage  malt 

Unlike  the  tide  of  human  time, 

Which  keeps  each  grlei;  retains  eaoh  orlm«^ 

And  deeper,  as  it  downward  Hows, 

Is  stained  with  past  and  present  woea. 

Flow  OB,  thoa  gentle  river.  How 

Throui^  smnmei^s  laln  and  winter  s  snow ; 

May  Indian  war-whoops  no  more  wake 

Thy  echoes,  aa  thoa  seek'st  the  lake, 

Bat  peaoelU  lovers  by  thy  stream 

On  future  J«yi»  and  pleasures  dreaoL 

8*.  AM9m9w, 


PopalMtloi 

■  Of  %tmt9nnmmm 

€#«Btr,  IMM. 

Towns,  AflL 

Males. 

Femalsfc 

Told. 

Algonquin, 
Flint  Steel, 

46 

81 

» 

20 

10 

Greenland, 

lOS 

67) 
67  f 

Sftfl 

Maple  Qroyb, 

67 

0W 

MinneM>ta| 

660 

184 

944 

National, 

946 

90 

836 

Nebra8ka» 

34 

U 

66 

Ontonagon, 

660 

498 

1,148 

Pewabio, 

71 

88 

109 

Rockland, 

187 

96 

282 

Rocldand  Mine, 

206 

47 

263 

Roaendale, 

844 

261 

696 

Superior, 

16 

9 

24 

Webster, 

261 

79 

840 

Williamsburg, 

68 

80 

98 

Total,  4,488 

The  l*OBOUPnri  Mountain,  lying  aome 
15  or  20  mileg  weat  of  Ontonaffon,  is  a  bold 
headland  thi^  can  diatinotlj  be  aeen  at  a 
great  diatance,  rising  somi  1,300  feet  above 
the  lake  aoiiboe. 


liiike  §iiperlor  Copper  Hiililng  Companlei. 


ISTame. 

Advbnturb,* 
Albany  ft  B08T0N,f 
'Amtodaloid,^ 

AZTKO,* 

bohbmian,* 
Caledonia,* 
CabpLakb,* 
GbntralJ; 
Clarke,  "f 
Copper.  Falls,  I 
£aole>  River,^ 

EVERORBBN  BlUVF,* 

FuNT  Stbbl  Rivsb,* 
Franklin,! 
Garden  GirT,§ 


Agent 

ThoB.  W.  Bazzo, 
A.  B.  Wood, 
A.  0.  Davis, 
ThoB.  W.  Buzzo, 
Wm.  E.  Didcenson, 
Mr.  Burgeaa, 

0.  B.  Petrie, 
Wm.  Kirby, 
John  Uaen, 

E.  a  Roberts, 
E.  G.  Roberta, 
J.  H.  Foster, 
O.  W.  Gatiae^ 


President 

G.  G.  Hnsaey, 
Horatio  Bigelow, 
George  L.  Oliver, 
G.  G.  Hussey, 
W.  R.  Griffith, 
T.  F.  Mason, 
Fayette  Brown, 
J.  L.  Mott, 

Horatio  Big^ow, 
A.  W.  Spenoer, 
F.  E.  Eldred, 
Charles  £.  Smith, 
Jerome  Merritt, 
John  M.  Wilson, 


OfSee. 

Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Philadelphia. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
New  York. 
New  Yorlc. 
Cleveland,  Ohio. 
New  York. 
Paris,  Franoe. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Boston,  Mass. 

New  York. 
Bostra,  Masa. 
Chicago,  Hi 


1S4 


HiiroooXtf 

HlLVOV,* 
HUBON,f 
iBUi  ROTAUff 
IXDUNA, 

Kkowlton,* 
Mavhattan, 

MANDAN,f 
MlSNABDif 
MlOHIQAN,^ 
lilKMBSOTA,* 

National,* 
Norwich,* 

OOIMA,* 

Pbtusbiok,^ 

PlNM8TLVANU4 
PaWABIO,f 

PmsBCBaH  k  BoeroN 


TBIP  TBmOUOH  TBI  LAKM. 


Jonatlun  Ooz, 
0.  M.  Sanderson, 
— —  Oollom, 
0.  F.  Ssohweiler, 

0.  M .  Sandenon, 
J.  F.  BlAftdr, 
A.  B.  Wood, 
Jacob  Houffhton,  Jr., 
A.  B.  Wood, 
J.  B.  Townaend, 
Wm.  Webb, 
E.  0.  Roberts, 
Wm.  W.  Spalding, 
John  Usen, 
aw.  Hill, 
J.  H.  Foster, 


(CurfX§ 

PH(ENIX,§ 
PONTIA0,f 
POBTAOE,f 
QulNCYjf 

Rockland,* 

Stab,! 
South  Sn»,f 

SUPSBIOB,* 
TmtMONT,* 
TOLTBL,* 
VlOTOBIA,* 


Jam^s  Watson, 
0.  A.  Farwell, 
Jacob  Houghton,  Jr., 
0.  0.  Donglass, 
S.  S:  Robinson, 
J.  B.  Townsend, 
L.  W.  Olarke, 
0.  F.  Esohweiler, 
J.  B.  Townsend, 


HenrjBuzzo^ 


A.Sharflefl; 
T.  F.  Mason, 
Wm.  Haywood, 
T.  H.  Perkins, 
Wm.  Harris, 
W.J.  OordoD, 
R.H.  Riokard, 
George  L.  Oliver, 
Horatio  Bigelow, 
T.  F.  Mason, 
Wm.  Pearssll, 

A  H.  Center, 

Horatio  Bigelow, 
Jos.  G.  Henszey, 
William  Haywood, 

0.  G.  Hussey, 
John  Jackson, 
Horatio  Bigelow, 
Thos.  W.  Lookwood, 
Thomas  F.  Mason, 
Samuel  J;  W.  Barry, 

Thomas  H.  Perkins, 
WiUiam  Hickok, 
Jerome  Merritt, 
L.  W.  Olarke. 
Jerome  Merritt, 


New  York. 
New  York. 
Boston,  Mast. 
Boston,  Mass. 

OlsTeland,  Ohia 
New  York. 
Philadolpbia> 
Boston,  Masiw 
New  York. 
New  York. 
Pittsburgh,  F%, 
New  York. 

Boston,  Mass. 
Philadelphia. 
Boston,  Ml 


«• 


Pittsburffh,  Pa. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Detroit,  Mich. 
New  York. 
New  York.    ' ' 
Boston,  Mass. 
Boston,  Mass. 
New  York. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Boston,  Mass. 


OUTPOBTS. 


The 
the  I 
usua 
cratl 
W 
and 


*'Ontonagon»  f  Portage  Lake.    (  Eagle  Harbor.    §  Eagle  River.   ^  (Topper  Harbor. 


La  Pointb,  11  miles  west  of  Ontonagon, 
situated  on  the  south  end  of  Madeline 
Island,  the  largest  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  on  Lake 
Superior ;  it  was  first  peopled  by  the 
French  Jesuits  and  traders  in  1680,  being 
420  miles  west  of  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 
which  was  settled  about  the  same  time. 
The  mainland  and  islands  in  this  vicinity 
have  been  tot  many  ages  the  favorite 


abode  of  the  American  Indian,  now  lin- 
gering  and  fading  away  as  the  country  is 
being  opened  and  settled  by  the  white 
race. 

The  village  now  contains  300  inhabi- 
tants, most  of  whom  are  half-breeds  and 
French.  Here  is  an  old  Roman  Gatholio 
church,  and  one  Methodist  church ;  2  ho- 
tels, 2  stores,  and  several  coopering  estab- 
lishments for  the  making  of  fish-barrels. 


IZOUmOV   AROUMD   LAKI  lUPIBIOB. 


195 


per  Harbor. 


Th*  harbor  and  ataaniboat  landing  are  <m 
the  south  end  of  the  island,  where  maj 
uBualij'  be  aeen  flihing-boata  and  other 
cratl  nayigating  this  part  of  Lake  Superior. 

Wheat,  rje,  barley,  oata,  peaa,  potatoes 
and  other  regetablea,  are  raised  in  large 
quantities.  Apples,  cherries,  gooseberries 
and  currents  are  raiaed  in  the  gardens  at 
La  Points.  The  wild  fruits  are  mums,  cran- 
berries, strawberries,  red  raspberries,  and 
whortleberries.  The  prindpai  forest-trees 
on  the  islands  are  maple,  pine,  hemlock, 
birch,  poi^ar,  and  cedar  trees. 

Batfisld,  capitalof  La  Pointe  Go.,  Wis., 
is  favorably  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lake  Superior,  80  miles  east  of 
its  western  terminus,  and  3  miles  west  of 
La  P(tote,  being  80  miles  west  of  Ont<m- 
agon.  The  harbor  is  secure  and  capa- 
cious, being  protected  by  the  Apostle 
Islands,  lying  to  the  northeast  The 
town  plot  rises  flrom  60  to  80  fbet  abore 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  affording  a  splen- 
did view  of  the  b«ty,  the  Sflyacent  islands 
and  headlands.  'Its  commercial  advan- 
tages are  surpassed  by  no  other  point  on 
Lake  Superior,  being  on  the  ^rect  route 
to  St.  Paul,  L  an.,  and  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi. Here  are  situated  a  I^resbyterian, 
a  Methodist,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  church; 
2  hotels,  4  stores,  2  warehouses,  1  steam 
saw-milL  and  several  mechanics'  shops. 
Population  in  1860,  300. 

The  Hudson  and  Ba/yfidd  Railroad,  164 
miles  in  length,  has  been  surveyed  and 
will  most  probably  be  completed  within 
a  few  years,  there  being  a  favorable  land 
grant  conceded  to  the  compuiy.  This 
will  afford  a  speedy  route  to  St.  Paul  and 
other  ports  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

Lk  PoiMTS  Bat,  on  the  west  side  of 
which  is  situated  the  port  of  Bayfield,  is  a 
large  and  safe  body  of  water,  being  pr>> 
tected  from  winds  blowing  from  every 
point  of  the  compass.  The  shores  of  the 
islands  and  mainland  are  bold,  whOe  the 
harbor  affiords  good  andiorage  for  the 
whole  fleet  of  the  lakes. 


rcT'u 


The  Indian  Agtnor  M  the  Okippewn 
tribe  of  Indiana  residing  on  the  borders 
of  Lake  Superior,  hnve  their  headquarters 
at  Bayfield.  The  annual  annuities  are 
usually  paid  in  August  of  eadi  year,  when 
large  numbers  flock  to  the  Agency  to  ob- 
tain their  pay  in  money,  provisions,  and 
clothing. 

AsHLAim,  12  miles  south  of  La  Pointe,  at 
the  head  of  Ohagwamegon  Bay.  is  another 
new  settlement  no  doubt  destined  to  ris« 
to  some  importance,  it  having  a  very  if  ; 
dous  and  secure  harbor. 

Maskbo  RiviB„a  oonsiderabV 
the  outlet  of  several  email  V  .. . 
Lake  Superior  about  16  n?iles  etf^'f: 
land ;  some  10  mUes  farther  easv 
ters  MoimtiAL  Rivbr,  forming 
dary,  in  part,  between  the  Stat., 
igan  and  Wisconsin. 

The  TwBLvn  Apobtlm*  Iblm  consist 
of  the  Madeline,  0«>,  LUie,  Sugar,  Oak, 
Otter,  I  Bear,  Rock,  Oat,  Ironwood,  Outer, 
and  Presque  Isle,  besides  a  few  smaller 
islands,  being  grouped  together  a  short 
distance  off  ue  mainland,  presenting  du- 
ring the  summer  months  a  most  piouresque* 
and  lovely  appearance.  Here  are  to  b9 
seen  day  and  sandstone  cliffs-rising  from 
100  to  200  feet  above  the  waters,  while 
most  of  the  islands  are  dothed  with  a  ridi 
foliage  of  forest-treea. 


Midi- 


Thb  Twelvx  Apostlbs'  Islahds. 

The  following  description  of  theoe  ^x)- 
mantic  islands  is  copied  from  Owen't  Geth 
logical  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  &c. 

"When  tiie  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
assumed  their  present  level,  these  islands 
were  doubtless  a  part  of  the  promontory, 
which  I  have  described  as  occupying  the 
space  between  Ohagwamegon  Bay  and 
Brute  River.  They  are  composed  of 
drift-hiUs  and  red  cUiy,  resting  on  sand- 
,  stone  which  is  occasionally  visible.  In  the 
lapse  of  ages,  the  winds,  waves,  and  car- 


126 


TRIP  TBROUOH  THB  LAKB9. 


rents  of  the  lakes  cut  away  dhannels  in 
the^e  soft  materials,  and  finally  separated 
the  lowest  parts  of  the  promontory  into 
islands,  and  island-rocks,  now  twenty- 
three  in  number,  which  are  true  outliers 
of  the  drift  and  sandstone. 

"  At  a  distance  they  appear  like  main- 
land, with  deep  bays  and  points,  gradually 
becoming  more  elevated  to  the  westward. 
*Ile  au  Chhie,^  or  Oak  Island,  which  is 
next  the  IXicur  (or  midnland),  is  a  pile 
of  detached  drift,  260  or  300  feet  high, 
and  is  the  highest  <^  the  group.  Made- 
IvM,  '  Wau-ga-ba-me'  Island,  is  the  lar- 
gest (on  which  lies  La  Pointe),  being  13 
miles  long,  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
and  has  an  average  of  3  miles  in  breadth. 
"Muk-quaw"or  Bear  Island,  boO.  "£sh- 
quagendeg"  or  (hUer  hlands,  are  about 
equal  in  size,  being  six  ia|les  long  and  ^wo 
and  a  half  wide. 

"  They  embrace  in  all,  an  area  of  about 
400  square  miles,  of  which  one-lialf  is 
water.  The  soil  is  in  some  places  good, 
but  the  m%jor  part  would  be  difficult  to 
dear  and  cultivate.  The  causes  to  which 
■  I  have  referred,  as  giving  rise  to  thickets 
of  evergreens  along  the  coast  of  the  lake, 
operate  here  on  all  sides,  and  have  covered 
ahnost  the  whole  surface  with  cedar, 
birch,  aspen,  hemlock,  and  pine.  There 
are,  however,  patches  of  sugar-tree  land, 
and  natural  meadows. 

"  The  waters  around  the  islands  a£ford 
excellent  white  fish,  trout,  and  siskowit, 
which  do  not  appear  to  diminish  after 
many  years  of  extensive  fishing  for  the 
lower  lake  markets.  For  trout  and  sis- 
.kowit,  which  are  caught  with  a  line  nn 
deep  water,  the  best  ground  of  the 
neighborhood  is  off  Bark  Point  or  '  Point 
Ecorce'  of  the  French.  Speckled  or 
brook  trout  are  also  taken  in  all  the  small 
streams. 

"  That  portion  of  the  soil  of  the  islands 
fit  for  cultivation,  produces  potatoes  and 
all  manner  of  garden  vegetables  and  roots 
in  great  luxuriance.      In  the  flat  wet 


p^rtB,  both  the  soil  and  dimate  ara  fav<ffw 
able  to  grass ;  and  the  crop  is  certain  and 
stout.  Wheat,  oats,  and  barley  do  well 
on  good  soil  when  well  cultivated. 

"In  regard  to  health,  no  portion  of  the 
continent  surpasses  the  Apostle  Islands, 
In  the  summer  months  they  present  to 
the  residents  of  the  South  the  most  oool 
and  delightful  resort  that  can  be  imagined, 
and  for  invalids,  especially  such  as  are 
affected  in  the  lungs  or  liver,  the  uniform 
bracing  atmosphere  of  Lake  Superior  pr(^ 
duces  the  most  surprising  and  benefidal 
effects." 


Healtby  Influence  of  lAk^ 
Superior* 

No  better  evidence  can  be  given  of  the 
healthy  climate  of  the  Lake  Superior  re- 
gion than  the  fbllowing  extracts  from  let- 
ters, written  by  well-known  individuals: 

"Batitbld,  July  28th,  I860. 

^^Dear  Sir: — Perhaps  it  would  be  inter- 
esting to  you  to  state,  in  a  few  words,  the 
happy  effects  that  this  climate  has  prO" 
duoed  for  me. 

"Previous  to  my  coming  here  I  consulted 
with  three  physicians  in  Philadelphia, 
one  in  the  central  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
one  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  one  in 
(Georgetown,  D.  G.  It  was  the  opinion  of 
all  that  conaumption  was  tightening  her 
grasp  upon  me,  and  that  soon  I  would  be 
kid  in  the  grave.  Under  medical  advice 
I  made  use  of  an  inhaling  apparatus,  drank 
cod-liver  oil  and  whiskey,  but  all  without 
any  beneficial  results.  Through  the  ad- 
vice of  friends,  and  in  hopef!  of  savins;  my 
life,  I  came  to  this  place,  June  6th,  l^&l* 
bringing  with  me  three  gallons  of  cod- 
liver  oil  and  three  gallons  of  old  rye 
whiskey.  This  bracing  atnK>sphere  seem- 
ed to  give  me  inmiediate  relief,  and  in  a 
short  time  it  seemed  aa  if  a  heavy  load 


EXCURSION   ABOUND  LANS   BUPXRIOR. 


187 


is  oortftin  and 
r)ey  do  well 
rated. 

tortion  of  the 
oBtle  Islanda 
ij  present  to 
;he  most  cool 
.  be  imagined, 
such  as  are 
',  the  uniform 
Superior  pr(v 
uxd  beneficial 


of  I^iike 


i  gi^en  of  the 
>  Superior  re- 
'acts  from  leV 
individuals : 

28th,  1860. 
ould  be  inter- 
3W  words,  the 
late  has  pro* 

re  I  consulted 

Philadelphia, 

k^ennsylvania, 

and  one  in 
;he  opinion  of 
ghtening  her 
»n  I  would  be 
[ledical  advice 
laratus,  drank 
at  all  without 
rough  the  ad- 
of  savinfl^my 
ine  6th,  lt^57, 
lions  of  cod- 
B  of  old  rye 
>sphere  seem- 
eli^,  and  in  a 

a  heavy  lowi 


was  removed  firom  my  chest  I  used  the 
cod>liver  oil  in  feed  for  young  chickens 
and  greasing  my  boots,  and  gave  the 
most  of  the  whiskey  away.  I  am  now 
(three  yuars  after  my  arrival  here)  enjoy- 
ing excellent  heUth. 

'  Respectfully  youra, . 

"J.H.N." 


«< 


Bronchial,  or  Thboat  Disiasb. 

Rev.  W L resided  in  Malone, 

Franklin  county.  New  York,  during  the 
year  1860,  where  he  first  was  troubled  by 
the  bronchial  disease^  which  led  to  bleed- 
ing of  the  throat.  From  Malone  he  re- 
moved to  Fairfield  county,  Connecticut,  in 
1852,  near  Long  Island  Sound,  where  the 
disease  increased  in  yiruleuce,a8suming  an 
alarming  character.  In  1856  he  removed 
to  Syracuse,  New  York,  where  he  con- 
tracted a  remittent  fever,  without  being 
benefited -in  regard  to  his  throat  disease. 
In  1858  he  visited  Europe  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  without  his  throat  disease 
being  benefited,  although  he  improved 
in  general  health.  In  August,  1859,  he 
removed  to  Eagle  River,  Michigan,  situ- 
ated on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  he  gradually  improved  in  health ; 
but  on  moving  a  few  mileei  in  the  interior, 
near  one  of  the  copper  mines,  his  health 
rapidly  improved,  and  a  permanent  cure 
was  effiBcted,  as  he  supposes,  by  pure  and 
bracing  air — ^for  which  this  whole  section 
of  country  is  justly  celebrated. 

Dated  on  board  steamer  NOBTH  Stab, 
July,  1860. 

On  proceeding  from  La  Fointe  tvest- 
ward,  the  steamer  usually  passes  around 
Point  de  Tour,  ten  miles  north,  and  enters 
Fond  du  Lao,  a  noble  bay  situated  at  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior.  It  may  be  said 
to  be  60  miles  long  and  20  mUea  wide, 
aboimding  in  good  fishmg-groonda. 


.  Snnerlor,  or  Supibior  iOrt,  DoagUm 
county,  Wisconsin,  is  most  advantagedns- 
ly  situated  on  a  hay  (^  Superior,  at  the 
west  end  of  the  lake,  near  the  mouth  of 
St.  Louis  River.  Here  are  a  church,  two 
hotels,  and  ten  or  fifteen  stores  and  store- 
houses, and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  A 
small  river,  called  the  Nemac^  rumi 
through  Superior,  and  enters  mto  St. 
Louis  Bay.  Perhaps  no  place  on  Lake 
Superior  has  commercial  advantages  equal 
to  this  town ;  its  future  is  magnified  al-; 
most  beyond  conception.  The  St  Grom 
and  Superior  Railroad  is  proposed  to  ter- 
minate at  this  place,  eztehdinjf  south- 
ward to  Hudson,  on  the  St  Crpiz  River, 
about  140  miles.  Another  railroad  is  pro- 
posed to  extend  westward  to  the  Sa  k 
Rapids,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi,  either 
from  this  place  or  Portland,  Minn. 

DI8TAN0>B  FSOM  TOND  DV  LAO  TO  91.  PAVL,  mHH. 

Fond  dv  Lao  (St.  Louis  Biver) Miles. 

Pokageow.  (Poriagt) 76 

FaluSt.Cboix  (Canoe) 40   US 

Marine  Mills,  (<8K«amdoa<) 19    184 

8tlllw%ter.  "  It    146 

St.  Paul  (.Sto^e). 1^    168 

Distance  from  Supbbiob  C^ty  to  St. 
Cloud  (Sauk  RapidsX  by  proposed  rail- 
road route,  120  miles.  St.  Cloud  to  St. 
Paul^  76  miles.    Total,  196  miles. 

mSTANOaS  FBOMBVPBBIOB  OITTTO  PBMAlirA,  lOini. 

SuPKBioB Milea. 

Cbow  WiKO 80 

Otter  Tail  Lalte 70  150 

Rice  River , 74  224 

Sand  Hills  River...             70  294 

Grand  Furk  (Bed  Biver) ^0  884 

Pbmbina BO  4l4 

From  St  Paol  to  Pembina,  «ia  Crow  Wing,  464  m. 

Fond  du  Lao,  St.  Louis  county,  Minn.,  is 
situated  on  St  Louis  River,  20  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Superior.  Vessels 
of  a  large  class  ascend  to  this  place,  being 
within  four  miles  of  tlie  St.  Louis  Falls, 
having  a  descent  of  about  60  feet,  afibrd- 
ing  an  immense  water-power.  Here  are 
sandstone  and  slate  quanies,  Ihnn  which 


128 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES. 


Btone  and  date  are  quarried,  and  ezten- 
sively  used  for  buildihg  purposes.  Iron 
and  copper  ore  abound  in  the  yicinity. 
These  advantages  bid  fair  to  make  this 
point  a  mart  of  commerce  and  manufac- 
ture. 

St.  Lonib  River,  flowing  into  the  S.  W. 
end  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large  and  im- 
portant stream,  and  is  navigable  for  steam- 
ers and  lake  craft  for  upward  of  20  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Above  the  falls  (where 
the  water  has  a  descent  of  60  feet^  pre- 
senting a  beautiful  appearance),  the  river 
is  navigsible  for  canoes  and  small  craft  for 
about  80  miles  farther.  This  river  is  the 
recipient  of  the  waters  of  several  small 
lakes  lying  almost  due  north  of  its  outlet, 
its  head  waters  flowing  soi^th  from  near 
Bainy  Lake. 

Portland,  St.  Louis  county,  Minn.,  ad- 
vantageously situated  at  tne  extreme  west 
end  of  Lake  Superior,  seven  miles  N.  W. 
from  Superior  City,  is  a  place  of  growing 
importance,  where  is  a  good  steamboat 
landing,  with  bold  shore..  This  is  the  cap- 
ital of  the  county,  and  bids  fair  to  be  a 
successful  competitor  with  Superior  City 
for  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Great  West 
and  Pacific  coast.  Along  the  shore  of  the 
lake  northward  are  to  be  seen  bold  sandy 
blufifs  and  highlands,  supposed  to  be  rich 
in  mineral  wealth. 

BBLLViLLfi,  Minn.,  is  a  new  settlement, 
situated  on  the  lake  shore,  4  or  5  miles 
north  of  Portland. 

Clifton,  St.  Louis  Co.,  Minn.,  situated  11 
miles  N.  E.  of  the  head  of  Lake  Superior, 
is  a  new  settlement.  In  the  vicinity  are 
rich  cqpper  mines  and  good  farming  lands. 

Buchanan  is  another  new  settlement, 
situated  northeast  of  Clifton,  possessing 
similar  advantages. 

Burlington  is  a  new  settlement,  situ- 
ated near  Agate  Bay. 

Encampment  is  the  name  of  a  river, 
island,  and  village,  where  is  a  good  har- 
bor, the  mouth  of  the  river  being  pro- 
tected by  the  island.    On  the  river,  near 


its  entrance  into  the  lake,  «re  follB  aflbrd- 
ing  fine  water-power.  Cliff's  of  green- 
stone are  to  be  seen,  rising  from  200  to 
300  feet  above  the  water's  edge,  presenting 
a  handsome  appearance.  To  the  north  of 
Encumpment,  fdong  the  lake  shore,  abound 
porphyry  and  greenstone.  This  locality 
is  noted  fbr  a  g^eat  agitation  of  the  mag- 
netic needle ;  the  depth  of  water  in  Uie 
vicinity  is  too  great  for  vessels  to  anchor; 
the  shores  being  remarkably  bold,  and  in 
some  places  rising  firom  800  to  1,000  feet 
above  the  water. 

Hiawatha  is  another  new  settlement^ 
situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
))erior,  where  are  found  copper  ore  and 
other  valuable  minerals,  precious  stones, 
etc. 

Beaver  Bay,  on  the  N.  W.  lake  shore, 
at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  River,  affbrds  a 
good  harbor,  where  is  a  small  settlement 

Grand  Portage,  Minn.,  advantageously 
situated  on  a  secure  bay,  near  the  mouth 
of  Pigeon  River,  is  an  old  station  of  the 
American  Fur  Company.  Here  are  a  Ro* 
man  Catholic  Mission,  a  block-house,  and 
some  12  or  16  dwellings.  Mountains  from 
800  to  1,000  feet  are  here  seen  rising  ab- 
ruptly from  the  water's  edge,  presenting 
a  bold  and  sublime  appearance.  - 

PiGXON  Bat  and  River  fbrms  the  north- 
west boundary  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  or  the  Hudson  Bay  Compsr 
ny's  territory.  Pigeon  River  is  but  a 
second-class  stream,  and  by  its  junction 
with  Arrow  River  continues  the  boundary 
through  Rainy  Lake  and  River  to  the  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  where  the  49th  degree  of 
north  latitude  is  reached.  The  mouth  of 
Pigeon  River  is  about  48  degrees  north 
latitude,  and  89  degrees  30  minutes  we;^ 
from  &reenwich. 

Along  the  whole  west  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  frozu  Si.  Louis  River  to  Pigeon 
River,  are  alteii.ations  of  metamorphosed 
schists  and  sandstone,  with  volcanic  grits 
and  other  imbedded  traps  and  porphyry, 
with  elevations  rising  from  800  to  1,200 


EXCURSION  AROUND   LAKE   SUPERIOR. 


129 


I  faDsaflbrd- 
3  of  green- 
from  200  to 
e,  presenting 
he  north  of 
liore,  abound 
?hi8  locality 
of  the  mag- 
nrater  in  the 
is  to  anchor; 
bold,  and  in 

0  1,000  feet 

settlement, 
>f  LakeSu- 
)er  ore  and 
uous  atones, 

.  lake  shore, 
er,  affords  a 

1  settlement 
rantageously 
ir  the  mouth 
»tion  of  the 
re  are  a  Ro* 
c-house,  and 
untains  from 
m  rising  ab- 
I,  presenting 
e. 

IS  the  north- 
United  States 
Bay  GompAr 
er  is  but  a 
its  junction 
le  boundary 
'  to  the  Lake 
h  degree  of 
le  mouth  of 
grees  north 
inutes  wes* 

ore  of  Lake 
jr  to  Pigeon 
amorphosed 
olcanic  grits 
i  porphyry, 
)00  to  1,200 


feet  above  the  lake,  often  presenting  a 
grand  appearance. 

ISLB  Roy  ALB,  Houghton  Co.,  Mich.,  be- 
ing about  45  miles  in  length  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W.,  and  from  8  to  12  miles  in  width, 
is  a  rich  and  important  island,  abounding 
in  copper  ore  and  other  minerals,  and 
also  precious  stones.  The  principal  har- 
bor and  only  settlement  is  on  Siskowit 
Bay,  being  on  the  east  shore  of  the  island, 
about  50  miles  distant  from  Eagle  Harbor, 
on  the  main  shore  of  Michig^. 

The  other  harbors,  are— >Wa8hington 
Harbor  on  the  southwest,  Todd's  Harbor 
on  the  west,  and  Rock  Harbor  and  Chip- 
pewa Harbor  on  the  northeast  part  of 
the  island.  In  some  places  on  the  west 
are  perptindicular  cliffs  of  green-stone, 
very  bold,  rising  from  the  water's  edge, 
wliile  on  the  eastern  shore  conglomerate 
rock  or  coarse  sandstone  abounds,  with 
occasional  stony  beach.  On  this  coast 
are  many  islets  and  rocks  of  sandstone, 
rendering  navigation  somewhat  danger- 
ous. Gtood  fishing-grounds  abound  all 
nround  this  island,  which  will,  no  doubt, 
before  many  years,  become  a  favorite 
summer  resort  for  the  invalid  and  sports- 
man, as  well  as  the  scientific  tourist 

Siskowit  Lake  is  a  considerable  body 
of  water  lying  near  the  centre  of  the 
island,  which  apparently  has  no  outlet. 
Other  small  lakes  and  picturesque  inlets 
and  bays  abound  in  tdl  parts  of  the 
island.  Hills,  rising  from  300  to  400 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake,  exist 
in  many  localities  throughout  the  island, 
whio   is  indented  by  bays  and  inlets. 


If  orttaern  Shore  of  I^ake  Sn- 
perlor. 

EmtAOT  from  Report  on  the  Geology  of  the 
Lake  Superior  Comiryy  by  Foster  and 
Whitnbt: 

NoRTnERN    Shore.  —  "Beginning    at 
Pigeon  Bay,  the  boundary  between  the 
9 


United  States  and  the  British  Possessions 
(north  latitude  48^),  we  find  the  eilstem 
portion  of  the  peninsula  abounds  with 
bold  rocky  diffs,  oonsisting  of  trap  and 
red  granite. 

"The  Falls  of  Pigeon  River,  eighty  or 
ninety  feet  in  height,  are  occasioned  by  a 
trap  dyke  which  cuts  through  a  series  of 
slate  rocks  highly  indurated,  and  very 
similar  in  mineralogical  characters  to  the 
old  graywacke  group.  Trap  dykes  and 
interlaminated  masses  of  traps  were  ob- 
served in  the  slate  near  the  fidls. 

"  The  base  of  nearly  all  the  ridges  and 
cliffs  between  Pigeon  River  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam ^ituated  at  the  mouth  of  Kammiste- 
quoi  River,  the  western  boundary  of  Up- 
per Canada)  is  made  up  of  these  slates, 
and  the  overlaying  trap.  Some  of  the  low 
islands  exhibit  only  the  gray  grits  and 
slates.  Welcome  Islands,  in  Thunder  Bay, 
displi^  no  traps,  although,  in  the  distance, 
they  resemble  igneous  products,  the  joints 
being  more  obvious  than  the  planes  of 
stratification,  thus  giving  a  rude  semi- 
columnar  aspect  to  t^e  oMs. 

"At  Prince's  Bay,  and  also  along  the. 
chun  of  Islands  which  lines  the  coast,  in- 
cluding Spu,  Victoria^  and  Pie  islands,  tiie 
slates  with  the  crowning  traps  are  admira* 
bly  displayed.  At  the  British  and  North 
American  Company's  works  the  slates  are 
traversed  by  a  heavy  vein  ci  oalcHspar 
and  amethystine  quartz,  jrielding  gn,j  sul- 
phuret  and  pyritous  copper  and  galena. 
From  the  vein  where  it  cuts  the  overlay- 
ing trap  on  the  main  shore,  considerable 
silver  has  been  extracted. 

"At  Thunder  Cape,  the  slates  form  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  headlands  on  the 
whole  coast  of  liske  Supeqpr.  They  are 
made  up  of  variously  colored  beds,  sud* 
as  compose  the  upper  group  of  Ur.  Logan, 
and  repose  in  a  nearly  horizontal  position. 
These  detrital  rocks  attain  a  thickness  of 
nearly  a  thousand  feet,  and  are  crowned 
with  a  sheet  of  trappeam  rocks  three  hun- 
dred feet  in  thiekncss.  , 


180 


TRIP  THaOUOH  THB   LAKES. 


"At  L*Anse  4  Is  BouteUle  (opposite 
the  Slate  Islands,  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Superior)  the  slates  reappear,  with 
fhe  granite  protruding  through  them,  and 
occupy  the  ooPitt  for  fifteen  miles:  numer- 
ous dykes  of  greenstone,  bearing  east  and 
west,  are  seen  cutting  the  rocks  vertically. 
The  Slate  Islands  form  a  part  of  this  group, 
and  derive  their  name  A*om  their  geologi- 
cal structure. 

"They  are  next  seen,  according  to  Mr. 
Lt^an,  for  about  seven  miles  on  each  side 
of  the  Old  Pick  River.  Near  Otterhead  a 
gueissoidal  rock  forms  the  coast,  which 
presents  a  remarkably  regular  set  of  dtrata 
in  which  the  constituents  of  sienite  arc 
arranged  in  thin  sheets  and  in  a  tiighly 
crystalline  condition.  From  this  point  to 
the  Michipiooten  River  the  slates  and 
granite  occupy  alternate  reaches,  along 
the  coast,  for  the  distance  iof  fifty  miles. 
*  With  the  exception  of  a  few  square  miles 
of  the  upper  trap  of  gargantua,  these  two 
rocks  appear  to  hold  the  coast  all  the  way 
to  the  vicinity  of  Pointe  aux  Mines,  at  the 
extremity  of  which  they  separate  from  the 
Bhote,  maintaining  a  nearly  straight  south- 
easterly line  across  the  BatchewanungBay, 
leaving  the  trap  of  Mamainse  between  them 
and  the  lake.  Thence  they  reach  the  north- 
em  part  of  Goulais  Bay,  and  finally  attain 
the  p>romontory  of  Gros  Cap,  where  they 
constitute  a  moderately  bold  range  of 
hills,  running  eastwardly  towud  Lake 
Huron.'  "* 


Ftsli«lii««  of  l<ake  Superior. 

Good  fishing^grounds  occur  all  along 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  afford- 
ing a  bountiful  supply  of  white-fish,  Mack- 
inac troUl^  and  many  other  species  of  the 
finny  tribe.  On  the  south  shore  there 
are  fisheries  at  White^Pish  Point,  Grand 

«  Canadian  Report,  1846-'4T. 


Island,  near  the  Pkstured  Rocks,  Kewee- 
naw Point,  La  Pointe,  and  Apostles' 
Islands,  and  at  different  stations  on  Isle 
Boyale,  where  large  quantities  are  taken 
and  exported;  but  there  are  no  reliable 
statistics  as  to  the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed or  the  number  of  barrels  exported. 
Between  the  head  of  Keweenaw  Point 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Ontonagr^n  River, 
considerable  quantities  of  fish  are  taken, 
for  which  there  in  a  ready  market  at  the 
mining  stations.  In  addition  to  the  white 
fish  ajd  Mackinac  trout,  the  siskowit  is 
occasionally  taker  Its  favorite  resort, 
however,  is  the  deep  water  in  the  vicinity 
ot  Isle  Royale. 

Lake  Superior  Troct-Fishino  in  Win- 
ter.— T'le  Lake  Superior  Journal  says: 

"  Angling  thx-ough  the  ice  to  a  depth  of 
thirty  fathoms  cf  water  is  a  novel  mode 
of  fishing  somewhat  peculiar  to  this  pecu- 
liar region  of  the  world.  It  in  carrying 
the  war  into  fishdom  with  a  vengeance, 
and  is  denounced,  no  doubt,  in  the  com- 
munities on  the  bottom  of  these  northern 
lakes  as  a  scaly  piece  of  warfare.  The 
large  and  splendid  salmon-trout  of  these 
waters  have  no  peace;  in  the  summer 
they  are  enticed  into  the  d^jceitful  meshes 
of  the  gill-net,  and  in  the  winter.  When 
they  hide  themselves  in  the  deep  caverns 
of  the  lakes,  with  fifty  fathoms  of  water 
above  their  heads,  and  a  defence  of  ice 
two  or  three  feet  in  thickness  on  the  top 
of  that,  they  are  tempted  to  d«Htruction 
by  the  fatal  hook. 

"  L%rge  numbers  of  these  trout  are 
caught  every  winter  in  this  way  on  Lake 
Superior;  the  Indian,  always  skilled  in 
the  fishing  business,  knows  exactly  where 
to  find  them  and  how  to  kill  them.  The 
whites  make  excursions  out  on  the  lake 
in  pleasant  weather  to  enjoy  this  sport. 
There  is  a  fovorite  resort  for  both  fish  and 
fishermen  near  Gros  Gi^,  at  the  entrance 
of  Lake  Superior,  through  the  roeky  gate- 
way between  Gros  Cap  and  Pomt  Iroquois, 
about  18  nules  above  the  Saut,  and  many 


XZOURSIOir   ABOUVD  Lin   BVPKRIOR. 


181 


Kewee* 

lipOBtW 

on  Isle 
re  taken 

reliable 
men  em- 
)xported. 
w  Point 
a  Biver, 
re  taken, 
et  at  the 
ibe  white 
skowit  is 
e  reiiort, 
B  vicinity 

}  IN  WlN- 

l  says: 

depth  of 
»yel  mode 
this  pecu- 

carrying 

engeance, 

the  com- 

northern 
are.  The 
I  of  these 
I  summer 
al  meshes 
tei,  when 
caverns 

of  water 
ice  of  ice 

<a  the  top 

mtruction 


ft  krge  trout,  at  this  point,  is  pulled  up 
lErom  its  warm  bed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
lake,  in  winter,  and  made  to  bite  the  cold 
ice  in  this  upper  world.  To  see  one  of 
these  fine  fish,  four  or  five  feet  in  length, 
and  weighing  half  as  much  as  a  man, 
floundering  on  vhe  snow  and  ice,  weltering 
and  ftvezing  to  death  in  its  own  blood, 
oftentimes  moves  the  heart  of  the  fisher- 
man to  expressions  of  pity. 

"The  nwdtu  operandi  in  this  Vind  of 
great  trout-fishing  is  novel  in  the  extreme, 
and  could  a  strang<^r  to  the  b'isiness  over- 
look at  a  distance  *^a  party  engaged  in  the 
sport,  he  would  certainly  think  they  were 
mad,  or  each  one  makinq;  foot-races  against 
time.  A  hole  is  made  through  the  ice, 
smooth  and  round,  and  the  fisherman  drops 
down  his  large  hook,  baited  with  a  small 
herring,  pork,  or  other  meat,  and  when  he 
ascertains  the  right  depth,  he  waits — ^with 
fisherman's  luck — some  time  for  a  bite, 
which  in  this  case  is  a  pull  all  tc^ther,  for 
the  fisherman  throws  the  line  over  ius 
shoulder,  and  walks  from  the  hole  at  the 
top  of  his  speed  till  the  fish  bounds  out 
on  the  ice.  We  have  known  of  as  many 
as  fifty  of  these  splendid  trout  caught  in 
this  way  by  a  single  fisherman  in  a  single 
day :  it  is  thus  a  great  source  of  pleasure 
and  a  va  suable  resource  of  food,  especially 
in  Lent,  »nd  the  most  scrupulous  anti-pork 
believerr  might  here  'down  pork  tad  up 
fish*  w) '  :out  any  offence  to  consdenoe." 


lilvt  of   Tesselt  Eiost  In  the 
Eiake  Superior  Trade* 

Since  the  discovery  of  copper  in  the 
Upper  Peninsula,  in  1846,  and  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Lake  Superior  steamer 
and  vessel  trade,  many  craft  engaged  in 
the  trade  have  been  lost.  Previous  to 
the  discovery  of  copper,  there  was  no 
other  trade  but  that  in  fUrs,  and  one  of 
the  fur-trading    vessels   was   lost— the 


John  Jaoolb  Astor.    Tfe  Iwre  oQiiiiplltd 

the  fdlowing  table,  which  will  be  found 
of  interest  to  those  connected  with  the 
Lake  Superior  copper  trade: — 


Nmb«  «r  VmmI  kit  VslM. 

Schooner  Merchant. ..... KOOO 

Propeller  Ooltath 18,800 

Steamer  Ben  Franklin..  .lfi,OUO 

Propeller  Montieello 80,000 

Schooner  Biakowit 1,000 

Propeller  Independence..  18,000 

Steamer  Albanj 80,000 

Propeller  Peninsula 18,000 

Steamer  E.  K.  Oollina. .  .100,000 

Steamer  Baltimore 16,000 

Steamer  Superior lfi,000 

Propeller B.  L.  Wehb.... 60,000 
Propeller  Cl^  orSnperiorUM,000 
"  i^ana 


Propeller  Inc 


8,000 


ValuOaifih 
$i,000 
18,000 

i,000 

10,080 

600 

18,000 

2,600 
18,000 

1,600 

4,000 
10.000 
16,000 
86,000 

8,600 


Tmt. 

184T 
184T 
1860 
1861 

•  •  •  • 

1868 

1868 
1864 
1864 
186S 
1868 
1868 
186T 
1868 


$8<&000   $1«\000 
— makinf  a  grand  total  of  #481,000i 

Smce  the  above  Table  was  compfladthe 
following  losses  have  occurred  in  the 
Lake  Superior  trade : 

Steamer  Arctic,  wrecked  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, June,  1860. 

Steamer  Gazdle^  wrecked  oa  Lake  Su- 
perior, 1860. 

Steamer  El^  lost  on  Lake  Michigan, 
September  7,  1860. 

Steamer  North  Sttt>,  burnt  «t  Clevelaad, 
February,  1862. 

The  loss  of  life  by  the  aoddents  given 
above  is,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained, 
as  follows : — 

Schocmer  Merchant 18 

Propeller  Independe^ioe 3 

Steamer  B.  K.  CoUins 20 

Steamer  Superiw 64 

Steamer  Lady  Elgin 360 


Total. 


.445 


There  have  been  numerous  losses  of  ^ 
freight  by  jettisons  and  otherwise,  that 
are  not  induded  in  the  taUe  we  have 
given, — and,  what  is  rather  singular,  al- 
most the  whole  of  the  jettisons  and  lossei 
of  hulls  and  cargoes  have  occurred  while 
the  vessels  have  been  upward  bound. 
Detroit  AdverUseTk 


182 


TRIP  TBBOUOH  THB  LAKES. 


The  liakes— liand  of  the  Free. 

OolambU^B  shores  are  wild  and  wide, 

Columbians  LakM  are  ffrand, 
And  rudely  planted  side  Djr  sidei, 

Her  forests  meet  the  eye; 
But  narrow  must  those  shores  be  made, 

And  low  Columbia's  hills, 
And  low  her  ancient  forests  laid, 

EnJ^'esdom  leaves  her  fields; 
For  'tis  the  land  where,  rude  and  wild, 
Bhe  played  her  gambols  when  a  child. 

And  deep  and  wide  her  streams  that  flow 

Impetuous  to  the  tide, 
And  thick  and  green  the  laurels  grow 

On  every  river  side ; 
But  should  a  trans- Atlantic  host 

Pollute  our  waters  fair, 
We'll  meet  them  on  the  rocky  coast, 

And  gather  laurels  there ; 
For  O,  Columbia's  sons  are  brave, 
And  free  as  ocean's  wildest  wave. 

The  gale  that  waves  her  mountain  pine 

Is  fragrant  and  serene. 
And  never  briehter  sun  did  shine 

Than  lights  ner  valleys  gre<ln ; 
But  putrid  must  those  oreezes  blow. 

The  sun  must  set  in  gore, 
Ere  footsteps  of  a  foreign  foe 

Iniprint Columbia's  snore; 
For  O,  her  sons  are  brave  and  fre«, 
Their  breasts  beat  high  with  Liberty. 


The  I^aiid  of  Eioke  and 
River. 

Composed  by  Dr.  Laycock,  of  Woodstock, 
C.  W.—A.  Canadian  Sono. 

The  Land  of  Lake,  Siver,  and  Forest  wide, 
Where  Niagara  plunges  in  splendor  and  pride 
O'er  the  trembling  cliffs  her  precipitous  tide; 
Know  ye  the  landf 
^Tis  a  glorious  land  t 
And  the  land  is  our  own  dear  home 


The  land  which  nor  Arts  nor  Industry  graeed, 
Wheire  the  bountifbl  seasons  ran  all  to  waste, 
Till  the  Briton  the  Bavage  and  Sluggard  di»> 
pUced; 

Know  ye  the  land,  dcei 

The  land  where  the  Saxon,  the  OanL  and  the 

Celt, 
The  first  glow  of  patriot  brotherhood  felt, 
And  forgetting  old  feuds  in  amity  dwelt;  i 

Know  ye  the  land,  dec 

The  land  unpollntedjby  Despot  or  Slave, 
Where  Justice  is  done  on  the  Dastard  and  Knave, 
Where  nonor  is  paid  to  the  Wise  and  the  Brave: 
Know  ye  the  land,  «ka 

The  land  where  the  Teaeher  is  honored  and 

sought ; 
Where  the  Sohoola  are  all  busy,  the  children  all 

taught ; 
Where  the  TMnker,  unfettered,  can  utter  his 

thought; 

Know  ye  the  land,  AiO, 

The  land  where  the  Farmsr  is  Lord  of  the  Boil, 
V  Where  the  Toiler  himself  reaps  the  fruit  of  his 

toil, 
Where  none  hfts  a  TVtle  his  neighbor  to  spoil; 
Know  ye  the  land,  A>e. 

The  land  where  the  ChrMian  can  openly  prav. 
As  Scripture  and  Conscience  may  show  him  tAe 

way. 
Fearless  of  clerical  tyrant  or  lay; 

Know  ye  the  land,  Ae. 

The  land  which,  the  older  and  stronger  it  grew, 
To  Law  and  to  Loyalty  still  kept  more  tme, 
Botii  to  FHne*  and  to  PtopU  according  tibeir 
due; 

Know  ye  the  land? 
'TIS  a  glorious  land! 
And  the  land  is  our  own  dear  home  I 


>  wuto, 
gwd  du- 


ilf  nd  tb« 

felt, 
relt;  i 

(0. 


uid  Knsre, 
iheBnTv: 
fcc 

>hored  and 
childrenill 
m  utter  hit 


1  of  th«  Boil, 
fruit  of  hit 

T  to  spoil; 
Aio. 


tpenlrprftT, 
low  nim  tao 


kger  it  grew, 
^ore  true, 
^rding  their 

It 

(dl 

lomel 


Trip  along  the  North  Shore  of  l4ike  Snperlor^ 

Madb  on  Boabo  TBI  Canadian  Stsambs  Plouohbot,  August,  1860. 


On  leaving  the  mouth  of  the  Ship  Canaij 
above  the  Rapids  at  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  a 
beautiful  stretch  of  the  river  is  passed 
and  Waiska  Bay  entered,  which  is  a  small 
expanse  of  water  extending  westward  to 
Point  IroqwiSf  on  the  south  shore,  15  miles 
distant.  Immediately  opposite  rises  Gbos 
Cap,  on  the  Canada  side,  being  about  four 
miles  asunder.  This  bold  headland  con* 
sists  of  hills  of  porphyry  rising  from  600 
to  700  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 
"  Gros  Cap  is  a  name  given  by  the  vaya- 
geurs  to  almost  innumerable  projecting 
headlands;  but  in  this  case  appropriate- 
since  it  is  the  conspicuous  feature  at  the 
entrance  of  the  lake." 

North  of  Oros  Gap  lies  GtoULAis  Bat, 
and  GouLAis  Point,  another  bold  high- 
land which  is  seen  in  the  distance.  Gm- 
laa  River  enters  the  bay,  affbrding,  in 
connection  with  the  a4Jaoent  waters,  good 
fishing-gfrounds;  the  brook  Qr  speckled 
trout  t^ing  mostly  taken  in  the  river. 
Here  is  a  large  Indian  settlement  of  the 
Chippewa  tribe.  The  whole  north  shore, 
as  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer,  pre- 
sents a  bold  and  gprand  appearance,  while 
in  the  distance,  westwwi,  may  be  seen 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior. 

Taquahbnon  Bat  is  next  entered,  whidi 
is  about  25  miles  long  and  as  many  broad, 
terminating  at  Whitt-Fah  Pointy  40  miles 
above  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Pabisibn  Island 
is  passed  30  nules  from  the  Saut,  lying 
near  the  middle  of  the  above  bay,  being 
attached  to  Canada. 

Sandt  Islands,  lying  off  BtOcheewauO' 
ung  Bay,  form,  with  others,  a  handsome 
group  of  islands,  where  are  good  fishing- 
grounds,  being  distant  from  the  Saut  Ste. 
Ifarie  abcut  35  miles. 

Mamainsb  Point  {LiUU  Sturgeon)^  op- 
posite White-Fish  Point,  is  another  bold 
headland,  where  is  a  fishing  station  and  a 


few  dwellings.  The  Montreal  Company*! 
copper  mine  is  located  near  this  point,  46 
mues  north  of  the  Saut,  where  is  a  small 
settlement  of  miners.  Here  is  a-good  har- 
bor, the  land  rising  abruptly  to  the  height 
of  300  feet,  presenting  a  rugged  appear- 
ance. Some  12  or  15  mUes  north  are  lo- 
cated, on  MiOA  Bat,  the  Quebec  Copper 
Mining  Company's  Works,  at  present  almn- 
doned,  owing  to  their  being  found  unpro- 
ductive. StUl  farther  nortt^  skirting  Lake 
Superior,  is  to  be  found  a  vast  Mineral  Re- 
giont  as  yet  only  partially  explored. 

MoNTBEAL  Island,  and  Rivbr,  20  miles 
north  of  Mamainse,  afford  good  fishing- 
grounds.  Here  is  a  harbor  exposed  to  the 
west  winds  from  off  the  lake,  which  can 
safely  be  approached  when  the  winds  aro 
not  boisterous. 

LizABD  Island  amd  Leach  Island,  some 
10  miles  farther  northward,  are  next  pass- 
ed, lying  contiguous  to  the  mainland. 

Capb  Gaboantua,  40  miles  north  of 
Msmainse,  is  a  bold  headland.  On  the 
south  side  is  a  harbor  protected  by  a  small 
island.  From  this  cape  to  the  island  of 
Michipiooten  the  distance  is  about  30  miles. 

MiOHiPiooTBN  Habbob,  and  Rivbb,  110 
miles  north  of  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  situated 
in  N.  lat.  47?  56',  W.  long.  85o  06',  affords 
a  safe  anchorage,  being  surrounded  by 
high  hills.  "BBTe  is  established  a  Roman 
Catholic  mission,  and  an  important  Hud- 
son Bay  Cotaipany's  post,  from  whence 
diverges  the  river  and  portage  route  to 
James's  Bay,  some  350  miles  distant .  The 
shore  of  the  Lake  here  tends  westward 
toward  Otter  Head,  about  50  miles  distant, 
presenting  a  bold  and  rugged  appearance. 
This  post,  no  doubt,  is  destined  to  become 
a  place  of  resort  as  weU  as  a  commercial 
dep6t,  firom  whence  is  now  distributed  the 
merchandise  belonging  to  the  above  gigan- 
tic company — Shaving  exclusive  sway  over 


134 


TRIP  THROnOB  TBS  LAKI8. 


■n  immenm  region  of  ooimtrj,  extending 
northward  to  the  arotio  regions,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

MioHiPiooTiN  Island  (the  Island  of 
Knoba  or  HilU),  65  miles  from  Mamainse 
Point  in  a  direct  oourse,  running  in  a 
northwest  direction,  lies  about  40  miles 
wefft  '>f  Miphipicoten  Harbor.  This  island, 
15  miles  in  length  and  6  miles  wide,  maj 
be  called  the  gem  of  Lake  Superior,  pre- 
senting a  most  beautiAil  appearance  as 
approached  firom  the  southward,  where  a 
few  picturesque  islands  may  be  seen  near 
the  entrance  to  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbor,  which  can  be  entered  during  all 
winds.  Nature  seems  to  have  adapted 
this  island  as  a  place  of  resort  for  the 
seekers  of  health  and  pleasure.  Within 
the  baj  or  harbor  a  beautiAil  cluster  of 
islands  adorns  its  entrance,  where  may  be 
found  agates  and  other  precious  stones: 
while  inland  is  a  most  charming  body  of 
water,  surrounded  by  wooded  hills  rising 
from  300  to  500  feet  above  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior.  The  shores  of  the  idand 
abound  with  greenstone  and  amygdaloid, 
while  copper  and  silyer  mines  are  raid  to 
exist  in  the  interior,  of  gpreat  value,  al- 
though, as  yet,  but  partially  explored. 
The  fisheries  here  are  also  vi^uable,  tiflbrd- 
ing  profitable  employment  to  the  hardy 
Airman  of  this  region.  As  yet,  but  one 
single  shanty  is  erected  on  the  shores  of 
this  romantic  island,  where,  sooner  or  later, 
will  flock  the  weaUthy  and  beautiM  in 
search  o(  health  and  recreation,  such  as 
are  afforded  by  pure  air,  boating,  fish- 
ing, and  hunting. 

The  flish  mostly  taken  in  this  part  of 
the  lake  are  white-fish,  siskowit,  Macki- 
nac trout,  and  speckled  irout,  the  former 
being  taken  by  g^-nets. 

On  the  mainland  are  found  the  carabou, 
a  large  specios  of  deer,  befU's,  foxes,  otters, 
beavers,  martins,  rabbits,  partridges,  pig- 
eons, and  other  wild  game.  The  barberry, 
red  raspberry,  and  whortleberry  are  also 
found  in  different  localities. 


Oarh^ou  Iblahd,  lying  about  35  miles 
south  of  Michipicoten,  near  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  is  a  small  body  of  land  attached 
to  Canada.  It  is  usually  passed  in  sight 
when  the  ateamers  are  on  their  route  to 
Fort  William. 

Oma  Bat,  26  miles  north  of  Michipi- 
coten, is  a  beautiAiI  and  secure  body  of 
water,  being  protected  by  an  island  at  its 
entrance.  Here  is  a  tvild  and  rugged  seo- 
tion  of  country,  abounding  in  game  of  tlM 
fur-bearing  species. 

Other  bays  and  islands  are  found  alonff 
the  north  shore  beyond  Otter  Head,  toward 
Pic  River  and  Island,  and  said  to  be  of 
great  beauty,  the  whole  coast  being  bold 
and  rugged  as  seen  from  the  water.  At 
the  mouth  of  the  Pic  is  situated  a  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  Post. 

Slati  Islands  are  a  duster  of  great 
interest,  where  is  to  be  found  a  large  and 
secure  harbor,  lying  north  of  the  principal 
island  of  the  group.  To  the  north,  on 
the  mainland,  are  numerous  bays  and  in- 
lets affording  safe  harbor.  As  yet,  the 
wild  savage  of  the  north  alone  inhabits 
tbissection  of  Canada  West,  whichnodoubt 
is  rich  in  minerals  of  different  kinds.  The 
Hudson  Bay  Company's  vessels  now  af- 
ford the  only  means  of  visiting  this  inter- 
es^g  region,  which  can  alone  be  brought 
into  notice  and  settled  by  the  discovery  of 
copper  or  silver  mines  of  value  sufficient  to 
induce  oapitalists  to  organize  Mining  Com- 
panies. 


Goppm 


Bboion  of  Lakb 
North  Shori. 


Superior— 


€f  Oi 


See  WhUney'ii  MetaUic   WeaUh 
United  States,  Phila.,  1854. 

The  North  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  ia 
supposed  to  be  very  rich  in  mineral  pro- 
ductions, although  as  yet  but  partially 
explored.  The  "Montreal  Mhiing Com- 
pany" have  a  mine  which  is  now  being 


VOBTH  tHOMB  OF  LAKl  SITPBRIOS. 


185 


worked  to  %  limited  extent  tX  IfAmainse 
Point,  affovding  tf^y  sulphuret  of  oopper 
of  a  ricli  quality,  f  lie  "  Quebec  and  Like 
Superior  Mining  Aseociation"  oouimenced 
operation  in  1846  at  Mica  Bay,  a  few 
miles  nortli  of  Mamainae,  on  a  vein  said 
to  be  rich  in  gray  sulpliuret  of  oopper.  An 
adit  waa  driven  200  feet,  three  ahalts 
Bunk,  and  the  10>fathonir  level  oommen- 
ced.  After  apending  $30^000  it  was  dis- 
covered that  the  mines  were  unproduc- 
tive, and  the  works  wec«  abandoned. 

A  number  of  localities  were  explored, 
and  worked  to  some  extent  on  Mkihipico- 
ten  Island  and  on  the  mainland  to  the 
northward,  but  they  are  now  nearly  all 
abandoned.  A  surveying  party,  however, 
are  now  (1860)  engaged  in  exploring 
tbe  north  shore  of  hake  Superior,  under 
the  authority  of  the  I^vindal  Parliament, 
in  order  to  be  able  to  report  in  regard  to 
the  mineral  reg^n. 

The  northwest  borders  of  the  lake,  and 
in  particular  the  lalandof  St  Ignaoe,  Black 
Bay,  Thunder  G^pe,  Pie  Island,  and  the 
vicinity  of  Prince's  Bay  are  supposed  to 
be  rich  in  both  copper  and  silver.  Splen- 
did cryst^izations  of  amethystine  quartz 
and  ^alc  spar  have  been  obtained  on  Spar 
IsUnd,  near  Prince's  Bay,  and  at  other 
localities. 


FoBT  WiLUAM,  an  important  Hwlson 
Bay  Company's  Post,  is  advantageously 
situated  at  the  mou<^  of  the  Kaministi- 
quia  Biver,  in  north  latitude  48  degrees 
23  minutes,  west  longitude  80  degrees  27 
minutes.  Here  is  a  convenient  wharf 
and  safe  harbor,  the  bar  off  the  mouth  of 
the  river  affording  7  or  8  feet  of  water, 
which  can  easily  be  increased  by  dredg- 
ing. The  Oompany's  buildings  consist  of 
a  spacious  dwelling-house,  a  store,  and  3 
storehouses,  besides  some  10  or  12  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  the  attadUa 
and  servants  in  the  employ  of  the  above 
gigantic  company.    The  land  is  cleared 


for  a  considerable  distance  on  bott  sides 
of  the  river,  presenting  a  thrifty  and  fer* 
tile  appearance.  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, potatoes,  and  most  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles are  here  raised  in  abundance ;  also^ 
grass  and  clover  of  di&rent  kinds.  The 
early  frosts  are  the  Peat  hindrance  to 
this  whole  section  of  country,  which  ia 
rich  in  minerals,  timber,  fUrs,  and  fish: 
altogether  producing  a  great  source  of 
weakn  to  the  above  company.  Pine, 
spruce,  hemlock,  cypress,  and  balsam 
trees  are  oommon,  also  white  birch,  sugar- 
maple,  elm,  and  ash,  together  with  some 
haidy  fruit-bearing  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  Boman  Catholic  Jfiwum,  situated 
2  mUes  above  the  company's  post,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  an  interest- 
ing locality.  Here  is  a  Roman  Oatholio 
church  and  some  50  or  60  houses,  being 
mostly  inhabited  by  half-breeds  and  oiv^ 
lized  Indians,  numbering  about  300  souls. 
The  good  influence  of  tiie  Roman  Gathdie 
priests,  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
are  generally  admitted' by  all  unprejildioed 
visitors — the  poor  and  often  degraded  In- 
dian being  instnicted  in  agric^ture  and 
industrial  pursuits,  tending  to  elevate  the 
human  species  in  every  dime. 

M^Kay^s  Mountain,  lying  3  miles  west 
of  Fort  William,  near  the  Roman  Oatholio 
Mission,  presents  an  abrupt  and  grand 
appearaiice  Arom  the  water,  being  devated 
1,000  feet.  Far  inland  are  seen  other 
high  ranges  of  hills  and  mountains,  pre- 
sentmg  fdtogether,  in  connection  with  the 
iduxds,  a  most  interesting  and  sul^me 
view. 

Kamdiistiquia,  or  "Oah-mahncUekwai- 
ahk"  River,  signifying  in  the  Ohippewa 
language  the,  ^*ptaee  where  there  are  numy 
cwrents,**  empties  ite  waters  into  Thun- 
der Bay.  This  beautiful  stream  aflforda 
navigation  for  about  12  miles,  when  rap- 
ids are  encountered  by  the  ascending  voy- 
ageur.  S<Mne  30  miles  above  its  mouth  is 
a  fiall  of  about  200  feet  perpendicular  de- 
scent 


186 


TRIP  THROUGH  TUB   LAKES. 


Truhsib  Bat  presents  a  large  expanse 
of  water,  being  about  26  miloH  in  length 
and  fVom  10  to  15  miles  wide,  into  which 
flows  several  srnaU  streams,  abounding  in 
apeokled  trout.  Thunder  Cape,  on  the 
east,  is  a  most  remu'kable  and  bold  high- 
land, being  elevSed  1,360  feet  above 
Lake  Superior.  It  rises  in  some  places 
almost  perpendicular,  presenting  a  basal- 
tie  appearance,  having  on  its  summit  an 
extinct  volcano.  From  the  elevated  por- 
tions of  this  cape  a  grand  and  imposing 
yiew  is  obtained  of  surrounding  moun- 
tains, headlands,  and  islands— overlook- 
ing Isle  Royaie  to  the  south,  and  the  north 
ahore  from  McKay's  Mountain  to  the 
mouth  of  Pigeon  River,  near  Grand  Port- 
age, Minnesota. 

Pie  Island,  in  the  Indian  dialect  called 
^^Mdhkeneeng^*  or  Tortoise,  botmding  Thun- 
der Bay  on  the  soutii,  is  about  8  mues  long 
and  6  miles  inf .,  and  presents  a  most 
singpilar  appearance,  being  elevated  at 
one  point  850  feet  above  the  lake.  This 
bold  eminence  is  shaped  like  an  enormous 
slouched  h/it,  or  inverted  pie,  gpiving  name 
to  the  island  by  the  French  or  English 
explorers,  while  the  Indians  gave  it  the 
name  of  tortoise  from  its  singular  shape. 
This  elevated  point  is  basaltic,  rising  per- 
pendicular near  the  top,  like  the  Palisades 
of  the  Hudson  Biver. 

Thunder  Bay,  and  its  vicinity,  has  long 
been  the  favorite  residence  of  Indian  tribes 
who  now  roam  over  this  vast  section  of 
country,  firom  Lake  Superior  to  Hudson 
Bay  on  tb.a  north.  The  mountain  peaks 
they  look  upon  with  awe  and  veneration, 
often  ascribing  some  fabulous  legend  to 
prominent  localitieB.  A  learned  Mission- 
ary, in  describing  this  interesting  portion 
of  Lake  Superior  and  its  inhabitants,  re- 
marked, that  "  the  old  Indians  were  of  the 
opinion     that   thuntkr  clouds    are  large 

XLtic  birds,  having  their  nests  on  high 
or  mountains,  and  who  made  them- 
selves heard  and  seen  very  far  off.  The 
head  they  described  as  resembling  that  of 


a  huge  eagle,  having  on  one  side  a  wing 
and  one  paw,  on  the  other  side  an  arm 
and  one  foot.  The  lightning  is  suppcfwd 
to  issue  from  the  extremity  of  the  beak 
through  the  paw,  with  which  they  launch 
it  forth  in  fiery  darts  over  the  surrounding 
country." 

Black  Bay,  lying  east  of  Thunder  Oape, 
is  46  miles  long,  and  from  six  to  eight 
miles  wide,  being  encompassed  on  both 
sides  by  high  and  lofty  hills.  Towards  the 
north  are  two  peaked  eminences  termed 
the  Afamelona  or  Paps,  from  their  lingular 
formation,  resembling  a  female's  breast, 
when  seen  at  a  distance. 

Neepigon  Bay  is  another  romantio  sheet 
of  water,  containing  a  number  of  beautiful 
wooded  islands.  It  is  about  forty  miles 
long  and  fifteon  miles  wide,  being  mostly 
surrounded  oj  high  and  rocky  eminences. 
Here  the  explorer,  hunter,  and  angler  may 
alike  enjoy  themselves  with  the  wonders 
of  the  surrounding  scene.  Copper,  silver, 
lead,  and  precious  stones  are  here  to  be 
found  in  abundance  on  the  islands  and  the 
mainland;  while  there  is  no  end  to  the 
game  and  fish  of  this  region. 

The  Island  of  St  Ignace,  lying  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large 
and  important  body  of  land,  being  rich  in 
minerals  and  precious  stones.  It  is  about 
17  miles  long  and  six  miles  wide;  the 
hills  rising  to  1,300  feet  in  some  places, 
giving  it  a  wild  and  romantio  appearance 
from  the  water.  Here  are  five  small 
lakes,  all  being  connected,  and  the  outlet 
forming  a  beautiful  stream,  with  rapids 
and  faUs.  Large  quantities  of  brook  trout 
make  these  lakes  and  streams  their  favor- 
ite resort,  they  being  but  frequently  visit- 
ed except  by  the  trapper  and  miner. 
Copper,  silver,  and  lead  are  said  to  be 
found  on  this  island  in  large  quantities,  as 
well  as  on  other  islands  in  its  vicinity. 
The  whole  archipelago  and  mainland  here 
afford  good  and  safe  harbors ;  the  Canada 
side  of  the  lakes  being  greatly  favored 
in  this  respect. 


METAQE  &OUTB  FBOX  LAKE  STTPEEIOE  tO  LAKE 

WIHBIPEO, 

StaBTINO  VBOM  FOBT  WiLLLUf,  0.  W. 


Eaministaquoiah  Rivbb,  emptying  into 
Thunder  Bay  of  Lake  Superior,  forms  the 
west  boundary  of  Canada  proper ;  to  the 
north  and  west  lies  the  extensive  region 
or  country  known  as  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company^a  TerrHory.  Here  commences 
the  great  Portage  Road  to  Rainy  Lake, 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  the  Red  River 
settlement;  alsa  to  Lake  Winuipe^,  Nor- 
way House,  ana  York  Factory,  situated 
on  Hudson  Bay.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Kam- 
hiistaquoiah  stands  Fort  William.  "The 
banks  of  the  river  average  in  height  flrom 
eight  to  twenty  feet;  the  soil  is  alluvial 
and  very  rich.  The  vegetation  aU  alon^ 
its  banks  is  remarkably  thrifty  and  luxun* 
ant  in  its  appearance.  The  land  is  well 
timbered;  there  are  found  in  graat  abun- 
dance, the  fir-tree,  birch,  tamarack,  poplar, 
elm,  and  t}^e  spruce,  There  is  also  white 
pine,  but  not  in  great  plenty.  Wild  hops 
and  peas  are  found  in  abundance,  and 
some  bushes  and  othef  flowering  •shrubs, 
in  many  places  cover  fhe  banks  down 
to  the  very  margin  of  the  river,  adorning 
them  with  beauty,  and  often  filling  the 
air  vrith  fragrance.  The  land  on  this  river 
up  to  the  Mountain  Pwtage  (32  miles), 
and  for  a  long  wf  back,  is  unsurpassed 
in  richness  and  beauty  by  any  lands  in 
British  America." 

The  MountoMi  JFbU,  situated  cnx  this 
stream,  is  thus  described:  "We  had  great 
difficulty  in  finding  it  at  first,  but,  guided 
by  its  thundering  roar,  through  such  a 
thicket  <^  brush,  thorns  and  briars,  as  I 
never  before  thought  of,  we  reached  the 
spot  from  whence  it  was  visible.  The 
whole  river  plunged  in  one  broad  white 
sheet,  through  a  space  not  more  than  fifty 
feet  wide,  and  over  a  precipice  higher,  by 
many  feet,  than  the  Niagara  Falls.  The 
concave  sheet  comes  together  about  three- 


fourths  of  the  way  to  the  bottom,  from 
whence  the  spray  springs  high  into  the 
air,  bedewing  and  whitening  the  precipi- 
tous and  wiUl  looking  crags  with  which 
the  fall  is  composed,  and  ok>thing  with 
drapery  of  foam  the  gloomy  pines,  that 
hang  about  the  clefts  and  fissures  of  the 
rocks.  The  falls  and  the  whde  surround- 
ing scenery,  for  sublimity,  wildnesa,  and 
novel  grandeur,  exceeds  any  thing,  of  the 
kind  I  ever  saw." — Rev.  J.  Ryeraon^o  Tour, 

The  danger  of  navigating  these  moun- 
tain streams,  in  a  birdi  canoe,  is  greater 
than  many  would  expect  who  had  never 
witnessed  the  force  of  Uie  current  some- 
times encountered.  Mr.  Ryerson  remarks: 
"  During  the  day  we  passed  a  large  num- 
ber of  strong  and  some  dangerous  rapids. 
Several  times  the  canoe,  in  spite  of  the 
most  strenuous  exertions  of  the  men,  was 
driven  back,  such  was  the  violence  of  the 
currents.  On  one  occasion  such  was  the 
force  of  the  stream,  that  though  four  strong 
men  were  holding  the  rope,  it  was  verench- 
ed  out  of  their  nands  in  an  instant,  and 
we  w  jre  hurled  down  the  ra]Hds  with 
violent  speed.  At  the  mercy  of  tlra  foaming 
waves  and  irresistible  torrent,  until  fortu- 
nately in  safety  we  reached  an  eddy  be- 
bw."    (Set  Engraving,) 

Doo  iiAK>  is  an  expansion  of  the  river, 
distant  by  its  wining  course,  76  miles 
firom  its  mouth.  Other  lakes  and  expan- 
sions of  streams  are  pissed  on  the  route 
westward. 

"The  SAVAir,  or  PBAnm  Pobiaov^  120 
nulet  fiKHn  Fort  WiUifun,  by  portage  route, 
f<Ams  the  height  of  land  between  Lake 
Superior  and  the  waters  failing  into  Lake 
Winnipeg;  it  is  between  three  and  four 
miles  long,  and  a  continuous  cedar  swamp 
from  one  end  to  the  other,  and  is  therefore 
very  properly  named  the  So/van  or  Swamp 


•  m 


isa 


TBIP  THEOUOH   THE   ULKI8. 


Ml 


Portaf*.  It  11m  feiiiL  or  eight  hundrad 
feet  above  Lakes  Superior  and  Winnipeg, 
and  1,483  feet  above  the  lea." 

The  Savak  Uivir,  which  iit  first  formed 
bj  the  waters  of  the  Swamp,  enters  into 
the  Lae  Du  Mille,  or  the  Lake  of  Ttiou- 
■ands,  ao  called  because  of  the  innumer- 
able islands  whieh  are  in  it.  This  hke 
if  coraparativelj  narrow,  being  siztj  or 
aeventy  miles  in  length. 

The  River  Du  MiUe,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake,  is  a  precipitoua  stream,  whereon 
are  several  portages,  before  entering  into 
Lao  La  Pluie,  distant  360  miles  ttom  Fort 
WUliam. 

Raixy  Lakb,  or  Imc  la  Pktie,  through 
which  runs  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  Is  a  most  beau* 
tiful  sheet  of  water ;  it  is  fortj-eight  miles 
long,  and  averages  about'  ten  miles  in 
breadth.  It  receives  the  waters  flowing 
westward  fh>m  the  dividing  ridge  separa- 
ting the  waters  flowing  Into  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 


Rinrr  Ladb  Rim,  the  oatbk  of  the 
lake  of  the  same  name,  is  a  magnificent 
stream  of  water;  it  haa  a  rapid  current 
and  averages  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
width ;  its  banks  are  covered  with  the 
richest  foliage  of  everj  hue ;  the  trees  in 
the  vicinity  are  large  and  varied,  oonsistioff 
of  ash,  cedar,  poplar,  oak,  birch,  and  red 
and  white  pines;  also  an  abundance  of 
flowers  of  gaudy  and  variegated  ccriors. 
The  climate  is  slso  very  fine,  with  a  rich 
soil,  and  well  calculated  to  sustain  a  dense 
population  as  any  part  of  Canada. 

The  Laki  or  thb  Woods,  or  Lae  Du 
Bois,  68  miles  in  length,  and  from  flfteoa 
to  twenty-five  miles  wide,  la  a  splendid 
sheet  of  water,  dotted  all  over  with  hun* 
dreds  of  beautiful  Islands,  many  of  which 
are  covered  with  a  heavy  and  luxuriant 
foliage.  Warm  and  fVequent  showers  oo> 
cur  here  in  May  and  June  bringing  forth 
vegetation  at  a  rapid  rate,  although  situated 
on  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  from 
whence  extends  westward  to  the  Padflo 


i^lTLLUrO  A  CaMOK  VP  thb  BABIDt. 


LAKB  BtFKRIOR  TO   LAXB  WXNNIPEO. 


I80( 


Ooein,  tlM  boundAiy  line  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada. 

"There  is  nothing,  I  thinlc,  better  cal- 
culated to  awalcen  the  more  solemn  feelings 
of  our  nature,  tlian  these  noble  lalces  stud- 
ded with  '  innumerable  islets,  suddenly 
bursting  on  the  traveller's  view  as  he  emer- 
ges flrom  the  sombre  forest  rivers  c^  the 
American  wilderness.  The  clear,  unruffled 
water,  stretching  out  on  the  horizon;  here 
intersecting  the  heavj  and  luxuriant  foli- 
age of  an  hundred  woodj  isles,  or  reflect- 
ing the  wood-clad  mountiUns  on  its  margin, 
dothed  in  all  the  variegated  hues  of  au- 
tumn ;  and  there  glittering  with  dazzling 
brilliancy  in  the  bright  rays  of  the  even- 
ing sun,  or  rippling  among  Uie  reeds 
and  rushes  of  some  shallow  bay,  where 
hundreds  of  wild  fowl  chatter  as  they 
feed  with  varied  cry,  rendering  more  ap- 
parent, rather  than  disturbing  the  sdemn 
stillness  of  the  scene:  all  tend  to  raise 
the  soul  from  nature  up  to  nature's  Gtod, 
and  remind  one  of  the  beautifUl  passagpe 
of  Scripture,  '  0  Lord,  how  marvellous  are 
thy  works,  in  wisdom  hast  thou  okade 
them  all;  the  earth  is  (bll  of  thy  ridies.' " 

The  WiMWiPSO  RiviB,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  is  a  rajud  stream,  of 
large  size,  falling  into  Winnipeg  Lake,  3 
miles  below  Ibrt  Alexander,  one  of  the 
Hudson  6^  Company's  Posts.  A  g^eat 
number  of  Indians  resort  to  the  Fort  every 
year,  besides  a  number  of  families  who  are 
residents  iu  the  vicinity,  here  being  one 
of  their  favorite  haunts. 

Rev.  Mr.  Ryerson  remarks: — "The 
scenery  fbr  many  miles  around  is  strik- 
ingly beautiful.  The  climate  for  Hud- 
son's Bay  Territory  is  here  remarkably 
fine  and  salubrious,  the  land  "amazingly 
rich  and  productive.  The  water  in  Lakes 
Lac  La  Pluie.  Lac  Du  Bois,  Winnipeg,  Ac, 
is  not  deep,  and  because  of  their  wide  sur- 
face and  great  shaUowness,  during  the 
summer  season,  they  become  exceedingly 
warm ;  this  has  a  wonderful  eflfect  on  tiie 


temperature  of  the  atmosphere  in  the  ad- 
jacent neighborhoods,  and  no  doubt  makes 
the  great  difference  in  the  dimate  (or  at 
least  is  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  itX 
in  tliese  parts,  to  the  dimate  and  vegetable 
prodiKStions  in  the  nei|^hborhood  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Fort  William.  They  grow 
spring  wheat  here  to  perfection,  and  vege- 
tation is  rapid,  luxuriant,  and  comes  to 
maturity  before  firosts  occur.'* 

The  whole  region  of  oountir  surround- 
ing Lake  Winnipeg,  the  Red  River  coun- 
try, as  well  as  the  Assiniboiue  and  Sas- 
katchewan country,  are  all  sooner  or  later 
destined  to  sustain  a  vigorous  and  dense 
population. 


LAKE  WnrHIPEO,       " 

Situated  between  50*  and  66°  north 
latitude,  is  about  300  miles  long,  and  in 
several  parts  more  than  60  miles  broad ; 
having  an  estimated  area  of  8,600  square 
miles.*  Lake  Winnipeg  receives  the  wa«> 
ters  of  numerous  rivers,  which,  in  the 
aggregate,  drain  an  area  of  about  400,000 
square  miles.  The  SoBkakkeuKut  {the  riv- 
er that  runs  fisst)  is  its  most  important 
tributary.  The  Assiniboine,  the  Red  Ri% 
er  of  the  North,  and  Winnipeg  River  are  its 
other  lif^gest  tributaries^  anogether  dis- 
charging an  immense  amount  of  water 
into  this  great  inland  lake.  It  is  elevated 
about  700  feet  above  Hudson  Bay,  and 
discharges  its  surplus  waters  through 
yelson  River,  tk  large  and  magnificent 
stream,  whiflh  like  the  St.  Lawrence  is 
filled  witil  islands  and  numerous  raj^ds, 


•  Lakb  BaikaIi  the  most  eztenalve  ho^  of 
ftreah  water  on  the  Eastern  Continent,  aitiiat**d  in 
Southern  Siberia,  between  lat  51'*  and  50"  north, 
Is  about  870  milet  in  leneth,  45  oiilea  aTerage 
width,  and  about  900  milea  in  cireuit:  being 
somewhat  hu^er  than  Lake  Winnipec  in  area. 
Its  depth  in  some  places  la  verr  great  being  in 
part  surrounded  by  high  mountains.  The  Yeni' 
90ty  iU  outlet,  flows  north  into  the  Aretio  Ooean. 


140 


TRIP  THBOVOB  THB  LAKB8. 


peTOBtliig  navtgatkm  entirely  betow  Orosf 
Lake.  <• 

Lakes  Manikinxh  and  Winnipeg(hai8j  uni- 
ted, are  nearly  of  the  same  lengUi  as  Win- 
nipeg, lying  40  or  60  miles  westward. 
Neariy  tlie  whole  country  between  Lake 
Winnipeg  and  its  western  rivals  is  occu- 
pied by  smaller  lakes,  so  that  between 
the  vidley  of  the  Assiniboine  and  the 
eastern  shore  of  Winnipeg  fUUy  one-third 
is  under  water.  These  li^es,  both  large 
and  small,  are  shallow,  and  in*the  same 
water  area  show  much  uniformity  in  depth 
and  coast  line. 


immediate  effect  on  the  temperature  d«- 
ring  the  Spring  months.  On  tl^^i  othe> 
hand,  the  Ft  ill  is  generally  open,  with 
mild,  dry,  and  pleasant  weather." 


l4dKe8  in  the  Talley  of  the 
Saikatclie'iiraii. 

Lensth  Breadth  Elevatloa  Area 

lamilea  in  miles,  in  feet  in  m^s. 

Winnipeg, 280  57      628      8,600 

Manitobt^ 122  24      670      2,000 

Whinipego-sis,. .  120  27       692      2,000 

St  Martin, 30  16      665         350 

Oedar, 30  25      688         960 

Dauphin, 21  12      700         200 

All  the  smaller  lakes  lie  west  of  Lake 
Winnipeg,  which  receives  their  surplus 
voters;  the  wlude  volume,  with  the  large 
slreains,  flowing  into  Ndson  River,  dis- 
dharges  into  Hudson  Bay,  near-York  Fac- 
tory, in  67^  north  latitude.  The  naviga- 
tion of  the  latter  stream  is  interrupted  by 
flitUs  and  rapids,  i  having  a  descent  of  628 
feet  in  its  course  of  about  350  miles. 

"  Thedhnate  in  the  region  of  the  above 
lakes  and  the  Red  Blver  Sittlement  will 
compare  not  unfavorably  with  that  of 
Eongston  and  Toronto^  Canada  West 
The  Spring  generally  opens  somewhat 
earlier,  but  owing  to  the  proximity  of  Lake 
Winnipeg  which  is  late  of  breaking  up, 
the  weather  is  always  variable  until  the 
middle  oi  May.  The  slightest  breeze  from 
the  north  or  northwest,  blowing  over  the 
firasen  surfiEMse  of  that  inland  sea,  has  an 


Red  River  of  the  North. 

• 

This  interesting  section  of  oounti^  be- 
ingclosely  connected  with  the  Upper  Lakea, 
and  attracting  much  attention  at  tiie  pres- 
ent time,  we  subjoin  the  following  extract 
from  "Minnesota  and  Dacota,"  by  d 
G<  Andrews: 

"It  is  common  to  say  ihat  settlements 
have  not  been  extended  beyond  Crow 
Wing,  Minnesota.  This  is  only  techni- 
cally true.  A  few  facts  in  regard  to  the 
people  who  live  four  or  five  hundred  miles 
to  me  north  will  best  illustrate  the  nature 
of  the  climate  imd  its  adaptedness  to  agri- 
culture. 

"There  is  a  settiement  at  PemiMno,  near 
the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  where  the  di- 
viding lino  between  British  America  and 
the  United  States  crosses  the  Bed  Biver  ci 
the  North.  Pembina  is  said  to  have  about 
600  inhabitant!.  lu  is  situated  on  tiie 
Pembina  Eiver.  It  is  an  Indian-French 
word  meaning  *  Onmberry.^  Men  live  tiiere 
who  were  bom  therO;  and  it  is  in  fact  an 
old  settiement.  It  was  founded  by  Brit* 
ish  subjects,  who  thought  tiiey  haa  loca* 
ted  on  British  soiL  The  greater  part  of 
its  inhabitants  are  hal^-breeds,  who  earn 
a  oon^fortable  livelihood  in  Air-hunting  and 
farming.  It  is  460  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul,  and  330  miles  diufcant  from  Grow 
Wing.  Notwithstanding  the  distance, 
there  is  considerable  communication  be- 
tween the  two  places.  West  of  Pembina, 
about  thirty  mUes,  is  a  settlement  called 
St.  Joseph,  situated  near  a  large  mytho- 
logical body  of  water  called  Miniwakin,  or 
Devil's  Lake. 

"Now  let  me  say  something  about  this 
Bed  Biybs  of  the  North,  for  it  is  begin- 


LAKE  SUPBBIOR  TO  LAXB  WIUmPBO. 


Ul 


ning  to  be  ft  great  feature  in  this  upper 
country.  It  runs  north  and  empties  into 
Lake  Winnipeg,  which  connects  with  Hud- 
son Bay  by  l^elson  River.  It  is  a  muddy 
and  sluggish  streanif  navigable  to  the 
mouth  of  die  Sioux  Wood  River  for  vessels 
of  three  feet  draught  for  four  months  in 
the  year,  so  that  tiie  extent  of  its  navigation 
within  Mliinesota  alone  (between  Pem- 
bina and  the  mouth  of  Sioux  Wood  River) 
is  400  miles.  BufiGfaoes  still  feed  on  its 
western  banks.  Its  tributaries  are  nu- 
merous Mid  copious,  abounding  with  the 
choicest  kind  of  game,  and  started  with 
a  yarioos  and  beautiful  foli^e.  It  cannot 
be  many  years  before  this  magnificent 
yalley  (together  with  the  Saskatchewan) 
shall  pour  its  products  into  our  markets, 
and  be  the  theatre  of  a  busy  and  genial  life. 

"iSed  River  SetUeTneni  is  seventy  miles 
north  of  Pembina^  and  lies  on  both  sides 
of  tiie  river.  Its  population  is  estimated 
at  10,000  souls.  It  owes  its  origin  and 
growth  to  the  enterprise  and  success  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  Many  of  the 
settlers  came  from  Scotland,  but  tne  most 
were  from  Canada.  They  speak  English 
and  Canadian  French.  The  English  style 
of  society  is  well  kept  up,  whether  we  re- 
gard the  Church  with  its  bishop^  the  tra- 
der with  his  wine-cellar,  the  schdar  with 
his  library,  the  officer  with  his  sinecure^  or 
their  paper  currency.  The  g^at  Imsiness 
of  the  settlement,  of  course,  is  the  fiir 
traffic. 

"Ai  immense  amount  of  Buffalo  skins 
IB  taken  in  summer  and  autumn,  while  in 


the  wmter  smaller  but  m^re*  viluaUo  Bdra 
are  procured.  The  Indians  also  enlist  in 
the  hunts ;  and  it  is  estimated  that  upward 
of  $200,000  worth  of  tan  are  fumui^yi|i 
taken  from  our  territoiy  and  sold  to  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  It  is  high  IhM- 
indeed  that  a  military  post  should  be  es- 
tablished somewhere  on  Red  Rivw  by  our 
government 

"The  Hudson  Bay  Company  is  now  a 
powerful  monopoly.  Not  so  magnificent 
and  potent  as  the  East  India  Company,  it 
is  BtUl  a  powerful  combination,  showoring 
opulence  on  its  members,  and  reflecting  a 
peculiar  feature  in  the  strength  and  gran- 
deur of  the  British  empire--a  powpr  which, 
to  iise  the  eloquent  language  of  Daniel 
Webster,  'has  dotted  over  the  whole  8ur> 
face  of  the  globe  with  her  possessions  and 
military  posts,  whose  moniing  drum-beat 
following  the  sun,  and  keeping  company 
with  tihe  hours,  drdes  the  earth  daily 
with  one  continuous  and  unbroken  strain 
of  martial  music'  The  company  SB^mW" 
ing  richer  every  year,  and  its  jurisdiction 
and  its  lands  mSL  soon  find  an  availabUity 
never  dreamed  of  by  its  founders,  on 
less,  as  may  possibly  happen,  popukw  wcttr' 
eigniy  steps  in  to  grasp  ihefiruUs  of  its  long 
apprenticeship." 

The  Charter  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Compftp 
ny  expired,  by  its  own  limitation,  in  1860, 
and  the  question  of  annexing  this  vast  dot 
main  to  Canada,  or  forming  a  separate 
province,  is  now  deeply  agitating  tiie  Brit- 
ish public,  both  hi  Canada  and  hi  the 
mothw  country. 


148 


TUF  THBOVOB  THB 


'  TAIU  OF  BISTAVCSfl^  V 

F«ri  'WllliftM,  wnuAHMD  at  thb  Mouth  or  thi  Kamibvaqiiouk 
Bnm,  to  Fort  Alexander^  at  xa  hbad  or  Laxb  Wamna, 

FonWiLUAx 0 

PtaspUue  Portage «.* •.  Ji:.  S6 

(8  Portages) 

Dog  Portage 61  t6 

(6  Portages) 

8ftv»&  or  Swvmp  Portage* , 64  130 

Thousand  Istanas  Lake 67  187 

(2  Portages) 

Sturgeon  Lake 71  268 

^4  Portages) 

LacLaCroix. 26  283 

(6  Portages) 

Itainy  Lake 46  Z2i 

Bainy  Lake  River ^l 38  361 

Lake  of  the  Woods 83  444 

Bat  Portage 68  612 

VOKt  Albxasdib 126  837 


From  Fort  Alexander  to  For  t  Garry 

oB  Bb)  BmB  SmLnuNT,  bt  Watib. 

lOlMk 

ToPointede  Grand  llaraia 24 

"  Red  River  Beaoon 26  46 

••Lower Port 23  72 

**  FOBT  Gabrt 24  96 

From  PoBT  Albxamdib  to  Nobwat  Housb,  passing  through  Lake  Winn^, 
dOOmilet. 

From  Nobwat  Houbb  to  Yobk  FAOiOBT,t)aBBiBg  tfaronc^  OifordlVtke  and  fla^ 
River,  400  miles. 

*  Bominlt,  elevated  810  fl»«t  abort  Like  Bnperior. 


BVAQUOUH 


0 
M 

^1  16 

64  130 

67  187 

71  268 

26  283 

40  32^ 
38  36i 
83  444 

68  612 
126  637 


lOlM. 

24 

..  26  4» 
..  23  72 
..24  96 
»  Wioniptg; 


EittJtOAB  ^B  STXAUaAT  EOim» 
BVmb  Miyikfrlo  to  BItafani  WmlU^  To'/ontOy «««» 

gOTarmnent  h»fe  reoentlj  ereoled  tat  <bt 
protection  of  the  lirer  end  the  oitgr  <if 
BuffiOo. 

Watbbloo,  0.  W.,  three  mOes  bekm 
Buffalo  and  opposite  Blade  Roek  (now  i 
partofBuflGilo),  with  whieh  it  is  ooiineot 
ed  by  a  steani'feny,  is  handaoiDeiy  «ita 
ated  on  the  west  side  of  Niagara  MmSf 
whioh  is  here  about  half  a  italle  wide. 
The  Buffialoand  Lake  JBwrm  Xuihvad rnim 
from  Fort  Erie,  near  Waterloo,  to  Paris, 
0.  W.,  where  it  connects  with  the  Oreot 
Western  Badway  of  Canada,  it  is  now 
completed  to  Goderioh,  0.  W.,  lying  on 
Lake  Huron. 

Grand  Island,  belonging  to  the  Uni' 
ted  States,  is  passed  on  the  right  ind»> 
scendii^  the  riyer.  It  is  a  lai|^  and  yt^ 
uable  toact  of  good  land,  abou»ling  witb 
white  oak  <^  a  superior  quality. 

Navt  Inland,  belonging  to  the  British, 
is  next  passed,  lying  within  gun-shot  of 
the  mainland.  This  island  olHuined  great 
notoriety  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1837-% 
when  it  was  occupied  by  the  "  Fatriota,** 
as  they  were  styled,  during  the  trouUes 
in  Canada.  The  Steamer  CaroUne  was 
destroyed  on  the  nig^t  of  December  29tiiy 
1837,  while  l^g  at  Sohloeser's  Landing, 
on  the  Amenoan  shore,  having  been  en* 
gaged  in  transporting  pers(»s  to  and 
from  ^e  idand,  which  was  soon  after 
evacuated. 

Opposite  Navylj^md,  en  the  Canada 
side,  near  Chippewa  battle-ground,  is  the 
house  in  whidi  Captain  Usher  residecL 
when  murdered  in  1838.  It  is  sumposed 
he  fell  by  the  hands  of  some  of  the  de- 
luded pa^ots,  )iaving  been  shot  by  »=••» 
cani  Uk,  while  in  his  own  houae. 

CfeDPPiWA,  20  mdes  below  Buffldo,  aaod 
two  miles  abore  the  lUis,  is^mthe  wttft 
siAe  of  ISiagam  Biiteiri  at  ILs  sohtlKtf  i^ 


TBI  most  usual  mode  of  conveyance 
from  BuflUo  to  the  Falls  of  .Niagara,  and 
thence  to  Lak^Ontario,  or  intoCuiada,  is 
by  thf  Bt^gHah,  Nidgara  Falls  and  Lewigton 
Railrfjod,  28  miles  in  length.  It  runs 
through  Tonawanda,  11  miles;  Niagara 
FsUs,  22  miles:  Suspenmon  Bridge,  24 
mile^  connecting  with  tko  Great  Western 
Railway  of  Canada,  and  terminates  at 
Lewiston,  the  head  of  navigation  on  Ni- 
agara River,  28  miles. 

American  and  Conadiui  steamers  of  a 
Isi^  dass  leave  Lewiston  several  times 
daUy,  for  different  ports  on  Lake  Ontario 
and  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

There  is  also  another  very  desirable 
node  of  conveyance,  by  Steamboat,  de- 
Boending  the  Niagara  River,  firom  Buffalo 
to  Chippewa,  C.  W.,  thence  by  the  Erie 
and  Ontario  Railroad,  17  miles  in  lengfth;^ 
passing  in  futt  view  of  the  Falls,  to  the 
Clifton  House,  three  mOes  below  Chippe- 
wa; Suspension  Bridge,  five  miles;  Queen- 
ston,  eleven  miles,  terminating  at  Niag- 
Sfa,  C.  W.,  thiHy-flve  miles  fromBuflhlo. 

As  the  steamboat  leaves  Buffak^  <m 
the  latter  route,  a  fine  view  may  be  ob- 
tained of  Lake  Erie  and  both  shores  of 
Niagara  River.  On  the  Canada  side,  the 
first  objects  of  interest  we  the  TvinB  of 
ol^  FOM  Esn,  captured  by  the  Ameri- 
cans, July  3d,  1814.  It  is  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  opposite  the  site  Of  a 
■tnmg  IbrlreiB  which  the  United  Stated 


144 


TRIP  THROUGH  THl  LAKR8. 


ore«k  of  the  SMiie  name,  which  is  naviga* 
ble  to  Port  BoanraoHj  iBome  eight  or  ten 
miles  west  [the  latter  place  being  on  the 
line  of  the  Welland  GanaL  The  village  of 
Ohippewa  contains  a  population  of  about 
1,000  souls.  Steamboats  and  lake  craft 
of  a  large  sisse  are  built  at  this  place  fur 
the  traii»  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Upper 
Lakes.  It  has  obtained  a  place  in  history 
on  account  of  the  bloody  battle  which 
was  fought  near  it  in  the  war  of  1812, 
between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain.  The  battle  was  fought  on  the 
6th  of  July,  1814,  on  ^e  plains,  a  short 
distance  south  of  the  steamboat  landing. 
The  American  forces  were  commanded 
by  ICi^or-General  Jacob  Brown,  and  the 
British,  by  Major-General  Riall,  who,  af- 
ter an  obstinate  and  sanguinary  fight, 
was  defeated,  with  considerable  loss. 

At  Chippewa  commences  the  railroad 
extending  to  Niagara,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  a  distance  of  17  miles.  Steamboats 
oontinue  the  line  of  travel  from  both  ends 
of  this  road,  thus  furnishing  an  interesting 
and  speedy  conveyance  between  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario. 

Od  ariving  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Falls 
OF  NiAQABA,  the  cars  stop  near  the  Clifton 
HontM^  situated  near  the  ferry  leading  to 
tilie  American  side.  The  site  of  this  bouse 
was  chosen  as  giving  the  best  view  of  both 
the  American  and  Oanadianor^Horse-Shoe 
i^ls,  which  are  seen  firom  the  piazzas  and 
front  windows.  This  is  the  most  interest- 
ing approach  to*  the  Falls. 

In  addition  to  the  Falls,  there  are  other 
points  of  attxwstion  on  the  Canada  side  of 
the  river.  The  collection  of  curiosities  at 
the  Museum,  and  the  Camera,  Obscura, 
which  gives  an  exact  and  beaatiful,  though 
miniaturB  image  of  the  FaUs,  are  well  wor- 
thy of  a  visit.  The  Buiming  Spring^  two 
mUes  above  the  S'aUs,  is  also  much  fre- 
quented; and  tiie  rides  to  the  battle- 
groonds  in  this  vicinity  makes  an  exhUa- 
rating  and  very  pleasant  exoursicm.  For 
fiurther  description  of  Falls,  see  page  149. 


Dbuhhomdsvillr,  one  mile  west  of  the 
FiUs^  'ittd  situated  oar  Limdy'a  ^JAne^  is 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  another  san- 
guinary engagement  between  ttie  Ameri- 
can and  British  forces,  July  26,  1814. 

The  following  is  a  bri^  though  OOTrect 
account  of  the  engagement:  "On^ea^r- 
noon  of  the  above  day,  while  the  Ameri- 
can army  was  on  their  march  from  Fcni 
George  toward  Fori  Erie,  ascending  tiie 
west  bank  of  the  river,  their  r^ar-gufwd, 
under  the  imioediate  ccHnmanv^of  Gen. 
Scott,  was  attacked  by  the  advanced  guard 
of  the  British^army,  under  G^en.  Riall,  the 
British  having  been  reinforced  after  their 
defeat  ?^  Chippewa,  on  the  6th  of  the  same 
month.  This  brought  on  a  general  conflict 
of  the  most  obstinate  and  deadly  du^petcter. 
As  soon  as  attacked,  Qren.  Scott  advanced 
Willi  his  division,  amounting  to  about  3,000 
men,  to  the  open  ground  facing  the  heights 
occupied  by  tiie  main  British  army,  where^ 
were  planted  several  he«vj  pieces  of  can- 
non. Between  eight  and  nine  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  on  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
to  both  armies,  tiie  battle  became  general 
and  raged  for  several  hours,  with  alternate 
success  on  both  sides;  each  army  evin- 
cing the  most  determined  bravery  and  re- 
sistance. The  command  of  the  respective 
forces  was  n6w  assumed  by  Major  G^n. 
Brown  and  Lieut-Gton.  Drummond,  each 
having  under  his  command  a  well-disci- 
plined army.  The  brave  (AiLerican)  OoL 
Miller  was  ordered  to  advance  and  seisse 
the  artillery  of  the  British,  which  he 
eflbQted  at  tiie  point  of  the  bayonet  in  the 
most  gallant  numner.  Gen.  Riall,  of  the 
English  army,  was  captured,  and  the  pos> 
session  of  the  battle-ground  contested  un- 
til near  midnight,  when  1,700  men  being 
either  killed  or  wounded,  the  conflicting 
armies,  amounting  altogether  to  about 
6,000  strong,  ceased  the  deadly  conflict, 
and  for  a  time  the  bloody  field  was  left  un- 
occupied, except  by  the  dead  and  wounded. 

When  the  British  discovered  that  the 
Americans  hcU  encamped  <me  or  two  nules 


west  of  the 
y*»\Laney  is 
mother  8aii< 
tilie  Ameri- 
»,  1814. 
)UgliOOTrect 
Ontheafler> 
the  Ameri> 
ii  from  Fcni 
oendinjg  the 
rear-guard, 
ii#or  Gen. 
aaced  guard 
tn.  Riall,  the 
1  after  their 
t  of  the  same 
leral  conflict 
\j  chi^ter. 
»tt  advanced 
I  about  3,000 
I  the  heights 
nay,  where^ 
eces  of  can- 
B  o'dock  in 
nforoements 
ime  genen^ 
ith  alternate 
army  evin- 
very  and  re- 
e  respective 
Major  Gen. 
omoiid,  each 
ft  well-disoi- 
.erioan)  OoL 
e  and  seize 
,  which  he 
jTonet  in  the 
liall,  of  the 
Old  the  pes* 
)ntested  un* 
men  being 
»  conflicting 
r  to  about 
dly  conflict, 
was  left  un- 
id  wounded, 
ed  that  the 
3f  two  miles 


f  ' 


!<l 


SiCt. 


Bbook's  Mo^Tjussa — Queenston  Heights. 


BOUn  VBOM  BUFTALO  TO  KIAOARA  rAU.8,  na 


145 


distant^  thej  returned  and  occupied  their 
former  position.  Thus  ended  one  of  the 
most  bloody  conflicts  that  occurred  during 
the  last  war;  and  while  each  party  boasted 
a  victory,  altogether  too  dearly  bought, 
neither  was  disposed  to  renew  the  ooh- 
flict"  * 

GUFTON  is  a  new  and  flourishmg  village, 
situated  at  the  western  termination  of  ^e 
Great  Western  Railway,  where  it  oc  ^-^ 
with  the  Sttapenaion  Bridge,  For  dec  >iip- 
tion  of  route  to  Detroit,  Ac,  see  page  60. 

QuBBNaTOir,  situated  seven  miles  below 
the  Falls,  and  about  the  same  dlstiuice 
above  the  entrance  of  Niagara  River  mto 
Lake  Ontario,  lies  directly  opposite  the 
village  of  Lewiston,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  Suspension  Bridge  850  feet  in 
length.  It  contains  about  600  inhabitants, 
60  dwelling-houses,  one  Episcopal,  one 
Scotch  Presbyterian,  and  one  Baptist 
church,  four  taverns,  four  stores,  and 
three  warehouses.  This  place  is  also 
celebrated  as  being  the  sceno  of  a  deadly 
strife  between  the  America'i  and  British 
forces,  October  13,  1812.  The  American 
troops  actually  engaged  in  the  fight  were 
commanded  by  ^  x  Sololnon  Tan  Rens- 
selaer, and  both  roops  and  their  com- 
mander greatly  c  .w»ui^uished  then> selves 
for  their  bravery,  although  ultimately  over- 
powered by  superior  numbers.  In  attempt- 
ing to  regain  their  own  side  of  the  ilver 
many  of  the  Americans  perished;  i'he 
whole  loss  n.  killed,  wounded,  and  prison- 
ers amounting  to  at  least  1,000  men. 

Major-Ghneral  BbOok,  the  British  com- 
mander, was  killed  in  the  middle  of  the 
fight,  while  leading  on  his  men.  A  now 
monument  stands  on  the  heights,  near 
where  he  fell,  erected  to  his  memory.  The 
first  monument  was  nearly  destroyed  by 
gunpowder,  Aprill7,  1840;  an  infamous 
act,  said  to  have  been  perpetrated  by  a 
person  concerned  in  tiie  insurrection  of 
I837-'38. 

Brock's  raw  Mokumbnt  was  com- 
menced hi  1853,  and  finished  m  1856; 

10 


being  186  feet  Ugh,  tioimded  on  fh»  in- 
side by  a  spiral  stairoase  of  236  ston^ 
steps.  The  base  is  40  feet  square  and  3S 
feet  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  tablet  86 
feet  high,  with  historical  derioes  on^e 
four  sides.  The  main  shaft,  about  ^INl 
feet,  is  fluted  and  surmounted  by  a  Oorin- 
thian  oamtal,  on  which  isjplaoed  a  colossal 
flgure  of  Mi^or-Qeneral  Brook,  18  feet  &i  ( 
height  Tma  beautifbl  structure  cost 
£10,000  sterling,  being  entirely  con- 
structed of  a  cream-colored  stone  quar> 
ried  in  the  vicinity.  A  massive  Atone 
wall,  80  feet  square,  adorned  with  mili- 
tary figures  and  trophies  at  the  comers^ 
27  feet  in  height,  surrounds  the  monu- 
ment, leavmg  ^ace  for  a  grass-plot  and 
walk  on  the  inside  of  the  enclosure. 
The  following  is  the  inscription: 

Upper  Canada 

Has  dedicated  this  Monument 

to  the  memory  of  the  late 

llaJor-Oeneral  Sir  Isaac  Bbook,  K.  B. 

Provisional  Lleat-OoTemor  and  Commandsr 

of  the  Forces  in  this  Province, 

Whose  remains  are  deposited 

in  the  vaalt  beneath. 

Opposing  the  invading  enemv 

He  fell  in  action,  near  the  Heignta, 

on  the  18th  October,  1818, 

In  the  48d  year  of  his  age, 

Bevered  and  lamented  by  the  people 

-whom  he  governed,  and  deplored  oy 

the  Sovereign  to  whose  service 

His  life  had  been  devoted. 

The  last  words  of  Migor-General  Brook» 
when  he  fell  mortally  wounded  by  a  mus- 
ket-shot through  t^e  left  breast,  were, 
"  Never  mind,  my  boys,  the  death  of  one 
man — ^I  have  not  long  to  live."  Thus 
departed  one  of  the  many  noble  spirits 
that  were  sacrificed  on  this  frontier  during 
the  war  of  1812. 

The  village  of  Niaoaba  is  advantage- 
ously situated  on  the  Canada  side,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  into  Lake  Ontario, 
dire-jtly  opposite  Fwt  Niagara^  on  the 
Atnte  loan  side.  It  contains  about  3,000 
inhabitants,  a  court-house  and  jail;  one 
Lipiscopal,  one  Presbyterian,  one  Metho- 


10 


nUP  TBBOUOB  TBI  LAVXS, 


diit^  md  on«  Boman  CtethoUo  Ohurdh:  6 
lUDtels  aad  tarerns;  and  30  stores  of  dif- 
forent  kinds;  also^  «n  extensivo  looomo- 
tiy«  and  car  flMstory.  This  is  the  most 
noted  place  in  Canada  West  for  building 
■t0||lboats  and  other  craft  navisating 
Lake  Ontario.  Here  is  a  doekyara  with 
%  suurine  railway  and  foundry  attached, 
oa|>able  of  making  machinery  of  the  lar* 
gest  description,  and  giying  employment 
to  a  great  number  of  men.  It  is  owned 
by  tlie  "Niaoara  Dock  Gompany." 
Steamers  leaye  daily  for  Toronto,  eta 

Fort  Giobob,  situated  a  short  distance 
south  or  up-stream  firom  the  mouth  of  ilie 


river,  is  now  in  nilns.  TUswiilha 
of  a  severe  contest  in  laiS,  in  wl^di  the 
Americans  were  victorious.  A  link  tori 
has  been  erected  on  the  nobt  of  land  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  directly  opposite 
old  fbri  Jitagara  on  the  American  side. 
The  new  f»rtiflcation  is  called  fbrt  Mamof 

The  whole  frontier  on  the  Oanada  iida^ 
from  Fort  George  to  Fort  |!rie,  opposite 
BufGilo,  was  oocu]rfed  by  the  Amprieaa 
army  in  1814,  when  occurred  a  succession 
of  battles  of  tiie  ouMt  determined  and  l^- 
Uant  character. 


HUOABA  UYXBt 


KTB  BAPtDSf'^FALLS,  ISLANDS,  AVD  BOMANTIO  SOKKni; 


**  M^Jaitic  Atream  t  what  river  rivals  thee, 
Thou  child  of  many  lakes,  and  sire  of  mie — 
Lakes  that  claim  Kindred  with  the  aU-droUng 

sea- 
Large  at  thy  birth  as  when  thy  raee  is  ran ! 
Agiunst  what  great  obstmotions  has  thoa  won 
Thine  august  way— -the  rock  •formed  mountain- 
plain 
Has  opened  at  thy  bidding,  and  the  steep 
Bars  not  thy  passage,  for  the  ledge  in  vain 
Stretches  across  the  channel— thou  dost  leap 
Sublimely  down  the  height,  and  urge  again 
Thy  rock-embattled  course  on  to  the  distant 
main." 


This  most  remarkable  and  romantic 
stream,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  through 
which  flows  all  the  accumulated  waters 
of  the  Upper  Lakes  of  North  America^ 
very  appropriately  forms  the  boundary 
between  two  great  countries,  the  Britidfi 
province  of  Upper  Oanada  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  State  of  New  York,  the  '*  Empire 
State"  of  the  Uuion,  on  the  opposite  side. 
In  its  whole  course,  its  peculiar  character 
*■  is  quite  in  keeping  with  the  stupendous 
Gataract  from  whidi  its  principal  interest 
ifiw  derived. 
The  amount  of  water  passing  through 


this  channel  is  immense ;  from  %  compu- 
tation which  has  been  inade  at  the  out> 
let  of  Lake  Erie,  the  quantity  thus  dis^ 
charged  is  about  twenty  millions  qH  cubic 
feet,  or  upwards  of  600,000  tons  per 
minute,  all  of  which  great  volume  of 
water,  20  miles  below,  plunges  over  the 
Falls  of  Niagara. 

The  Niagara  River  commences  at  Bird 
Island,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Buf' 
falo  harbor,  and  passes  by  the  site  of  old 
Fort  Erie  and  Waterloo  on  the  Canada 
side.  At  the  later  place  a  steam  ferry- 
boat  plies  across  the  river  to  Black  Bock, 
now  fprming  a  part  of  the  dty  of  Buffalo. 
It  is  here  proposed  to  construct  a  railroad 
bridge  across  the  stream,  about  1,800  feet 
in  width. 

Squaw  Island  and  Stbawbibbt  Island 
are  both  small  islands  lying  on  the  Amer- 
ican side  of  the  streiun,  near  the  head  of 
Grand  Island.  The  river  is  here  used  in 
part  for  the  Erie  Canal,  a  pier  extending 
from  Squaw  Island  to  Bird  Island,  forming; 
a  large  basin  called  Black  Book  Harbor. 

Gband  Island^  attached  to  Brie  Co., 


BOUn  VBOM  VUWWA10~KQ  VUAASA  FALL!,  BTO. 


U9 


IWWflMMtM 

,  in  wl^  the 
I.  A  siWfort 
^t  of  land  at 
feotly  oppoiito 
ImeriopA  aid*, 
ledibrl  ifMM. 

lA  vMia4^  aidak 
lirie,  oppotita 
tha  AiD^noan 
ed  a  auooaaaion 
mined  and  bril- 


fWm  a  oomim- 
ide  at  the  oat* 
entity  thuB  die* 
uUiona  <^  cubic 
},000  tons  per 
'eat  volume  of 
ingea  over  the 

mencea  at  Bird 
mouth  of  Buf- 
the  aite  of  old 
on  the  Canada 
a  ateam  ferry* 
to  Blaclc  Bock, 
city  of  Buffalo, 
truct  a  railroad 
tbout  1,800  feet 

fV^BVBitY  Island 
g  on  the  Amer* 
Bar  the  head  of 
is  here  used  in 
pier  extending 
Lshmd,  forming; 
Book  Harbor. 
to  Brie  Co., 


N.  T.,  ia  a  large  and  importaol  body  of 
land,  about  ten  n^ilea  long  firon  north  to 
south,  and  aaven  milaa  wide.  Thia  island 
ia  partly  dearad  and  ouUivatad,  while 
the  larger  portion  ia  oorered  with  a  large 
growth  of  oaka  and  other  ftireat  trees. 

The  ship  or  ateamboat  ohannel  maa 
along  the  bank  of  Orand  laland  to  neariy 
opposite  Qhippewa»  where  the  who)a 
stream  unites  before  plui^nng  pvar  the 
Falla  of  Niagara^  being  kgsSn  separated 
at  the  head  of  GK>at  Island.  From  thia 
point  the  awe-atruok  travelleiK'  oan  soan 
the  quiet  waters  abave,  a&d  the  raging 
rapids  below,  preparing  to  plunge  over 
the  Cataract 

Catuqa  Inland  and  BuoKHOBir  Isiulnd 
are  email  booUea  of  land  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  situated  immediirtely  be- 
low Grand  lalandL 

Navy  iBiiAiiD,  lying  oppoaite  the  vil- 
lage of  Chippewa,  18  milea  below  the 
h^  of  the  river,  is  a  celebnUed  island 
belonging  to  the  Oanadiana,  having  been 
taken  possession  of  by  the  sympathising 
patriots  in  1837,  when  a  partial  rebellion 
occurred  in  Upper  and  Lower  Canada^ 

ToNA WANDA,  11  miles  below  Bu£Bado,  ia 
situated  at  the  mouth  criT  Tonawanda 
Greek,  opposite  Grand  Island.  The  JBrie 
OancU  here  enters  the  creek,  which  it  fol- 
lows for  several  miles  on  its  course  to- 
ward Lockport  A  railroad  also  runs  to 
Lockport,  connectmg  with  the  New  York 
CeiUrcU  Baihroad^  extending  to  Albany. 
A  ship  canai  ia  proposecl  to  be  construct- 
ed firom  Tonawanda  to  some  eligible  point 
on  Lake  Ontario,  thua  forming  a  rival  to 
the  Welland  Canal  of  Canada. 

Sohlossbr's  Landino,  two  miles  above 
Niagara  Falls  villa^  is  a  noted  steam- 
boat landing,  opposite  Chippewa,  from 
whence  the  steamer  Caroline  was  cut 
adrift  by  the  British  and  destrojipd,  by 
being  precipitated  over  the  Falls  during 
the  Canadian  rebellion,  Seoember  29th, 
1837. 
Thb  Rapids.— Below  Navy  Idand,  be- 


tween Ohippapr*  and  fMOoaeer,  tha  river 
is  nearly  three  miles  in  width,  but  soon 
narrowB  to  one  mile,  whan  tb»  Bapida 
commence,  and  continue  for  about  one 
mile  before  raaohing  the  edge  of  tha  pveci- 
pioe  at  the  Hcvse-Shoe  FaU. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Bapida, 
"the  bed  of  the  river  deoUnee,  the  ohan- 
nel oontraots,  numeroua  large  rooks  heave 
up  the  ToUiiog  aurgea,  and  diaputa  the 
passage  of  the  now  raging  and  foaming 
flooda.  The  mighty  torrent  leaping  down 
aucoessive  ledgea,  dashing  over  exposing 
elevations,  hurled  bac!*:  by  ridgea,  and 
repelled  from  shores  and  islands— pluur- 
ing,  boiling,  roaring — seems  a  mad  wu- 
demeaa  of  watera  atriving  againat  Ita  (phJ 
better  £»te,  and  hurried  on  to  deatruofeiom 
by  ita  own  blind  and  reokleaa  impetuoal- 
ty.  Were  there  no  oataraot,  theae  Bapida 
would  yet  make  Nii^^ara  the  wonder  of 
the  world." 

iBia,  or  GK)AT  Island,  oommeaeea  near 

the  head  of  the  Bapida,  and  extends  to 

the  prectpioe,  of  whioh  it  forms  a  parl^ 

separating  the  American  Fall  firomthe 

Cimadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall    It  ia  about 

half  a  mile  in  length,  eighty  roda  wida^ 

I  and  contains  oversixty  acres  of  arable  land, 

being  for  the  most  part  covered  with  a 

helivy  growth  of  forest  trees  of  a  variety 

of  speoies,  and  native  plants  and  flowers. 

A  portion  of  the  island,  however,  has 

been  cleared  off,  and  a  garden  enclosed, 

in  which  are  some  excellent  fruit-trees, 

and  a  variety  of  native  and  foreign  planta 

and  flowers,  and  a  fish-pond. .  The  island 

ia  romarkaUy  cool,  shady,  and  pleasant^ 

and  ia  an  object  of  unceasing  admirati<m 

from  year  to  year.    Comfortable  seats  and 

arbors  are  placed  at  the  moat  interesting 

points,  where  the  visitor  can  sit  at  eaae 

and  enjoy  the  beautiful  and  sublime  views 

presented  to  his  sight — often  entranced 

by  a  deafening  roar  of  mighty  watera  in 

their   descent,   accompanied  by  diang- 

ing  rainbowa  of  the  moat  gorgeous  do- 

aonption. 


148 


TUP  THROUGH  TBI   LAKBB. 


'     WSimir  BT  LTDUi  H.  naOTTBHBT. 

Flow  Ml  ftMWTer,  In  thj  glorlom  rob* 
Of  terror  and  of  ncNuity ;  Qod  luth  set 
HI*  rainbow  on  thy  (brehend,  and  the  olood 
MutlM  nroond  th/  fcot,  and  He  doth  tAf 
Thj  Toioe  of  thonoiBr  power  to  tpenk  or  Him 
Stemnlhr ;  blddlnf  the  Up  oC  uuui 
Keep  firence,  and  npon  tny  rooky  altar 
Poor  Ineenae  of  awe-itraok  praua. 

OoAT  ISLAXD  BsmoB.— Th*  Niagw* 
lUls  OoMitte  giYM  the  foUowing  deiorip- 
tion  of  this  new  s^cture: 

"This  bridge  eorosB  the  east  branch  of 
the  Niagara  Rirer  is  situated  in  the  Ri^ 
ids,  about  sixty  rods  above  the  Oataraot  on 
<he  site  of  the  old  wooden  bridge.  It  is 
360  feet  long,  and  consists  of  four  arches 
of  ninetj  feet  .span  each,  supported  be* 
tween  the  abutments  of  threll  piers.  The 
piers  above  water  are  built  of  heavy  cut 
■tfme,  and  are  twenty-two  feet  long  and 
six  feet  wide,  tapering  one  foot  in  the 
height.  The  foundations  are  formed  of 
foot-square  oak  timber,  strongly  fhuned 
and  bolted  together  in  cribs,  filled  with 
stone,  and  covered  with  timber  tft  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  These  timber-founda- 
tions are  protected  against  wear  and  kgury 
from  ice  by  heavy  plates  of  iron,  and  be- 
ing always  covered  with  water,  will  be  as 
durable  as  the  stone. 

"The  superstructure  is  of  iron,  on  the 
vAaix  of  Whipple's  iron-arched  bridge. 
The  whole  width  is  twenty-seven  feet, 
affording  a  double  carriage-way  of  sixteen 
and  a  half  feet,  and  two  foot- ways  of  five 
and  %ftiurth  feet  each,  with  iron  railings. 
The  arches  are  of  cast  iron,  and  the 
chords,  suspenders,  and  braces  of  wrought 
iron.  All  the  materials  used  in  the  con- 
struction are  of  the  best  qualityi  and  the 
size  and  strength  of  all  the  parts  far 
beyond  what  are  deemed  necessary  in 
bridges  exposed  to  the  severest  tests. 

"This  substantiid  and  beautiful  struc- 
ture, spanning  a  branch  of  this  nuyes- 


tio  river  in  the  midtt  of  the  rairfds,  and 
overlooking  the  cataract,  is  wwmj  of  the 
site  it  occupies,  and  affords  another  bi- 
stance  of  the  triumph  of  human  ii^auity 
over  the  obstacles  of  nature. 

"The  islands  connected  by  this  bridge 
with  the  American  riiore  are  the  property 
of  Messrs.  Porter,  and  ccttstttute  ttie  most 
hiteresting  features  in  the  icenerj  stir- 
rounding  the  oataraot.  This  bridge  has 
been  erected  by  fhem  to  ftcUitate  com- 
munication with  these  interesting  looali- 
ties  not  otherwise  accessible." 

This  is  a  toll-bridge,  evenr  foot  passen- 
ger being  charged  25  cents  for  the  season, 
or  single  crossmg. 

There  are  upward  of  thir^  islands  and 
islets  in  the  Niagara  River  or  Strait,  idtMve 
the  cataract  Most  of  those  not  described 
are  small,  siid  scarcely  worthy  of  enumer- 
ation, although  those  immediately  oontigu- 
ous  to  Ooat  Island  form  beautiful  objMts 
in  Connection  with  the  rudiing  and  mig^tr 
waters  by  which  they  are  surrounded. 
Baih  laland,  Brig  laland,  ChapirCa  Island, 
and  Bird  Island,  all  situated  immediately 
above  the  American  Fall,  are  reached  \iy 
bridges. 

When  on  Goat  Island,  turning  to  the 
right  toward  the  Falls,  the  first  object  of 
interest  is  Hbgg^s  Back,  a  point  of  land 
focing  the  American  Fall, — Bridge  to  Ad- 
iugton  Island  immediately  above  tiie  Gave 
of  the  Winds,  160feet  below.  Sam.  Patch's 
Point  is  next  passed  on  the  right,  from 
which  he  took  a  fearful  leap  some  years 
since.  ^Biddle's  Stairs  descend  to  the 
water's  edge  below  and  the  Gave  of 
the  Winds,  which  are  annually  visited  by 
thousands  of  visitors.  Terrapin  Bridge 
and  Terrapin  Tower  afford  a  grand  view 
of  the  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall  and 
Rapids  above  the  Falls.  Three  Sister  Isl- 
andsAre  contiguous  to  Goat  Island,  on  the 
American  side.  Passing  around  Goat  Isl- 
and toward  the  south,'  a  grand  view  is 
afforded  of  the  river  and  rapids  above  the 
GanaiUan  and  Americnn  Falls. 


Ids,  and 

ther  in* 

gtauity 

( bridge 
MTopertj 
homoft 
»rj  iiir- 
dge  hM 
Id  ooni- 
K  looali- 

pMwen- 


BOVn  FBOM  VOWWALO  TO  VIAOAllA  FALU,  IT<V 


140 


indsc&d 
It,  above 
escribed 
enumer- 
ooDtiga- 
I  objects 
ImigfatT 
rounded. 
i  Island, 
lediately 
lOhed  iiy 

to  tiie 
)ject  of 
of  land 
9  to  Ad- 
ihe  Gave 
Patoh's 
bt,  from 
OB  years 

to  the 
)ave  of 
sited  by 

Bridge 
nd  view 

all  and 
ster  Isl- 

onthe 
Soat  Isl- 

view  is 
K)ve  the 


Nlaffara  is  a  word  of  Indiui  origin — 
the  orthography,  accentuation,  and  meib* 
ing  of  which  are  variously  given  by 
different  authors.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  this  diversity  might  be  accounted 
for  and  explained  by  tracingthe  appellation 
through  the  dialects  of  the  several  tribes 
of  aborigines  who  formerly  inhabited  the 
neighboring  country.  There  is  reason  to 
believe,  however,  that  the  etymon  belongs 
to  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  and  sigpni- 
fles  the  "  Thunder  of  Waters:' 

"Whenthe4raveUer  first  arrives  at  the 
cataract  he  stands  and  gazes,  and  is  lost 
in  admiration.  The  mighty  volume  of 
water  which  forms  the  outlet  of  the  great 
Lakes  Superior,  Michigan,  Huron,  and 
Erie,  is  here  precipitated  over  a  precipice 
160  feet  l^gh,  with  a  roar  like  that  of 
thunder,  which  may  be  heard,  in  favora- 
ble circumstances,  to  the  distance  of  fif- 
teen miles,  though,  at  times,  the  Falls  may 
be  nearly  approached  without  perceiving 
much  to  indicate  a  tremendous  cataract 
in  the  vicinity.  In  consequence  of  a  bend 
in  the  river,  the  principal  weight  of  water 
is  thrown  on  the  Canaditm  side,  down 

i 


whtt  is  oillsd  flit 
Ecr90-8ho€  FaO,  wbioh 
name  has  beomnt  in- 
appropriate, M  the 
eages  of  the  preoipioo 
havs  oeased  to  bs  a 
curve,  and  fbiiii  m 
moderatsljr  acute  sa- 
gle.  Near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fUL  Goai 
Jtkmd,  oontsining  7A 
acres,  extends  to  the 
brow  of  the  predpioe,  dividing  the  river 
into  two  parts;  and  a  small  piqiecting 
mass  of  rook  at  a  little  distance  from  it| 
toward  the  American  shore,  i^;ain  divides 
the  cataract  on  that  side.  Goat  Island, 
at  the  lower  end,  presents  a  perpendicu- 
lar mass  of  rooks,  extending^  from  the  bot- 
tom to  the  top  of  the  preopioe.  A  bridge 
has  been  constructed  tnm  the  American 
shore  to  Bath  Island,  and  another  connects 
the  latter  with  Goat  Island,  and  a  tower 
is  erected  on  the  brow  of  the  Horse-Shoe 
Fall,  approached  from  Goat  Island  by  e* 
short  bridge,  on  which  the  spectator  seems 
to  stand  over  the  edge  of  the  mighty  cat- 
aract, and  which  affords  a  fine  view  of  this 
part  of  it.  The  distance  at  the  fall  from 
the  American  shore  to  Goat  Inland  is  %i 
rods;  across  the  front  of  Gk)at  Island  is 
78  rods;  around  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  on 
the  Canadian  side,  144  rods;  directly 
across  the  Horse-Shoe,  74  rods.  Thb 
height  of  the  fall  near  the  American  shore 
is  163  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the  same 
side,  158  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the 
Canada  side,  154  feet.  Table  Rook,  a 
shelving  projection  on  the  Canadian  side, 
at  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  is  150  feet 
high.  t£s  place  is  generally  thought  to 
present  the  finest  view  of  the  Falls; 
though,  if  the  spectator  will  visit  the  tow- 
er on  the  opposite  side  on  Goat  Island,  at 
sunrise,  when  the  whole  cavity  is  enlight- 
ened by  the  sun,  and  the  gorgeous  bow 
trembles  in  the  i-iaing  spray,  he  cannot 
elsewhere,  the  world  ovei,  enijoy  such  aa 


IftO 


tMP  THAOUOR  mi  LAKM* 


tnoompArAble  wsom.  A  oovered  itainrftj 
on  the  American  tide  desoends  from  tho 
top  lo  the  bottom  of  the  predpioe. 

**  It  has  been  oomputed  that  lOO  miUIoii 
tona  of  water  are  diaoharged  orer  the 
proeipice  erery  hour,  'the  Rapida  oom- 
menoe  about  a  mile  above  tho  raii»  and 
the  water  deaoenda  67  fbel  belhre  11  ar- 
riTtfi  at  the  oataraot  The  Tlew  ftom  the 
bridge  to  Goat  laland,  of  the  troubled 
water  daahing  tumultnooalr  over  the 
rocks  of  the  American  fall,  is  terrifia 
While  ourioaitjr  oonatitutea  an  attribute 
of  the  human  charaoter,  theae  falla  will  be 
frequented  hy  admiri:ig  and  deliffhted 
Tiaiters  aa  one  of  the  grar  dest  exhibitiona 
in  nature. 

"  This  stupendous  Oataract,  situated  in 
north  latitude  43"  6',  and  west  longitude 
a<>  6'  from  Washbgton,  is  2^  miles  north 
from  the  efflux  of  the  rirer  at  Lake  Brie, 
and  14  miles  south  of  ita  outlet  into  Lalce 
Ontario.  The  whole  length  of  the  river  is 
therefore  36  miles,  its  general  course  is  a 
few  points  to  the  west  of  north.  Though 
commonly  called  a  rirer,  this  portion  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  is,  more  properly  speakins, 
a  g^ait,  connecting,  as  above  mentioned, 
the  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  conduct- 
lag  the  superfluous  waters  of  the  gpreat 
seas  and  streams  above,  through  a  broad 
and  divided,  and  afterward  compressed, 
deviotis,  and  irregular  channel  to  the  lat- 
ter lake,  into  which  it  empties — ^the  point 
of  union  being  about  40  miles. from  the 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 

"  The  dimeite  of  the  Niagara  is  in  the 
highest  d^gpree  healtliful  and  invigorating. 
The  atmosphere,  constantly  acted  upon 
by  the  rushing  water,  the  noise,  and  the 
epray,  is  kept  pure,  refreshing,  and  salu- 
tary. There  are  no  stagnant  pools  or 
marshes  near  to  send  abroad  their  fetid 
exhalations  and  noxious  miasmas,  poisoU'^ 
ing  the  air  and  producing  disease. 

"  Sweet-breathing  herbs  and  lieautiful 
wild  flowers  spring  up  spontaneously  even 
on  the  sides,  and  in  the  crevices  of  the 


gtantrookg;  tad  liurariaBt  dnitefi  of  Art 
and  other  stately  forest  trees  oover  tiie 
ialaadi,  orown  the  oliflk  and  overhang 
the  baaki  of  Niagara.  Here  are  no  moe- 
quitoei  to  annoy,  no  reptUei  to  alarm, 
and  no  wild  animala  to  Intimidate,  yet  there 
it  lifo  and  Tivaoity.  The  many-hued  but- 
terfly lipt  ambroila  from  the  freah  opened 
h<mey-oup;  birda  oarol  their  laya  or  lore 
anong  the  apn^-atarfed  bnnMhea;  ind 
the  lively  eqnirrel  akipa  ehattering  from 
tree  to  tree.  Varieties  ef  wal•^lSwl|  at 
certain  eeaaoni  of  the  year,  aport  tmmg 
the  rapids,  fhe  sea-guU  plavi  afoond  the 
precipice,  and  the  eagle^-tne  bnnner  bird 
of  freedom-- hovers  above  the  onlvaet, 
plumes  his  gray  piniona  in  ita  cmrUng  slits, 
and  makea  hia  home  aakong  tlie  gwnt  firs 
of  ita  inaocesaible  islands. 

"No phuse  on  the  dviliaed  eirth oflbrs 
such  attractions  and  inducements  to  visi- 
tors as  Niagara,  and  they  can  never  be 
roily  known  except  to  those  who  see  and 
study  them,  from  the  utter  impossibility 
of  describing  such  a  scene  as  this  wonder- 
Ail  cataract  presents.  When  motion  can 
be  expressed  by  color,  there  will  be  some 
hope  df  imparting  a  faint  idea  of  it;  but 
until  that  can  be  done,  Niagara  miist  re- 
main undescribed." 


CJataract  of  If  lagara. 

**  Shrine  of  Omnipoteneet  how  vMt,  how  fnmd, 
How^wflil,  y«t  now  beautlAil  thoo  aril 
Pillared  aroand  thy  everlaftUng  hills, 
Bobed  1q  the  drapery  of  descending  floods, 
Crowned  by  the  rainbow,  canopied  by  cloads 
That  roll  in  incense  up  from  thjMhread  base, 
Hid  by  their  mantlincc  o'er  the  tist  abyss 

.  Upon  whose  verge  thoa  standest,  whence  as- 
cends 
The  mishty  anthem  of  thy  Malier'a  praiae, 
Hymned  In  eternal  thnind0r$  t* 

Below  the  Falls,  the  first  objects  of  in- 
terest are  the  Ferry  Stairs  and  Point  View 
on  the  American  side ;  while  oh  ^e  op- 


Eoun 


mAOAEA  tALLly  ITO. 


isi 


»rt  of  fin 
iof«r  the 

lo  ilann, 
yet  there 
buedbut* 
ihoMed 
tor  lore 
Iim;  ittd 
rtag  from 
^lSlrl,  tft 
rt  •■ottg 
tNnd  the 
iBMrbitd 


gyml  0fg 

Hrth  olfcn 
ts  to  vi8i> 
nerar  be 
10  see  Mod 
[KMflibflity 
a  wonder- 
lOtion  oaa 
il  be  aome 
»f  it;  but 
muatre- 


bow  grand, 
irti 

[floods, 
by  doads 
BMbkse, 
abyss 
wbenee  as- 


BCts  of  in- 
oint  View 
tn  the  ojH 


poaita  aida  is  »  fbiij  h—a  aad  landing, 
where  oarriagea  arc  iMimfly  la  ba  foand 
to  oonvey  paaaengers  co  the  Caiiton  Houaa, 
Table  RoolCj  and  oUiar  plaaaa  of  great 
intereat  • 

About  80  roda  below  the  Farry  Staira  ia 
the  apot  whara  tha  heraait  Abbot  waa 
drowned.  Half^  n  mile  balow  tha  latter 
jxrint  la  Oatlin'a  OaTa,  formarij  nuioh  fre- 
quented. 

The  daspivnov  Budoi,  tha  graaiaat 
artifldal  curioaity  in  America,  ia  utoatad 
two  milaa  and  a  half  below  the  :^alla, 
where  haa  reoentlj  aprung  into  eziatence 
Niagara  C%,  or  better  Icnown  aa  tha 
Sft»pemion  Bridge^  on  tha  American  p^de, 
and  OUflon  on  the  Oanadian  aide  of  liia 
river,  here  beinff  about  800  feat  in  width, 
wiUi  parpendioular  banka  of  325  fbet. 

The  whArlpodl  and  lU^pids^  one  mile 
below  the  Bridge^  are  terrific  aighta  of 
great  interest,  and  well  worthy  n  viait 

The  DeviPe  Bok^  one  mile  farther  down, 
is  also  a  point  dT  great  attraction,  together 
with  the  Bloody  Run,  a  small  stream  where 
a  detachment  of  English  aoldiera  were 
precipitated  in  their  flight  from  an  attack 
by  Indiana  during;  the  old  French  war  in 
1769  An  amphitheatre  oi  high  ground 
spreuda  around  and  perfectly  encloses  the 
▼alley  of  the  Devil's  Hole,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  narrow  ravine  formed  by 
Bloody  Run — from  which,  agaiL.  t  •>  large 
force,  there  ia  no  escape,  excep"  '\  or  the 
precipice.  The  /ce  Cave  is  another  object 
of  interest  connected  with  the  Devil's 
Hole. 

The  Bapids  below  tbi  Wl^rlpool  are 
the  next  object  of  attraction ;  then  Queens- 
ton  Heights  and  Brock's  Monument  on 
the  Oanadian  side,  and  J|m  Suspension 
Bridge  at  Lenijiston;  altc^kher  forming 
objects  <^  interest  sufficient  to  fill  a  well- 
sized  volume. 

The  Nil^gara  River  ia  navigable  from 
Lewiston  to  ita  mouth  at  Fort  Niagara,  a 
farther  distance  of  aeven  miles,  or  four- 
teen below  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 


The  village  of  Niagaba  ^alls,  KltfarA 
Co.,  N.  T.,  IB  aituated  on  the  feust  aide  of 
Niagara  River,  in  the  immediate  vidnitr 
of  the  grand  Oataraot  22  milea  tnm  Buf- 
fUo  and  808  milaa  from  Albany  by  rail- 
road routa.  No  placa  in  tha  Union  azcaada 
thia  favored  apot  aa  a  flMhionabla  plaoe  of 
raaort  during  the  anmmar  and  fall  monthi, 
when  bundrada  of  viiitora  mtj  be  aeen 
ovary  di^  flookinf  to.  Goat  laland.  or 
pointa  contiguous  tMM  Rapida  and  Fallsi 
The  village  oontaini  aeveral  large  hotela 
for  the  accommodation  of  vikitora,  the 
moat  noted  of  which  are  the  Cataract 
HouM  and  the  International  Hotel;  the 
Monteagle  Hotel  aituated  two  milea  be- 
low the  Ffl  Li,  neat;  the  Suspension  Bridge^ 
and  the  ( ..  ion  Honaa,  on  the  Canada 
aide,  an  k1  alike  popular  and  well-kept 
1:  '*«la :  there  are  ive  ohurdiaa  of  different 
(ifjuiiainationa;  lo  atores,  in  many  <tf 
vhich  are  kept  for  aale  In^Uan  curioaitiea 
and  fancy  work  of  differunl  kinds.  The 
water-power  here  afforded  by  the  de- 
scending atream,  aaat  of  Goat  IdMid,  ia 
iUimitaUe.  A  paper-mill,  a  flouring-iniU, 
t^o  saw-mills,  a  woollen  faot<Hry,  a  Aur- 
nace  an^^^  machine  ahop,  together  with 
other  manufacturing  establishments,  here 
use  the  water-power  ao  bountifully  aup- 
plied.    The  population  is  about  8,600. 

The  nulroadiB  centring  at  the  Falls  are 
the  Bvffdb,  Niagara  iQls  and  Lewiston 
Railroad,  and  the  New  York  CenPral  Rail' 
road ;  the  latter  road  connecting  at  Buffalo 
with  the  New  York  and  Erie  Reload,  and 
forming  with  other  roads  a  direct  route  to 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Washington. 

An  omnibus  line  and  hacks  run  from 
the  village  of  Niagara  Falls  to  Niagar^ 
City,  or  Suapension  Bridge,  during  tha 
summer  months,  and  thence  to  the  Qiftcm 
Houae  and  Table  Rook  on  Canada  side. 

NiAOABA  Cut,  aituated  two  mites  below 
the  Falla,  at  th^  Suspensiqn  Britfge,  is  » 
new  and  jourishln^  place  cpntaining  about 
1,600  iuhalfitaiits.  Here  ia  situated  the 
Monteagle  Hotel 


163 


TBIP  TBBOUOH   THB   LAXBB. 


8USPEHSI0H   BRIDGE 

AND  TBI 

Cataract  and  Rapldf  of 


To  give  the  reader  some  idea  of  the 
grandeur  of  this  triumph  of  engineeriDg 
skiU— THE  SUSPBNSION  BRIDGE— we 
copy  the  following  artide  from  the  Buffalo 
"Democracy." 

AN  ENGINEER'S  MONUMENT. 

Spanning  the  chasm  of  the  Niagara 
River,  uniting  the  territories  of  two  differ- 
ent Gk)Temments,  and  sustaining  the  unin- 
terrupted railroad  traffic  of  the  Provinces 
of  Canada  with  the  United  States,  250  feet 
above  a  flood  of  water  which  man  has 
never  been  able  to  ferry,  stands  the  monu- 
ment of  John  A.  Roeblino.  The  Niagara 
Railway  Suspension  Bridge,  is  the  grandest 
and  the  most  distinguishing  achievement 
of  Art  in  this  worlds  It  is  the  proudest, 
it  is  the  most  beautiful,  and  wiU  prove  to 
be  the  most  enduiinc:  monument  anywhere 
set  up  on  this  continent. 

Regard  this  wonderful  product  of  engi- 
neering skill.  Its  span  is  822  feet.  Yet 
an  engine,  tender  and  passenger  car,  load- 
ed with  men,  and  weighing  sdtogether  47 
tons,  depress  the  long  floor  in  the  centre 
but  6i  inches.  The  Br.dge,  loaded  with 
a  loaded  freight  train,  covering  its  whole 
length,  and  weighing  326  tons,  is  deflected 
in  the  middle  only  10  inches.  This  ex- 
treme depression  is  perceptible  only  to 
1)ractised  eyes.  Tixe  slighter  changes  of 
evel  require  to  be  ascertained  with  in- 
struments. Delicate  as  lace  work,  and 
seemingly  light  and  airy,  it  hangs  there 
high  between  heaven  and  the  boiling  flood 
below,  more  solid  than  the  earthbeds  of 
ttte  adjacent  railways.  The  concussions 
of  fast  moving  truns  are  sensibly  felt  miles 


Ifiagara. 

off  through  solid  rod^  soil  In  cities  lo- 
comotives shake  entire  blocks  of  stone 
dwellings.  The  waters  of  the  Oayuga 
Lake  tremble  under  the  wheels  of  the 
express  trains,  «  mile  away  from  Ihe 
bridge.  But  a  freight  train  traversing 
John  A.  Roeblino'b  Monument,  at  the 
speed  of  five  miies  an  hour,  communicates 
no  jar  to  passengers  walking  upon  the 
carriage  way  below.  The  land  cables  of 
the  bridge  do  not  tremble  under  it — ^the 
slight  concussions  of  the  superstructure 
do  not  go  over  the  summits  of  the  towers. 
This  last  fact  in  the  s';iffness  of  the  great 
work  is  of  much  importance.  It  furnishes 
a  guarantee  of  the  durability  of  the  ma- 
sonry. Fast  anchored  with  stone  and 
grouted  in  solid  rock  cut  down  to  the 
depth  of  twenty-five  feet,  the  great  cables 
are  immovable  by  any  mechanical  force 
incidental  to  the  use  of  the  bridge,  or  the 
natural  influences  it  will  be  subject  to. 
The  ultimate  strength  of  these  cables  is 
12,400  tons.  The  total  weight  of  the  ma- 
terial of  the  bridge,  and  of  the  traffic  to 
which  it  will  ordinarily  be  subjected  is 
2,262  tons,  to  sustain  which  the  Engineer 
has  provided  in  his  beautiful  and  scientific 
strr.oi/ure,  a  strength  of  1 2,400  tons.  He 
demonstrates,  too,  that  whUe  the  strength 
of  the  cables  is  nearly  six  times  as  great 
as  their*^ordinary  tension,  that  strenqth 

WILL  NBVER  BE  IMPAIRED  BT  VIBRATION. 

This  was  the  question  raised  by  The  De- 
MOORAOY,  a  year  ago,  which  excited  such 
general,  and  i|||instances  such  angry  dis- 
cussion. RoBBLiNO  treated  our  doubts 
with  a  cool  reason  and  the  stores  of  an 
extensive  engineering  experience,  which 
gave  us  to  believe  that  Art  )iad  at  last 
attained  to  a  method  of  suspending  Iron 
Bridges  for  Railroad  use,  tiiat  should  en- 


BOUT!  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  NIAOARA  FALLS,  BTO. 


153 


)f  stone 
Oayuga 
3  of  the 
rom  the 
aversing 
,  at  the 
lunicates 
ipon  the 
sables  of 
r  it — ^the 
structure 
e  towers. 
;he  great 
furnishes 
'the  ma- 
tone  and 
n  to  the 
lat  cables 
cal  force 
or  the 
ibject  to. 
cables  is 
the  ma- 
traffic  to 
ijected  is 
Engineer 
scientiflc 
ns.    He 
strength 
as  great 

JTRBNOTH 
BRATION. 

Ithb  De- 
ited  such 
igry  dis- 

doubts 

les  of  an 

which 

at  last 
fing  Iron 
lould  en- 


tirely obviftte  the  objeotiomi  to  them  felt 
by  meet  of  the  Iron-Masters  of  the  United 
States.  He  has  sinoe  that  demonstrated 
it  in  a  moc';  wonderful  structure. 

There  are  in  the  bridge  624  "  suspend- 
ers," each  capable  of  sustaining  30  tons — 
anddl  of  sustaining  18,720  tons.  The 
weight  they  have  ordinarily  to  support  is 
only  1,000  tons.  But  the  Engineer  has 
skilfully  distributed  the  weight  of  the 
burdens,  by  the  means  of  "girders"  and 
"  trusses."  These  spread  the  34  tons  heft 
of  a  locomotive  and  tender  over  a  length 
of  200  feet.  How  ample  is  this  provision 
made  for  defective  iron  or  sudden  strains  I 

The  Anchor  Chains  are  composed,,  of  9 
Unks,  each  7  feet  long,  save  the  last, 
which  is  10  feet  The  lowest  link  is  made 
of  1  bars  of  iron,  7  inch  by  IJ.  It  is  se- 
cured to  a  cast  iron  anchor  plate  3^  inches 
thick,  and  6  feet  6  inches  square.  The 
other  links  are  equally  strong.  The  iron 
used  was  all  made  from  Pennsylvania  char- 
coal, Ulster  county,  N  Y.,  and  Salisbury 
Pig,  and  can  be  depended  upon  for  a 
strength  of  64,000  pounds  to  the  square 
inch.  The  central  portions  of  the  anchor 
plates,  through  whioh  the  links  pass  is  12 
inches  thic]|.  The  excavations  in  the  solid 
rock  were  not  vertical  They  inclined  from 
the  river.  The  rock  upon  which  the  work 
may  rely  on  the  New  j^rk  side  of  the 
chasm  is  100  feet  long,  70  feet  wide,  and 
20  feet  deep.  It  weighs  160  pounds  to 
the  cubic  foot,  and  presents  a  resistance  of 
14,000  tons,  exclusive  of  the  weight  of  the 
superincumbent  masonry  and  embankment. 

The  TowsBS  are  eadi  15  feet  square  at 
the  base,  60  feet  high  above  the  arch, 
and  8  feet  square  at  the  top.  The  limestone 
of  which  they  are  built  will  support  a  pres- 
sure of  500  tons  on  each  square  foot  with- 
out crushing.  While  the  greatest  weight 
that  can  fall  upon  Ihe  tower  will  rarely 
exceed  600  tons,  a  pressure  of  32,000  tons 
will  be  required  to  crush  the  top  course. 
There  are  4,000  tons'  weight  in  each  of  the 
.  towers  on  the  New  York  side. 


The  caUes  are  4  In  AnmbMr,  10  hMSheB 
in  diameter,  and  composed  each  of  3,640 
small  No.  9  wired.  Sixty  wires  form  one 
■quare  inch  of  solid  section,  maldng  the 
solid  section  of  the  entire  cable  60.40 
square  inches,  wrapping  not  included. 
These  immense  masses  of  wire  are  put 
together  so  that  each  individual  wire  per- 
forms its  duty,  and  in  a  strain  all  work 
together.  On  this,  Mr.  Robblino,  who 
is  a  moderate  as  well  as  a  modest  man, 
feels  justified  in  speidcing  with  the  yrord 
PBRFEOT.  Each  of  the  large  cables  is 
ooniiposed  of  four  smaller  ones,  called 
"  strands."  Each  strand  has  620  wires. 
One  is  placed  in  the  centre.  The  rest  are 
placed  around  that  These  strands  were 
manufactured  nearly  in  the  same  position 
the  cables  now  occupy.  The  preparatory 
labors,  such  as  oiling,  straightening,  spli- 
cing, and  reeling,  were  done  in  a  long 
shed  on  the  Canada  side.  Two  strandi 
were  made  at  the  same  time,  one  for  each 
of  the  two  cables  under  process  of  con- 
struction. On  the  completion  of  one  set, 
temporary  wire  bands  were  laid  on,  about 
nine  inches  apart,  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  the  wires  closely  united,  and  se- 
curing their  relative  position.  They  were 
then  lowered  to  occupy  their  permanent 
position  in  the  cable.  On  completion  of 
the  seven  pairs  of  strands,  two  platform 
carriages  were  mounted  upon  the  cables, 
for  laying  on  a  continuous  wrapping,  by 
means  of  Boeblino's  patent  wrapping 
machines.  During  this  process  the  whole 
mass  of  wire  was  again  saturated  with 
oil  and  paint,  which,  together  with  the 
wrapping,  will  protect  them  effectually 
against  all  oxidation.  Five  hundred  tons 
of  this  wire  is  English.  American  man- 
ufacturers did  not  put  in  proposals.  That 
used  was  remarkably  uniform,  and  most 
carefully  made. 

The  law  deduced  from  large  use  of  wire 
rope  in  Pennsylvania,  is,  that  its  durabili- 
ty depends  upon  its  usage.  It  will  la.,b 
much  longer  under  heavy  strains  moving 


154 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAXB8. 


slowly,  than  H  will  undcf  light,  strains 
moving  rapidly.  Thiii  law  was  borne 
constantly  in  mind  by  the  Engineer  of 
the  Niagara  Railway  Bridge.  The  cables 
and  suspenders  are,  so  to  speak,  at  rest. 
They  are  so  well  protected,  too,  from  rust, 
that  they  may  be  regarded  as  eternally 
durable. 

Among  the  interesting  characteristics 
of  this  splendid  architecture,  is  its  elas- 
ticity. The  depression  under  a  load  com- 
mences at  the  end,  of  course,  and  goes 
regularly  across.  After  the  passage  of  a 
train,  the  equilibrium  is  perfectly  restosed. 
The  elasticity  of  the  cables  is  fully  equal 
to  this  task,  and  will  never  be  lost. 

The  equilibrium  of  the  Bridge  is  less 
aSfected  in  cold  weather  than  in  warm. 
If  a  change  of  temperature  of  100  de- 
grees should  take  place,  the '  difference  in 
the  level  of  the  floor  would  be  2  feet  3 
inches. 

So  solid  is  this  Bridge  in  its  weight, 
its  stiffness,  and  its  staying,  that  not  the 
slightest  motion  is  communicated  to  it  by 
the  severest  gales  of  wind  that  blow  up 
through  the  narrow  gorge  which  it  spans. 

Next  to  violent  winds,  suspension  bridge 
builders  dread  the  trotting  of  cattle  across 
their  structures.  Mr.  Roeblino  says  that 
a  heavy  train  running  20  miles  an  hour 
across  his  Bridge,  would  do  less  injury 
to  it  than  would  20  steers  passing  on  a 
trot.  It  is  the  severest  test,  next  to  that 
of  troops  marching  in  time,  to  which 
bridges,  iron  or  wooden,  suspension  or 
tubiSar,  can  be  subjected.  Strict  regula- 
tions are  enforced  for  the  passage  of  hogs, 
heroes,  and  oxen,  in  small  bodies,  and 
always  on  a  walk. 

This  great  work  cost  only  $500,000. 
The  same  structure  in  England  (if  it  could 
possibly  have  been  built  there)  would 
have  cost  $4,000,000.  It  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  most  admirable  work  of  art  on 
this  continent,  and  will  make  an  imper- 
ishable monument  to  the  memory  of  its 
Engineer,  John  A.  Roebunq. 


Ws  apptod  a  TaUs  of  Qnantities  fbr 
the  convenience  of  our  readers,  and  the 
more  easy  comprehension  of  the  ohaiao- 
ter  of  the  structure : 

Length  of  span  ttom  centre  to  centre  of 

towers 882feet 

Height  Of  Tower  above  rock  on  Ameri- 
can aide 88  feet 

Height  of  Tower  above  rook,  Canada  side    78  ifeet 
Height  of  Tower  above  floor  of  Baiiway .  60  feet 

Number  at  Wire  Cables -  4 

Diameter  of  each  Cable 10  inches 

Number  of  No.  9  wires  in  each  Cable. .  8,569 
Ultimate  aggregate  strength  of  Cables,  12,400  tons 

Weight  of  Superstrurture T80  tons 

Weight  of  Superstructure  and  maxi- 
mum loads 1,250  tons 

Ultimate  supporting  strength .....  ...    780  tons 

Height  of  Track  above  water 250  tkei 

Base  of  Towers 16  feet  square 

Top  of  Towers 8    "      " 

Length  of  each  Upper  Cable 1,256|  feet 

"  "     Lower  Cable 1,190  feet 

Depth  of  Anchor  Pite  belovr  surfoee 

of  Rock 80feet 

Number  of  Suspenders 624 

Ultimate  Btreiigtn  of  Suspenders 18,720  tons 

Number  of  O verfloor  Stays 64 

Aggregate  strength  of  Stays 1,920  tons 

Number  of  Kiver  Stays 56 

Aggregate  strength  of  Stays. 1,680  tons 

Elevation  of  Railway  Track  above  mid- 
dle stageof  River 245  feet 

Total  length  of  Wires. . . «. 4,000  miles 

The  weights  of  the  materjials  in  the 
bridge  are  as  follows : 

IBS. 

Timber. 919,180 

Wrought  Iron  and%uspenders..^ 118,120 

Castings. 44.882 

Rails 66.740 

Cables  (between  towers) 585,400 

Total 1,678,722 

The*  Great  Western  Railway  op 
Canada,  which  unites  with  the  New  Ywk 
Central  Railroad,  terminating  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  the  river,  here  commences 
and  extends  westward  through  Hamilton, 
London,  and  Chatham  to  Windsor,  oppo- 
site Detroit,  Mich.,  forming  one  of  the 
great  through  lines  of  travel  from  Boston 
and  New  York  to  Detroit,  Chicago,  and 
the  Far  West.     See  page  50. 

This  road  also  furnishes  a  speedy  route 
of  travel  to  Toronto,  Montreal,  etc. 


ROUTE   FROM  BUFFALO  TO    VlAOAlU  tALLB,  ETC. 


U^ 


lities  for 

and  the 

)  cbArao- 


of 

..  8»fe«t 
iri- 

...  88feet 
ide  TSlbit 
ray  60  feet 
...  •  4 
..lOinohM 
.8,569 
,12,400  tons 
..    760  tons 

l- 

.  l,2S0toni 
..  TOO  tons 
..  2S0fi!et 
{ feet  squara 

L,256t  feet 
1,190  Ibet 

!...    SOfcet 

624 
.'  18,720  toM 

64 
..  1,920  tons 
.        56 
..  1,680  tone 

d- 
.    245  feet 
4,000  milea 

jjg  in  the 

UBA. 

..  919,180 
..  118,120 
..  44,882 
..  66,740 
.    585,400 

..1^678,722 
LILWAY    OF 

B  New  York 
theAmeri- 
commences 
_  Hamilton, 
daor,  oppo- 
one  of  the 
rom  Boston 
hicago,  and 

)eedy  route 
etc. 


Ratet  of  Cliargres  at  If  iagara 
Falls. 

The  following  are  the  rates  of  charges 
usually  exacted  from  persons  visiting  Ni- 
agara  Falls — ^but,  unfortunately,  imposi- 
tions are  often  practised  by  unprincipled 
individuals  at  this,  as  well  as  oUier  fash- 
ionable  resorts: 

AifEHiOAK  sms. 

Board,  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  dol- 
lars per  day.  ^ 

For  services  of  guide,  from  one  to  three 
dollars. 

For  guide  behind  the  Central  Fall,  and 
visiting  the  Cave  of  the  Winds,  one  dollar. 

For  crossing  bridge  to  QiobX  Island;  25 
cents. 

Fare  to  and  from  Suspension  Bridg), 
12  j^  cents. 

Fare  for  crossing  Suspension  Bridge, 
25  cents. 

Fare  to  the  Whirlpool,  60  cents. 

For  use  of  steps  or  cars  on  Inclined 
Plane,  6  cents. 

Ferriage  to  Canada  side,  20  cents. 

Omnibus  fare  and  steam  ferriage  to 
Canada  side,  25  cents. 

CANADA  SIDE. 

Board,  Arom  one  to  two  and  .a  hidf  dol- 
lars per  day. 

Visiting  BametVs  Museum,  Camera  Ob- 
Bcura,  and  Pleasure  Grounds,  25  cents. 

For  guide  and  use  of  dress  to  pass  be- 
hind the  Fall  at  Table  Rock,  one  dollar. 

Carriage  fare  to  Whirlpool,  Lundy's 
Lane  Battle  Ground,  Burning  Spring,  and 
back  to  Ferry,  50  to  75  cents. 

Guide  to  Battle  Ground  and  visiting 
Monument,  25  cents. 

Carriage  faro  to  Brock's  Monument  on 
Queonston  Heights,  one  dollar. 

Carriage  fare  per  day,  four  dollars. 

The  drives  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Falls, 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  are  unrivalled. 


and  no  visitor  should  lose  the  opportuidtj 
to  visit  all  the  objects  of  attraction  above 
and  below  the  miglity  Cataract 

It  is  necessary  to  make  exact  agree- 
ments with  the  hackmen  and  guides  in 
order  to  avoid  imposition;  some  on  the 
Canada  side  refbse  to  ti^e  American  bank- 
bills  except  at  a  great  discount. 

Lewiston,  Niagara  Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Niagara  River,  seven  miles  below  the 
Falls,  and  seven  miles  above  the  moul^ 
of  the  river  where  it  falls  into  Lake  On- 
tario. It  is  an  incorporated  village,  and 
contains  about  1,000  inhabitants,  four 
churches,  an  incorporated  academy;  a 
custom-house,  it  being  the  port  of  entry 
for  the  district  of  Niagara;  three  hotels, 
nine  stores,  and  three  storehouses.  Here 
is  a  tery  convenient  steamboat  landing, 
firom  which  steamers  depart  daily  for  Os- 
wego, Ogdensburgh,  etc.,  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  and  for  Toronto,  Elingston,  etc., 
on  the  Canadian  side.  The  BuSfalo,  Niag- 
ara Falls,  and  Lewiston  Railroad  terflii- 
nates  at  this  place,  where  is  a  magnificent 
Suspension  Bridge  thrown  across  the  Ni- 
agara, connecting  Lewiston  with  Queens- 
ton,  Canada.  The  mountain  ridge  here 
rises  about  300  feet  above  the  river,  form- 
ing many  picturesque  and  romantic  points 
of  great  interest.  On  the  American  side 
of  the  river  stands  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Gray,  erected  during  the  war  of  1812, 
while  on  the  Canadian  side  are  situated 
Queenston  Heights,  surmounted  by  a  beau- 
tiful monument  erected  to  the  memor^r  of 
General  Brock,  of  tiie  British  army,  who 
was  here  killed  in  a  sanguinary  conflict, 
October  13th,  1812.  From  this  height  a 
most  extensive  and  grand  view  is  obtained 
of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. 

YouNGSTOWN,  six  miles  below  Lewis- 
ton,  and  one  mile  above  old  Fort  Niagara 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  a  regular 
steamboat  landing.  The  village  contains 
about  800  inhabitants;  three  churches, 


156 


TRIP  THROUGH  THB  LAKES. 


two  public-houfiies,  five  stores,  and  two 
flouring  mills,  besides  oth':r  manafactur- 
ing  establishments.  A.  railroad  is  nearly 
completed,  extending  n-om  this  place  to 
Niagara  Falla,  being  a  continuation  of  the 
Oanandaigua  and  Niagara  ^  ills  Railroad, 
now  comj^etod  to  the  Susiiension  Bridge. 


A.  fernr  plies  from  Youiuprtown  to  the  Til- 
lage of  Niagara  on  the  Canada  sid^  of  the 
river,  here  about  half  a  mile  in  width. 
This  is  the  first  landing,  on  the  American 
side  of  the  river,  after  leaving  the  bresd 
waters  of  Lake  Ontario.  Ihrt  Niagara  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 


Ronte  aronncl  I^ake  Ontario. 


Miles. 


Kingston,  0.  W.,  to  Toronto,  via  Grand  IHink  Railway   160 

Toronto  to  Hamilton,  0.  W.,  Toronto  and  Hamilton  R.R. 38 

Hamilton  to  Suspension  Bridge,  via  Great  Western  R.  R.    43 

Suspension  Bridge  to  Ikichester,  N.  Y.,  via  N.  T.  Central  Railway. 76 

Bochester  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  by  stage 70 

Oswego  to  Richland,  N.  Y,,        '"          35 

Richkuad.to  Cape  Vincent,  via  Watertoum  and  Rome  R,  R.   55 

Cape  Vincent  to  Kingston,  ,p.  W.,  via  Wolfe  Island 12 

Total  liiles .489 


Note. — ^The  extreme  length  of  Lake  On- 
tario is  190  miles,  from  Cape  Vincent  to 
Hamilton,  C.  W.;  being  about  four  times 


as  long  as  its  greatest  width.  The  circuit 
of  the  water  is  estimated  at  480  miles.— 
See  Lake  Srie^  page  14. 


r 


X.AXX  OHTAAia 


\\ 


This  Lake,  the  moat  eastern  of  the  great 
chain  of  Lakes  of  North  America,  receives 
the  surplus  waters  of  Nis^ra  River;  it  is 
180  miles  in  length,  and  60  miles  in  ex- 
treme breadth ;  being  about  480  miles  in 
circumference.  The  boundary  line  between 
the  British  Possessions  and  the  United 
States  runs  through  the  middle  of  the 
lake,  and  so  continues  down  the  St  Law- 
rence to  the  45th  degree  of  north  latitude^ 
where  the  river  enters  Canada. 

The  lake  is  navigable  throughout  its 
whole  extent  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
size;  and  it  is  said  to  be  in  some  places 
upward  of  600  feet  in  depth.  Itssur&oe 
is  elevated  234  feet  above  the  Atlantic^ 
and  lies  330  feet  lower  than  Lake  Erie, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Niagara 
Biver  and  by  the  Welland  Canal  in  Canada. 
It  has  also  been  proposed  to  construct  a 
ship  canal  on  the  American  side.  The 
trade  of  Lake  Ontario,  from  the  great  ex- 
tent of  inhabited  country  surrounding  it, 
is  very  considerable,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing. Many  sail  vessels  and  splendid 
steamers  are  employed  in  navigating  its 
waters,  which,  owing  to  its  great  depth, 
never  freeze,  except  at  the  sides,  where 
the  water  is  shallow;  so  that  its  naviga- 
tion is  not  so  effectually  interrupted  by  ice 
as  some  of  the  other  large  lakes.  The 
most  important  places  on  the  Canadian  or 
British  side  of  Lake  Ontario  are  Kingston, 
Coburg,  Port  Hope,  Toronto,  Hamilton, 
and  Niagara;  on  the  American  shore. 
Cape  Vincent,  Sacket's  Harbor,  Oswego, 
Charlotte  or  Port  Genesee,  and  Lewiston, 
on  Niagara  Elver.  This  Lake  is  connected 


with  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Hudson 
Biver  by  means  of  the  Oswego  and  Erie 
canals.  It  receives  numerous  streams,  both 
fh>m  the  Ouiadian  and  the  American  sides, 
and  abounas  with  a  great  variety  of  fish 
of  an  dxcellettt  flavor.  The  base  and  sal- 
mon, in  particular,  have  a  high  reputation, 
and  are  taken  in  large  quantities.  The 
principal  Bays  are  Burlington,  Ironde- 
quoit,  Qreat  and  Little  Sodus,  Mexic<^ 
I  Black  River,  Chaumont,  and  the  pictu- 
resque waters  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte. 

The  passage  across  Lake  Ontario  in 
calm  weather  is  most  agreeable.  At  times 
both  shores  are  hidden  from  view,  when 
nothing  can  be  seen  from  the  deck  of  the 
vessel  but  an  abyss  of  waters.  The  re- 
fractions which  sometimes  take  plaoe  in 
summer,  are  exceedingly  beautiful  Islands 
and  trees  appear  turned  upside  down ;  and 
the  white  surf  of  the  beach,  translated 
aloft,  seems  like  the  smoke  of  artillery 
blazing  away  firom  a  foit.* 


*  BBAVTrubMnAOi.— That  (^rand  phenomenon 
ooQMloD^Uy  witnessed  on  the  Lake'^-'minige — -^tik 
aeen  from  the  steamer  Bay  State,  on  a  recent  trip 
from  Niagara  to  Oenesee  River  (Augast,  1856), 
■with  more  than  ordinary  splendor.  The  Lock- 
port  Jowmal  sayh  it  oocnrred  Just  as  the  sun 
WM  Betting,  at  which  time  some  twelve  vessels 
were  seen  reflected  on  the  horizon,  In  an  Inverted 
position,  with  a  distinctness  and  vividness  truly 
sorphsing.  The  atmosphere  was  overcast  with 
a  thick  haze  snch  as  precedes  a  storm,  and  of  a 
color  ftvorable  to  represent  apon  the  darkened 
background,  vividly,  the  Aill  outlines  of  the  rig- 
ging, sails,  etc.,  as  perfect  as  if  the  ships  them- 
selves were  actually  transformed  to  the  aerial 
canvas.  The  unusual  phenomenon  lasted  until 
darkness  put  an  end  to  the  scene. 


I 

1 

i 


8TKAMB0AT  ROUTES. 


159 


American  Steamboat  Route  from  liowiiton  to  INiwef 09 
ILlncston,  and  Ogdensburgh. 


Porta,  eUi.  Miles. 

Lkwisto't .''...■ 0 

YoungsUnon 6 

Niagara^  Can 1-7 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Oenesee 80<-87 

PulPneyville 20-lor 

Sodus  Point lO-'llT 

Oswego r 30-147 

Stony  Point  and  Island 33-rl80 

Sackefs  Harbor 12-192 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Island 28-220 

EiKOSTON,  Can 10-230 

Thousand  Islands 

Clayton,  or  F\rench  Creek 24r-254 

Alexandria  Bay 12-266 

BrockviUe,  Ca|i 22-288 

Morristoum ....  1-280 

Ogdensbuboh 11-300 


Porta,  eto.         •  Milea. 

OODKKSBUBOH.  ..'. 0 

MorriaUnon '11 

Broekv%Ut,Qsa 1-12 

Thousand  Islands. 

Alexandria  Bay 32-34 

Clayton,  or  fk-eneh  Creek 12-46 

Grand,  or  Wolfe  Idand 

KiNOSTON,  Ciua 24-70 

Socket's  Harbor 38-108 

Stoney  P(Hnt  and  JsUuid 12-120 

Oswsoo 33-163 

Sodus  Point 30-183 

Pultneyville 10-193 

Charlotte,  or  Port  Cfenesee. 2(K-213 

Niagara,  Can 80-293 

ToungstowH 1-294 

Lbwiston 6-300 


Usual  Time  from  Lewiston  to  Ogdensburgh,  via  Oswego  and  Kingston,  28  hoars. 
Usual  Time,  via  Toronto  and  Cape  Vincent,  22  hours. 
Cabin  Fare,  $5.50  (indudin]^  ZMals).    Deok  Fare,  $2.50. 


Steamboat  Ronte  from  I^ewiston  to  Toronto  and  Ogdent- 

burffb,  via  Express  lilne* 


P<n-ta,  etc.  Milea. 

Iewistoh 0 

Niagara 7 

Toronto,  Can 42-49 

Point  Peter  and  Light 128-177 

Duck  Island. 30-207 

Tibbet's  Point  and  Light 19-226 

Cape  Vincent 3-229 

Clayton,  or  I^Vench  Creek 13-242 

BrockviUe,  Can 34-276 

Ogdensburgh 11-287 


Ports,  etc.  Milea. 

Ogdensburgh  ....«.~.  ...^..^...^  0 

BrockviUe,  Can 11 

Clayton,  or  f)rench.  Creek 34-45 

Cape  Vincent 13-68 

Tibbet's  Point 3-61 

Duck  Island. 19-80 

Point  Peter  and  Light 30-110 

Toronto 128r-238 

Niagara 42-280 

Lewiston 7-287 


Usual  Fare  from  Ogdensburgh  to  Montreal,         $3.50 
Through  Fare  from  Lewiston  to  Montreal,  9.00 

"        "    from  Buffalo  to  Montreal,  10.00 

For  further  information  in  regard  to  Lake  Ontario  and  Route  to  Montreal,  ito., 
see  "  Piotubebque  Tqubist,"  publi^ed  by  J.  Distubnell. 


AI«PHtABETIC Ali  I«I9T  or  thi  Fsutoipal  Pobts  on  thb  Gbbat  Laehi 
or  North  Ambbioa,  witb  thbib  Situation,  TjicmpeiultubSi  etc. 


POBTS,  See. 


Affate  Harbor,  Mioh, 

Algonao,     .         "    

Alpena,      *         "    

Amherstbur^,  Oan 

Ashland,  Wia 

Ashtabula^  Ohio 

Bay  City,  Mich 

Bayfield,  Wis. 

Beayer  Bay,  Min 

Belleville,  Oan 

BrockviUe,  "    

Bruce  Mines,  Can 

Buchanan,  Min. 

Buffalo,*N.  T 

Cape  Vincent,  N.  T. 

Charlotte,  " 

Chicago,  Illinois 

Clayton,  N.  Y. 

Cleveland,*  Ohio 

Cobourg,  Can 

Collingwood,  Can 

Conneaut,  Ohio 

Copper  Harbor,*  Mich.  (Ft  Wilkins) 

Detroit,*  "     

Dunkirk,  K  T 

Eagle  Harbor,  Mich 

Eagle  River,        "    

East  Saginaw,     "    

Erie,*  Penn 

Fairport,  OMo. 

Forreetville,  Mich. 

Fort  Gratiot,*  "     

Fort  Niagara,*  N.  Y 

Fort  William,  Can. 

Gena,  Mich., 

Goderich,  Can 

Grand  Haven,  Mich. . . .; 

Grand  Portage,  Min 

Green  Bay,*  Wia,  (Fort  Howard) 

Hamilton,  Can.. . , 

Hancock,  Mich 


TAtttnda. 

Longitode. 

Altitude. 

Mean  Temp. 

AI^BO' 

88«10' 

600  ft. 

41«  Fahr. 

42  36 

82  30 

570 

46  00 

46  00  • 

83  30 

674 

42  00 

42  06 

82  58 

562 

48  00 

46  33 

91  00 

600 

41  00 

41  62 

80  47 

660 

47  00 

574 

46  00 

46  45 

91  00 

600 

40  00 

4t  12 

91  18 

600 

38  00 

236 

45  00 

• 

230 

44  00 

46  20 

83  45 

574 

40  00 

47  33 

92  00 

600 

37  00 

42  63 

78  58 

600 

47  00 

44  03 

76  30 

235 

45  00 

43  12 

77  51 

236 

46  00 

41  53 

87  37 

676 

47  00 

44  10 

76  25 

234 

45  00 

41  30 

81  42 

640 

48  00 

235 

45  00 

44  30 

80  20 

674 

43  00 

660 

47  00 

47  30 

88  00 

620 

41  00 

42  20 

83  00 

600 

47  25 

560 

47  25 

47  28 

88  08 

600 

'  41  00 

47  25 

88  18 

600 

41  00 

574 

46  00 

12  08 

80  05 

560 

47  00 

<■ 

560 

47  00 

43  40 

82  34 

674 

4sroo 

42  55 

82  23 

698 

46  30 

43  18 

79  08 

250 

47  90 

48  23 

89  22 

600 

36*00 

576 

43  00- 

43  44 

81  43 

574 

45  00 

43  05 

86  12 

676  • 

46  00 

•  47  50 

90  00 

600 

'  38  00 

44  30 

88  05 

620 

44  60 

41  15 

79  57 

235 

47  00 

600 

41  00 

▲LPHABinOAL  U8T  OV  PORTS,  ITO. 


161 


FO£TS,^ 


wa  Tempi. 

tl«  Fahr. 

46  00 
42  00 
48  00 
41  00 

47  00 

46  00 
40  00 
38  00 

45  00 

44  00 
40  00 
37  00 

47  00 

46  00 

46  00 

47  00 

46  00 

48  00 

45  00 
43  00 

47  00 
41  00 
47  25 
47  25 
41  00 
41  00 

46  00 

47  00 
47  00 
4^00 

46  30 

47  90 
36*00 

43  00- 

45  00 

46  00 
38  00 

44  50 

47  00 
41  00 


It 


Houghtoiif 

Huron  Harbor,  Ohia 

Kenoalus  Wis 

Kingston,  Gan. 

La  Pointo,  Wis 

Lexington,  Mich 

Lewiston,  N.  Y. 

aianistee,  Mich. 

Manitouwoo,  Wis 

Macldnac,'"  Mich. . . 

Marquette,      **    

Michigan  Oity,  Ind. 

Miohipicoten,  Can. 

MUwaukee,  Wis 

Monroe,  Mich. < . . 

Munising,  "     

Muskegon,  Mich 

Neepigon,  Gan 

New  Bufblo,  Mich. 

Nenomonee  Git7,  Wis. 

Niagara,  Gan 

Oconto,  Wis 

Oak  Orchard,  N.  T. 

Ogdensburgb,  N.  Y 

Ontonagon,  Mich. 

Oshawa,  Can 

Oswego.*  N.  Y.,  (Port  Ontaiio)t . . 

Owen's  Sound,  Can 

Penetuiquishene,  Gan 
Ficton, 


11 


(I 
u 


Port  Burwell, 
Port  Colbum, 
Port  Dalhousie, 

Port  Dover,  Gan. , 

Port  Hope,     " , 

Port  Huron,  Mich    , 

Portland,  Min 

Port  Stanley,  Gan... 

Prescott,  "    

Pultneyville,  N.  Y 

Racine,  Wis. 

Rock  Harbor,  Mich 

Sacket's  Harbor,*  (Madison  Bar.) 

Saginaw  Gity,  Mich. 

Sandusky,  Ohio 

11 


Utltada 


46O40' 

41  26 

42  36 
44  08 
46  46 


44  07 

45  61 

46  32 
41  41 

47  66 
43  03 
41  63 
46  20 

49  00 
41  46 

43  18 


44  42 
46  62 

43  20 

44  81 


42  58 

47  00 

44  42 

42  46 

48  06 

43  56 


LOBgltlld*. 


88O30' 
82  40 
87  60 
76  40 
90  67 


87  46 
84  38 
87  33 
86  63 

86  06 

87  65 
'83  19 

87  00 

88  30 
86  46 

79  08 


715  36 
69  30 

76  40 

80  40 


Altltade. 


82  25 
92  10 

75  36 

87  48 

88  50 

76  00 


41  27«  f  82  45 


600  ft. 

660 

676 

236 

600 

674 

288 

676 

676 

728 

600 

676 

600 

676 

660 

600 

676 

600 

676 

676 

236 

676 

236 

230 

600 

236 

250 

674 

674 

236 

660 

660 

236 

660 

236 

672 

600 

660 

230 

235 

576 

600 

265 

574 

660 


MflUkTdUDp^ 


410  Fahr. 

48  00 
46  00 
44  00 
40  00 

•46  00 
46  00 
46  00 
46  00 

40  66 

42  00 

49  00 
38  00 
46  00 
48  00 

41  00 

46  00 
36  00 

47  00 

43  00 
47  00 

44  00 
47  00 
44  00 
40  00 
44  00 
46  44 
43  00 

43  00 
46  00 
46  00 

46  00 

47  00 
46  00 
46  00 
46  00 
40  00 
46  00 

44  00 

46  00 

47  00 
38  00 

45  00 

46  00 

48  00 


163 


RAPIDS   or  THK   ST.  LAWRBNOB   RIVIB. 


PORTS,  *e 


Barnia,  Can 

8auge«n,  Cao « . . . . 

SautSte.  Marie,*  (Fort  Brady). . . . 

Bheybpygan,  Wis 

St.  Olair,  Mich 

Superior,  Wis 

Sodiis  Bay,  N.  Y 

Tawas,  liich. 

Toledo,  OhiOi 

Toronto,!  Oan* 

TreotpQ,  Mich 

Yemulion,  Ohio 

Waukegan,  111 

White  Biver  Harbor,  Mioh 

Windsor,  Can 

Wyandotte,  Michc ^ 


Latltud*. 

Longitude. 

AlUtode. 

Meu  Temp. 

43«»68' 

82024' 

672  ft. 

46*  Fahr. 

44  04 

81  48 

674 

44  00 

46  30 

84  43 

600 

40  37 

676 

4,6  00 

• 

670 

46  00 

46  40 

92  03 

600 

40  00 

366 

46  40 

i 

674 

46  00 

41  38 

83  32 

660 

49  00 

43  40 

79  20 

266 

44  40 

666 

47  00 

, 

66b 

48  00 

42  21 

87  60 

676 

4t  00 

676 

46  30 

42  21 

83  00 

670 

47  00 

670 

47  00 

*  United  States  Military  Statloaa,  giving  the  exact  eleratloB  of  Forts,  &a   The  other  Btatioos 
show  the  water  levi.*!  of  the  different  Great  Lakes  and  Rivers. 

t  Canadian  Ohservatoiy.  * 


BAFIBS  OF  THE  ST.  LAWBXSCB  BIVER. 


The  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  con- 
nection with  the  "  Thousand  Islands," 
form  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this 
truly  noble  stream.  The  "  Thousand  Is- 
lands" are  situated  near  the  foot  of  X<ake 
Ontario,  where  the  St  Lawrence  proper 
commences.  Here  are  found  deligtitful 
resorts  for  those  fond  of  fishing  and  hunt- 
ing, surrounded  by  scenery  of  the  most 
enchanting  character. 

Tl»e  fall  in  the  St.  Lawrence  river, 
between  Ogdensburgh  and  Montreal,  a  dis- 
tance of  120  miles  exceeds  200  feet.  The 
rapids  encountered  are  the  OaMop  Rapids ; 


Rapid  Plat;  Long  Saut  Ro^pida,  (descent 
48  foet.)  The  Coteau  Rapids,  Cedar 
Rapids,  and  Cascade  Rapids,  have  a  des- 
cent  of  82  feet ;  in  the  distance  of  11 
milei^.  The  La  Chine  Rapids,  the  last 
formidable  rapids  w^ich  impede  naviga* 
tion,  has  a  descent  of  45  feet. 

ThQ  descent  of  these  Rapids  by  pteam- 
ers  is  perfectly  safe,  affording  the  most  ex- 
citing  and  grand  excursion  imaginable. 
In  ascending  the  stream  steamers  pass 
through  the  St.  Lawrence  Canal;  total 
length  about  40  miles.  See  Engraving, 
p^ge  162. 


[MB  Temp. 

46«  Fahr. 

44  00 

40  37 

4,5  00 

46  00 

40  00 

46  40 

45  00 

49  00 

44  40 

47  00 

48  00 

41  00 

46  30 

47  00 

47  00 

otiier  BtettoDft 

r,  (descent 

■»,    Gedair 

[have  a  des* 

ItttDce.  of  11 

\da,  the  last 

tede  naviga- 

is  by  pteam- 
bhe  most  ex- 

imapnable. 
tamers  pass 
7on«i ;  total 

Engraving, 


r. 

n 
o 


r 


triAllBOAt  Boim. 


168 


1863. 


1863. 


Cleveland,  Detroit,  and  Lake  STiperior< 


The  Splendid  Steam  PMketi  lOBTEOB  Mid  ILLIHOIS  will  leave  Cleveland 
and  DeftroR  lor  Lake  Siipetloc,  aa  iollowt : 

M  «  »  «  o  m , 

B.  8.  KTDEB,  Mmim, 


<t 


LEAVES  CLEVELM^, 

Wednesday,  at  8  P.  M Ju^  8 

Tuesday, 

Monday, 

j;ridiiy. 

Wednesday, 

Tuesday, 

Monday, 

Friday, 


<< 
•« 

u 

14 
It 


21 

Aug.   8 

"    14 

«♦    26 

Sept.   8 

"    31 

Otft.     2 


If  o  t  • 


X  &  X  z 

JOWX  BOBEBTSOnr, 

LEAVES  CLEVELAND, 
Wednesday*  at  8  P.  M July 


Tuesday, 

«< 

Monday, 

i« 

Friday. 

■44 

Wednesday, 

M 

Tuesday, 

44 

Monday,' 

44 

Friday, 

44 

Wednesday, 

44 

44 

14 

44 

27 

Aug. 

7 

4» 

19 

Sept 

.  1 

(4 

14 

44 

26 

Oct. 

7 

leatlng  Detroit  on  the  day  fbOowing  thoie  aboTe  named,  at  10  ji.M., 
oaliing  at  Pert  Huron  and  Samia  the  lame  evening^. 

During  the  months  of  July  and  August,  the  above  Steamers  will  make 

GRAND  PLEASURE  EXCURSIONS, 

Leaving  Cleveland  on  their  regular  days.  On  these  trips  they  will  carry  good 
BRASS  AND  STRINO  BANDS,  and  every  effort  will  be  made  to  secure  the  comfort 
and  convenience  of  passengers.  Each  point  of  interest  on  the  route  will  be  vUdted, 
giving  pleasureHieekers  an  opportunity  to  fUUy  enjoy  the  finest,  most  healthy,  and 
instructive  trip  on  the  Continent. 
For  furUxer  information,  regarding  Freight  and  Passage,  address, 

H.  GAERETSOir  ft  CO.,  Agenti, 

No.  1  River  Street,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

WILLIAlfS  &  CO.,  Agonti, 

Foot  of  First  Street,  Detroit,  Mich. 


3".    T.  WHITINO-   &   CO., 

Also  Agents  for 

LAKE  SUPERIOR  STEAMERS, 

Foetof  Flitt  Street,  Detroit,  lOch. 


164 


'I 


STEAMBOAT  B0CTB8. 


oimui  iiran,  ffli  UB  srani 


1863. 


The  First-aasa  Low  Pressure  Steamers  NORTHERN  LIGHT  and  CITY  OP 
CLEVELAND  will  leave  Cleveland  for  Lake  Superior,  regularly,  on  the  dayi 
named  bel({w : 


NORTHERN  LIQHT, 

JOHN  8PALD1N0,  Commander. 

Monday, 
Friday, 


atSP.M July   6 

17 


<( 

t( 

t< 
ti 
« 


(i 


29 
.Aug.  11 
.  "  24 
.Sept.  4 
,  ♦♦  16 
"  29 
"  Oct.  12 


CITY  OF  CLEVELAND, 

BENJAMIN  WILKINS,  Commander. 

Friday,      atSP.M July  10 

Wednesday,  "  *•    22 

Tuesday,  "  Aug.  4 

Monday,  *«  "    17 

Friday,  *•  •'    28 

Wednesday,  **  » Sept.   9 

Tuesday,  "  "22 

Monday,  "  Oct.  6 


Wednesday, 

Tuesday, 

Monday, 

Friday, 

Wedneisday, 

Tuesday, 

Monday, 

These  Steamers  will  leave  Detroit  on  the  day  following,  at  10  A.M. 

During  the  months  of  July  and  August,  the  above  Steamers  will  make 

Leaving  Cleveland  on  their  regular  days,  dn  these  trips  they  will  carry  good 
BRASS  AND  STRING  BANDS,  andevei^  eflFortwill  be  made  to  secure  the  comfort 
and  convenience  of  passengers.  Each  pomt  of  interest  on  the  route  will  be  visited, 
giving  pleasure-seekers  an  opportunity  to  fully  enjoy  the  finest,  most  healthy,  and 
instkuctive  trip  on  the  Continent. 

f"  Passengers  will  find  their  advantage  in  embarking  for  the  trip  at  Cleveland, 
ving  the  first  selection  of  rooms. 
For  further  inforD>ation^  regarding  Freight  and  Passage,  address 

WILLIAMS  &  CO.,  Agents  Northern  Light. 
^  S.  P.  BRADT  &  CO.,  Agents  City  of  Cleveland. 

ROBERT  HANNA  &  CO.,  Agents,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


)3. 


STEAMBOAT  BOUTBB. 


CITY  OF 

the  dayi 

LAND, 

muidar. 

..July  10 
«.    22 

. .  Aug.   4 

..     "17 

«i    28 

l.Sept.  9 
..  ♦♦  22 
. .  Oct.   5 

.0  A.U. 

uake 

m^, 

carry  good 

he  comfort 

be  visited, 

ittlthy,  and 

Cleveland, 


ght. 

leveland. 
d,  Ohio. 


165 


1863. 


^n 


r* 


/*.•  _" 


FOR   IftiE   SUFEftteft 

The  New  and  Splendid,  Low  Pressure,  Side^wheel  Passenger  Steamboat 


F.  8.  lOLIJSt,  Commander, 

THll  leave  Cleveland  and  Detroit  for  (^tonagon,  touching  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 
Marquette,  Portage  Lake,  Hancock,  Houghton,  Copper  Harlwr,  Eagle  Harbor,  vai 
Eagle  Biver,  on  tbe  days  named  below : 

Leaves  Cleyeland  at  8  P.  M. 

Monday July  18 

Friday July  24 

Wednesday. .  ^ Aug.    5 

Tuesday Aug.  18 

Monday Aug.  81 

Friday Sept.  11 

Wednesday Sept  28 

Tuesday ...Oct.    6 


Leaves  Betroit  at  10  A.  M. 

Wednesday July   1 

Tuesday July  14 

Saturday July  26 

Thursday Aug.    6 

Wednesday .Aug.  19 

Tuesday Sept.    1 

Saturday Sept.  12 

Thursday Sept.  24 

Wednesday Oct.   7 


PLEASURE  EXCURSIONS. 

During  the  months  of  July  and  August,  this  boat  will  make  Four  Grand 
Pleasure  Ezcurslona,  leaving  Cleveland  at  8  o'clock  in  the  evenings  of  July  13th 
and  24th,  and  August  5th  and  18th,  and  will  leave  Detroit  on  the  mornings  fol- 
lowing her  departure  from  Cleveland.  To  the  tourist  seeking  health,  pleasure,  or 
valuable  information,  Lake  Superior  offers  greater  attractions  than  any  other  por> 
tion  of  the  United  States.  The  route  embraces  a  thousand  miles  of  diveridhed  river 
and  lake  navigation,  along  the  borders  of  whidb  lies  the  most  varied  and  grand 
scenery  in  the  world,  and  no  one  can  form  any  idea  of  the  immentie  mineral  re- 
sources of  the  country  without  a  personal  inspection  of  the  vast  iron  and  copper 
mines  of  this  region.  The  distance  up  and  back  is  about  2,000  miles,  and  occupies 
from  nine  to  ten  days.  The  boat  8tops  long  enough  at  each  place  to  give  passen- 
gers ample  time  to  see  all  points  of  interest. 

Tlie  price  of  Cabin  Passage,  including  m<nils  and  berths,  for  the  round  trip  to  On- 
tonagon, returning  on  the  same  trip  and  boat,  is,  from  Cleveland  S35,  and  from 
Detroit  $88  Servants,  and  children  over  three  years  old,  half  price.  Children 
over  twelve,  full  price. 

Fur  HUte  Booms,  or  further  information,  address 

JOHN  HUTOHINGS  &  CO.. 

K'iNit  of  QriswDld  Street,  Detroit. 


166 


STBAMBOAT  BOOm. 


1863. 


>'i 


188a 


LAKE    SUPERIOR    LINE. 

The  S|A04dld  FImI-cUmb  Simmet  IBON  CITY  wiU  Iw^ve  Cleveland  in4  DeMi 
for  Lake  Superior,  regu^Iy,  on  days  named  below : 


J.  B.  TUBNER,  Commander, 

Lea¥6t  CLEVSLAHD,  i^t  8  P.  M., 


Wednesday Sept.   2 

Tuesday Sept.  U 

Monday jSept.  ^ 

Friday Oct.  9 


Friday July   8 

Wednesday : July  15 

Tuesday July  28 

Monday Aug.  10 

Friday Aug.  21 

This  Steamer  will  leave  Detroit  on  the  days  following  those  named  above, 

at  10  o'docK  A.  M. 

During  the  summer  months  of  July  and  August,  the  above  Steamer  will  make 

Five  Orand  Pleasure  Bzcursioiis, 

Visiting  the  different  points  of  interest  on  Lake  Superior,  including  the  Pictured 
Bocks,  and  the  various  Copper  and  Iron  Mines  on  its  shores.  For  further  informa" 
tiou,  and  all  particulars  regarding  Freight  and  Passage,  address 

S.  P.  BRADY  &  CO.,  Agents,  Detroit,  Mich, 

HUSSEY  &  MoBBIDE,  Agents,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Detroit  and  Cleveland 


LIITE    OF 


STEAMBOATS. 


The  Side-wheel  Steamers, 


MOBNIITQ    STAB, 

J  ,200  Tons, 
Capt.  E.  R.  VIGER, 


^     MAY   QUEEH^ 

700  Tons, 
Capt.  WM.  M'KAT 

Leaving  Cleveland  and  Detroit  at  Eight  o'clock  F.  M 

Form  a  DA.ILY  EVENING  LINE  between  Detroit  and  Cleveland,  connecting  with 
all  early  Morning  Trains  running  East  and  West. 

Through  lUckets  for  sale  on  board  to  all  principal  cities. 

KEITH  &  CARTER,  Agents,  Detroit,  Mich. 
L.  A.  PIERCE^  General  Agent,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


4DeMt 


.Sept.   2 

.Sept.  U 

.jSept.  ^ 

,,.0ot.  ^ 

id  above, 

Umake 

)  Pictured 
r  inform9'' 

ch. 
d,  Ohio. 

nd 

ATS. 


STEAMBOAT  B0UTE8. 


167 


M 

ting  with 

ich. 
,  Ohio. 


Friday,  October  9,  for  Superior  City. 
Tkunday,  Octol)eT  22,  for  OaU>na|On. 
Monday,  NoYember  2,  for  Siiperior  City. 
Wednwday,  Nov.  16,  for  Ontonagon. 


FdR  LME  SiiFEflfilli 

The  Splendid,  First-CIasR  Passenger  Steamboat  PLANST,  Captain  L.  CHAioiBLnr, 
will  run  during  the  season  of  1863,  leaving  Chicago  at  7  o'clock  in  the  Evening,  fox 
Ontonagon,  Superior  City,  and  all  Intermediate  Poiis,  on  the  foUowiug  days  : 

Thursday,  July  16,  for  Superior  City.  Monday,  September  28,  for  Ontonagon. 

MoAdfty,"' July  27,  *  *« 

^IdBd^^,  August  11,  for  Ontonagon. 

Saturday,  August  27,  for  Superior  City. 

Friday,  September  4,  for  Ontonagon.  ' 

Tuesday,  ^pt.  16,  for  Superior  City. 

Her  Dock  is  on  River  Street,  first  above  Bu^h  Street  Bridge.    For  Freight  or 
Passage,  apply  on  board,  or  to 

A.  E.  GOODRICH.  6  and  8  River  Street. 

■  .  I',-  . 

St0ainl)oat«  on  Lake  MicliigaiL 

A  First-Class  Boat  will  le«t.ve  Goodrich's  Dock,  first  above  Bush  Street  Bridge, 

lEyerf  ]|K|oriidnf  (Suudayt  exeeptcgl), 

*  At  9  o'clock,  for  '      * 

PORT  WASHIiraTON.  3HEBOTGAN,  MANITOWOC, 

4!fl»  TWO  »ITER§, 

Extending  their  trips  to  Kewaunee  and  Wolf  Biver  every  Friday.  During  the^sesr 
son  •£  navigation^  Passengers  and  Freight  carried  cheaper  thau  by  any  other  line. 

Batcts  of  Fare  for  Fanengeii. 

First  GiMt.  g^    8«eondClMi. 

Chicago  to  Kenosha r. ..fl'60  ~. .'  •0^60mi- 

Chicago  to  Racine , 1  26  75 

Chicago  to  Milwaukee 160  100 

Chicago  to  Port  Washington 200  150 

Chicago  to  Sheboygan 3  00  . . : 2  50 

Chidijfo  to  Maiiitowoc  and  Two  Bivers 8  50 8  OQ 

ChKJigto  to  Grand  Haven. 8  00  ..........  2  40 

|^°  Pasiiengers  wi^l  please  purchase  their  tickets  on  board  the  boats.    Firat  Claai 
includes  Meals  and  Berths.    For  Freight  or  Passage,  ftpply  on  board,  or  to 


A. 


f .  QQOiPBlCH,  6  and  8  Biver  Street,  Chxoaqo. 


168 


8TIAMBOAT8  AND  Bicn.BOADB. 


THE 


irOETHEBK  THAFSPOBTATION  GO. 

OF   OHIO 

Is  prepared  to  Transport  Property  between 

Boston,  all  Points  in  New  England,  New  York, 

and  the  West, 

With  Promptness,  Care,  and  Dispatch. 


Thii  well-known  Idne  of  Fifteen  First-Claat  Screw  Steameni 

Comects  at  Ogdensburgh  with  the 

Railroad  for  BOSTON  and  all  Points  in  NEW  ENGLAND; 

At  Cape  Vincent  with  the 

Railroads  Iretween  Cape  Vincent  and  New  York ; 

^  And  at  Oswego  with  a 

Itflne  of  Thirty  Flrst-Class  €aual  Boats  betiveen  Osurego, 

Troy,  Albany,  and  If ei¥  York, 

Form  a  Daily  Une  from 

BOSTON,  NBW  YORK,  OGDENSBURGH,  CaPB.  VINCENT,  AND  OSWEGO  TO 

CLEFELAND,  TOLEDO,  AND  DETROIT, 
And  a  Tri-veekly  Line  to 
CHICAGO,  lIlIiWAlJKES,  &c  IMTBUMtJ^lATWl  PIMtTS. 


J.  ICyerS)  d  Astor  House New  York. 

Geo.  A.  Eddy Ogdensburgh 

John  H.  Crawford Oswego 

Walker  ft  Hayes Toledo 

O.J.Hale MUwaakee. 


AGENTS. 

John  Hocking,  7  State  Street.  .Boston 

A.  F.  Smith Cape  Vincent. 

Pelton  &  Breed Cleveland. 

E.R.  Mathews. i>«t'oi^ 

N.J.  Howe 0 Chicago. 


;  ,.:nr: -I/,;;.:. 


\, 


STBAHBOATB  AND  BAILBOADS. 


169 


ork, 


n 


liND; 


iwego, 


iO  TO 


.BoBton 
Vincent. 
Ileveland. 
.Detroit, 
.Chicago. 


GO.    I    errand  Trunk  Line  of  ITew  Steamertk 


B     F.   WADE, 

Otpt.  GOLDSMITH. 

ANTELOPE, 

Capt  BXJTLIN. 


KOHTeOMEKT, 

OapL  GILLIES. 

WATEB   WITCH, 

O^ptBTDXB. 


The  only  reliable  line  of  Steamers  firom  Chicfl^  for  Canada  and  the  Eastern  States 
having  regular  days  and  hours  of  sailing  Tri-Wei;kly  between 

CmCACOt  nttWAUKE6t  AtltO  $ABmA> 

One  of  the  above  Steamers  will  leave  the  Dock,  foot  of  South  La  Salle  Street, 
Chicago,  every 

Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday  Evening, 

At  7  o'clock ;  and  Milwaukee  on 

Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sunday  Mornings, 

At  7  o'clock,  for  SABNIA, 

Landing;  at  points  on  the  West  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Mackinac,  connecting 

at  Samia  with  the 

GRAND  TRUNK  RAILWAY, 

For  Buffalo,  Toronto,  Oswego,  Kingnton,  Prescott, 
Ottaiira  City,  IQoutreal,  Quebec,  Portland, 

And  Eastern  States.  At  Ogdensburgh  with  Northern  New  York  and  Vermont  Cen- 
tral Railways,  for  St.  Albtms,  Burlington,  Montpelier,  Concord,  Lowell,  Nashua, 
and  all  points  in  the  New  Erigland  States,  forming  a  Fast  Freight  Line  to  all  the 
above-named  points. 

©f^lLV  ©Kin  iri^AlRllSIMlOlPDKAllKFflTra 

Rates  of  Lisurance  Lower  than  via  any  other  route.    Through  Bills  of  Lading 
given  to  Liverpool,  via  Grand  Trunk  Railway  and  Montreal  Ocean  Steamships. 

C.  J.  BRIDGES,  Managingl)irector  G.  T.  B.,  Montreal,  C.  E. 
M.  PENNINGTON,  Freight  Manager,      "  "  '* 

WILLIAM  GRAHAM,  Agent  G.  T.  R.,  Portland. 
GEORGE  PHIPPEN,  Agent  G.  T.  R.,  No.  6  Devonshire  Street,  Boston. 
S.  T  WEBSTER,  Western  Gen.  Agent  G.  T.  R.,  56  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago,  HI. 
A.  T.  SPENCER,  Agent  Grand  Trunk  line  Steamers,  foot  of  South  La  Salle 
Street,  Chicago,  111. 

H.  COUBTENAY,  Agent, 

Warehouse  and  Docks  foot  of  Main  Street,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 


"M 


170 


BilLBOAPB  AHB  STKAH^OAT?. 


>i\ 


m^^m  &  im^  mm 


BnffJi-lp  a»4  Petsroit  l^irect, 


VIA 


•and  Trunk  and  Great  Western  Railways, 

•JPWdl)  SOTMSS  TOMHS  BMttiY- 

Leave  Erie  Street  Depot,  Buffalo, 

Ccnnecting  at  PARIS  with  Great  Western  Railway  Trains,  and  at  STRAT- 
FORD with  Gran^  Tront  Railway  Trains  for 

X>etiroit  a.iid  all  !Poiii.tis    Wc^st. 


AT   &ODERICH.    ON   LAKE   IIURON, 

jConnection  in  also  made  with  a  regular  Line  of 


FOB 


Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Saginaw, 

AND  OTHER  LAKE  PORTS. 

Tlnie  Shprter  and  Fare  Uic  §anie  a§  by  other  Itontes. 

A.  FELL,  Trafaic  Superintendent,  / 
R.  9.  CARTER,  General  Manager.  Buffalo.  N.  T 


r;GAi|^0AT  Bouna. 


1863. 


PLEASUBE 


%n 


TRAVEL. 


g^iaiEgs  Sism 


Lake  Ontimo  fi^d  Biver  St  l^awrence. 

between  N^kg^fira  F^lls,  I^wiiton,  Toronto,  0^cL4)iubiir|ph,  ^iu|»'i 

Polut,  Montreal,  (bebec,  and  Biver  Saipienay. 

For    Lake   Chauiplaiii,   Lake  George,  Saratoga   Springiy 

Troy,  All|a|»y«  ^PW  ¥«rll^»  WWI^  mi<|«i»t^^in% 

Portland,  and  Boston. 

The  ONTABIO  STEAMBOAT  CO.  will,  during  the  season  of  Pleasiire  Travel, 
oomn^e^cing  on  ^he  22d  of  June,  rim  their  large  an4  conunodious  Lake  Steamers, 

BAY  STATE,    ONTAKIO,    CATARACT, 

I3apt.  MOBLST.  Cspt  l^TBS.  Oapt.  UBPTAIU). 

An4  thp  i|pleiwU4  ]ilUver  Steamers, 

|p:0||T]iLEAL,  ALEXANDRA, 

Oapt  DE  WITT.  Capt  J.  N.  B00KU8. 

Forming  a  Daily  Line  through  Lake  Ontario  and  Biver  St.  Lawrence. 

IVATb]  D01¥irWAR]>.  LSATV]  UPWARD. 

MONTBEAL,  d»U7,  T  00  A.M. 

O'iDENSBUBGH,  daily  (Sundays  ex- 
cepted) 1  00  P.lf. 
FBEdCOTT,daUy(8unda7i0XMpt'd)l  10    **  ^ 
IC0BBI8T0WN,  dally,  •*          ♦^       «  00    "  •i' 
BROCKVILLE,  daily,    "          «*        8 16    " 

Toochlnfl;  mt  AUxandxf «9a]r  4t  ChKytmn* 

KINOSTON,  daily  (Sunda.  ezsept'd)  10  00  P.IL 
8AOKET8,  daily,        ♦'  "  1 OOA-IL 

OSWEGO,  daily,  ♦*  **  0  80    " 

CHARLOTTE,  daily,  ••  •*  COO  P.M. 

Arriving  at  TOBONTO  afc  5  00  A.|i. 

This  Line  ofgteameni  is  replete  with  all  the  comfortfl  required  by  Travelers,  and  combinoi 
the  elegancH  of  a  First-claefs  Hotel  with  the  rapidity  of  Railroad  conveyance.  They  Hre  comtniina- 
ed  antJ  officered  by  men  of  experience,  while  the  route  offers  to  the  BualQeM  man  and  lleasure- 
seekt-r  a'trudions  nff'-rded  by  no  other  iibe,  pa<«8ing  the  far-famed  THOUSAlfD  I3LAND3  BT 
DAYLIGHT,  at  a  time  the  most  favorable  for  the  d^randeur  of  the  Scenery  and  the  oomfoit  of  tlM 
~  '  Tliwaiiglt  llcketa  by  this  Line  can  be  purchased  at  al  points  on  the  lAoa, 


TORONTO.  4aily  (Sundays  excepted)  0  80  A.M. 
LEWISTOSf,  daily,    •^  *      10  80    « 

NIAGARA,  daily,       "  «       10  SO    " 

CHARLOITE,  daily,"  "        6  00  P.M. 

OSWEGO,  dally,        •♦  "      11  00   •* 

For  SACKEV'S  HARBOR,  Thursdays  and  Sat 
urdays,  arriving  next  njioraing  vt    2  00  A  M. 
KINGSTON,  daily  (Monday  exoept'd)4  45  P.M. 
Toucbliig  at  Clayton,  Alexandria  Bay, 
and  BrockirMle. 

A  rriving  at  OGDENSBURGH  at       10  00  A.M. 
And  at  MONTREAL  same  eveii'g,  at  0  00  P.M. 


Passengers 

or  on  board  the  Steamers. 

H.  N.  THJIQOP,  General  Manager,  Oswegc,  S.  Y. 

SAMUEL  FAEWELL,  President.  Utica,  N.  Y. 


fl  ■""'■ 


^\ 


1T9 


8TBAUB0AT  BOUTB8. 


Canadian  I^^and  Steam  Navigation 

COMPANY. 


3Et.oyail  JMCail 


n?l&roii8fli  Xjine, 


)Por  Darlingl6ii»  Port  Hope»  Cobonrg*  Kingston,  BroclL- 
TiUOy  Pretcotty  Ogdonsbnrgli,  and  Montirealy 

WITHOUT  TRANSHIPMENT. 

On  and  aftor  MOHDAT,  the  4«h  of  Kay, 

One  of  ihe  Steamers  of  the  above  Magnifioent  Line  will  leave  the  Custom  House 
Wharf,  foot  of  Yocge  Street, 

Dally  (Sundays  excepted),  at  %  P.  HE., 

For  the  above  PoBTB.    Also, 
!FOK  HAMILTON  every  Morning,  at  8  o'clock  {Tuesdays  excepted). 

For  Tiickets  and  further  information,  apply  at  the  Company's  Offices,  Front  Street, 
acyoining  the  American  Hotel,  or  the  comer  of  York  and  Front  Streets. 

N.  MILLOT,  Agent. 

ToBOMio,  May  14, 1868. 


if  or  Fensaukse,  Ooonto,  Peiktig  o,  Marinette,  and  8tar§reon  Bay. 

The  Steamer    ^^^st     Qneen  City, 

Captain  J    A.  MONBOE, 

Will  run  until  farther  notice  between  Qreen  Bay  and  the  above-named  Ports,  leav- 
ing Greea  Bay  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday  Mornings,  at  7^  o'clock,  and 
Marinette  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Saturday  Mornings,  at  6  o'clock.  WHl  run  into 
Stu&gkon  Bat  on  her  down  trip  every  Friday. 

JOHN  B.  JACOBS. 

For  Freight  or  Passage,  apply  on  board,  or  to 

STBQVO  ft  DAYf  Agents,  Green  Bay. 
Qkvn  B^t,  Maiiii  31,  1863. 


KAILR0AD8  JJTD  STBiJCBOATS. 


173 


Between  the  EAST  and  WEST,  is  now  by  the 

DETROIT  AND  MILWAUKEE  B.B. 

Two  EXPBESS  TBAIN8  leave  Detroit  Dafly  with  Paasengen  for 

PONTIAC.  HOLLY,  FENTONViLLC,  FLINT, 

SlfilHAW,  0VO880.  8T.  J0HII8,  limillB, 
GRAND  RAPIDS,  PORT  HURON,  MUSKEGON, 

Chicago,  Milwaukee,  St.  Paul,  St.  Anthony, 

And  all  Points  on  the  Mississippi  Riyer. 

FIRST-CLASS,  BELIABLB 


STEftHSIHFS, 

Built  expressly  for  this  Line,  ply  on  the  Lakes 
to  and  from  each  Train. 


Close  connection  made  at  Detroit  with  the 

Great  Western  and  Grand  Trunk  Railways  of  Canada, 

For  Bnflalo,  Bocheiter,  Iboston,  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Toronto,  MiBnt- 
real,  Quebec,  and  with  Cleveland  and  Ltdce  Superior 

Idne  of  Steamen. 

FOR  EMIGRANTS,  THIS  LINE  OFFERS  CHEAP  AND  COMFORTABLE  TRANSIT. 

gif"  For  particulars,  see  Company's  Time  Table,  to  be  had  at  any  of  the  Stations 
•n  application. 
The  Telegpraph  ILine  is  now  open  for  Public  Business. 
Paroda  and  Llf^t  Faokagea  forwarded  by  all  Passenger  Trains  at-rciT  moi>- 

ERATK  SATIS.  

W.  K.  KUIB,  General  Superintendeiit.  / 
D.  &  M.  B.  B.  Omoi,  Dkboit,  1868. 


M 


^  lAXE^iibfl  AMD  SifeAkBOAtl. 

ktikdOi  )P)^Me  dti  GMdn  9b  S 

RAILWAY   LINE. 

F«»r  Wliltfwvter,  #ttMivtlh^  Monroe^  M adlMW,  Fniirto  4ii 

dii  I^ats,  CIroeu  Bajr*  B«lo4t,  Freeport,  DnuleUby 

And  All  InteMedlAte  Points. 

Tmiu  l6AT«  MilwaukM  imaedittolv  on  ftrtival  of  Steamen  of  Detroit  and  MUw«i- 

^    u  kM  It.  k.  line,  M  folloiwi : 

10.M  A.M.— St.  PAUL'S  EXPRESS,  arriving  at  Prairie  du  Cliien  at  6.26  P.li., 
connecting  with  Steamchrt  for  8t.  PikuI  kild  Inftelrriiediate  Pdtnts,  arriving  at  8t  Paul 
during  tiie  suoceeding  niglit,  passengers  remaining  on  board  undisturbed  until 
morning. 

ffT  This  Train  also  mjJces  direct  connections  for  Beloit,  Freeport,  Bockford,  etc. 
.   \^M  ^.M.-NJjUHT  EXPKESS,  with  Sleeping  Car  attached,  arriving  at  Phlifie 

0r  Both  the  above  Trains  make  direct  connections  at  MUton  Junction  for 
Fort  Atkinson,  Jeli'erson,  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh,  Appleton,  Green  Bay,  Berlin,  etc., 
arriving  at  all  thtse  points  at  the  same  time  as  by  competing  routes. 

Passengers  for  8t.  i'aul  and  Intermediate  Points,  by  taking  this  rotrt«,  make  the 
change  from  Oars  to  Steai^ier^  by  daylight,  obtaining  Supper  and  a  fiill  night's  rest 
on  Iboord,  and  arrive  at  St.  Paul^  etc.,  as  soon  as  by  any  other  route.  These  ad- 
vantages can  not  b  *  >!iecurtid  by  ohy  other  route. 

Throu^))  Tickctb  scUl  to  all  (ihe  above-ntimed  points,  as  low  as  by  any  other  route. 

And  Intennedia<;&  Poiuts  leave  Chicago  by  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  at 
8.46  A.M. 

¥ia  Pialrle  du  Clilen, 

'  Arrive  at  Prairie  du  Chien  at  6  20  F.k., 

^Ifoking  direct  connection  with  Steamers,  and  getting*Supper  on  board,  and  arrive 

at  St  Paul  the  subcecdiug  evehing. 
f   f^  No  change  of  Cars  between  Chicago  and  Pjairie  du  Chien.    Ko  extra  charge 

or  MeeJU  or  State  RcH>ms  on  SteiUuers. 


The  Splendid,  Fitst-Class  Steamers, 

BfiUiraiikde,  Key  City,  War  Xagle,  ItBCBoa,  and  Nortbein  Ii^lit, 

Unequaled  in  elegance,  speed,  and  comfort  by  any  other  line, 
I.EAV12  fiV.   Pitl/'E.  1>A!IL.'V,   A'ttC^lT  7   P.  IXIi, 

Arriving  at  MUwaiikee  at  8:60  P.M.,land  Chicago  at  6.60  P.1i.,nu&iug  direct  con- 
nections at  both  points  with  Trains  for  the  East. ' 

%ILLIAM  JEBVIS,  Superintendent. 
J  C.  SPEHCEE,  General  Manager. 


■  t 

Great  Nortliwdit  Route 


TO 


sf.MM,  Hi,  £^iai  simm 


iMraot  Xoate  to 

Of likod^  Fond  da  Lr    ^<)rlin,  Ore«l  Aiy,  i«a  ttilft  llPlrt it,  Md  PHffito 

GMcago  and  Northwdstem  Bailway. 

Can  run  through  to 

JAKKWILUm,  'WATttATOWir,  FOND   0U  I^A'O,  (MmUMiH,  AFPUBTCm, 

OIUBBII  BAY,  PRAIRIB  DU  CHIBff,  I<A  OROSUB,  Btc,  wltkowt ehang*. 

Direct  Route  to 

Bookfbrd,  JidbldkVllto,  IliUUibii,  F^^iNirt,  Bkvttdii^  IMetM,  Dabnqnt^ 
Beaver  Dam,  Portage,  Kilbonm  Citj,  Berlin,  Stereni*  Pointy 

Chreen  Bay,  Etc.,  Etc., 
And  all  points  on  the  Minissippi  Biver.     flT  Only  Boute  without  change  <>f  Ciurs. 

THREE  DAILY  TRAINS  leave  Chicago-8.45  A.M.  Day  Exprem  ;  5.00  P.H. 
Janegville  Accommodation  ;  8.30  P.M.  Night  Ezpreie,  forming  the  direct  and  ex- 
peditious route  to  all  points  in  the  Northwest,  connecting  direct  with  8PLBHDID 
PACKET^  At  Prairie  du  Chien  and  La  Crosse,  for  all  points  on  the  MSa&Mippi 
Biver.    |9*  No  charge  on  boats  for  Meals  and  State  Rooms. 

The  Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railway  is  now  in  splendid  running  order,  and 
completely  furnished  with  new  and  elegant 

fkr^  VEtimtATEO  CfJUJS, 

Whereby  the  great  annoyance  of  dust,  so  common  on  other  roads,  is  avoided. 
Superior  krrttnged  Sleeplhg  Cars 

Are  run  to  Prairie  du  Chien,  La  CroSse,  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshkosh,  and  Green  Bay. 

0^  Passengers,  to  avail  themselves  of  the  many  adviintages  of  this  Route  over 
allotheTS,  should  be  particular  and  secure  Tickets  via  **  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
RaUway." 

W  FARE  ALWAYS  AS  LOW  AS  BY  ANY  OTHER  ROUTE. 

#  GEOBOE  L.  DUNLAP,  Cnperintendent 

E.  DEWltl  BOBIHSdH,  General  Ti<^t  Agent. 


s^. 


V 


•»,v  ^^ 


♦« 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


I 


1.0  ^tam 

E  lu  ^" 
:  us  120 


1.1 


—    6" 


^/ 


n 


HiotogFaphic 

Sciences 

CarporatJon 


^ 


^^ 


<> 


33  WBT  MAM  STMIT 

WnSTM,N.Y.  UStO 
(7t6)l7a-4S03 


.**% 


It 


we 


BAILBOAD  BOFXB. 


Galena  &  CMcago  Union 


Ri^ILROj^X). 


Th»  oldMt  and  most  reliable  route  to 

THE 


I 

Fbom  CHICAGO  TO 

SMkfbr4,  Wamn,  Oatena,  n«eport»  Mtnaral  Pointy  DonlMtl^  Bal^oqii^ 

Phorie  dn  Chien,  Lannng,  Winona,  ProMott,  XeOregor,  La 

GroHe,  Beed'f  Landing,  Haitinp, 

Belolt,  Rladlton,  Jranesvllle,  Pra.  dn  Chleii,  If ottlnvhaniy 
Waterloo,  Independence,  Cedar  Falte. 


IBB,  il£,  Ml  I 


or  THB 

6ALENA  AND  CHICA80  UNION  R.R, 

Ooiudflting  of  Dixon  and  Fulton  Air  line  B.B.,  Chicago,  Iowa,  and  Nebraska  B.B., 

and  Cedar  Bapids  and  Missouri  Birer  B.B 

Fbom  CmCAGQ  to 

Dixon,  Fnlton,  Be  Witt,  Toledo,  ]IEar§taallt^n,  Des  ISolnet 
Conncll  Bluffs,  Sterling,  Clinton,  Cedar  Bapldm  In-    ' 
dianiown,  Boonsboro',  Fort  Bodge,  Oniaha  City. 

Connecting  with  Stages  for  DENVEB  CITT,  and  all  points  in  Western  and  Northern 

Iowa  and  Nebraska. 

Ko  Change  of  Cars  in  Crossing  the  Mississippi  Biver. 

Connecting  at  DITNLEITH  with  Minnesota  Packet  Company's  Daily  line  of 
Mail  Steamers,  during  navigation,  for  ST.  PAUXi.  And  at  Dubuque,  with  the 
Dubuque  and  Padflc  Bailroad  for  Independence,  Jesup,  Cedar  Falls,  and  all  points 
in  Northern  Iowa. 

______^  E.  B.  TALCOTT^  General  Superintendent. 

Q.  X.  WtlKKJiKB,  General  Ftwsenger  Agent,  Chicaqo. 


BAn.ROAD  BOUTRS.  177 

Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

TO  ST.  LOOn,  PEOBU,  SPtamraEU^  DECATUR,  CAIBO^ 

KSmHIS,  via 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 

TWO  EXPRESS  TRAINS  leave  Chicago  daily,  on  arrival  of  Trains  from  fEe  IBktIt, 

lOB 

JaitooiiTilley  OentrftUa,  Beoator,  dniney,  Peoria,  Odiii,  Atton,  8t.  lonii, 
ColnmbiUy  Leavenworth,  St.  Joeeph,  Spdngfleld,  Kankakee,  Hat- 
toon,  Urbana,  Tolono,  Pann,  Vi^lei^  Cairo,  Mewphi^ 
Kanias  City,  Jefibnon  City, 

And  all  parts  of  dieSoatt  anil  Sonfhwest* 

ISi&@@<&©IS  @IK)(S@OS[iS)  ir(KI{^®(U)@IM]  If®  ALIL  fl6i53IF>0!ISir- 

AIRflTT  IPOORlTOo     ^ 
SLEEPING  CAM  WITH  ALL  NIQHT  TRAINS. 
PATENT  DUSTERS  ON  DAY  TRAINS. 


Take  Notioe.— Memphis  Passengers  wUl  find  this  the  only  direct  ronte,  and  by 
purchasing  tickets  via  I.  C.  B.B.,  will  save  distance,  time,  and  money. 

f0^  Trains  connect  at  Cairo  daily  with  Steamers  for  Memphis. 

Throiigli  Tickets  for  sale  at  the  Office  of  the  Company  in  the  Great  Cen- 
tral D6pdt,  Chicago,  also  at  all  the  principal  Railroad  Offices  thronghoat  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

1^  Purchase  Tlirongh  Tickets  via  Slinols  Central  Railroad,  and  seonie 

Speed,  Comfort^  and  SjAffety. 


r.  p.  JOHHSQH.  I  W.  B.  ABTHUB, 

General  Passenger  Agent,  Chioago.       |      G«neral  Saperiatendeati  Ohioago. 

J.  J.  SPBOULL, 

General  Agent,  New  Yorii. 
It 


179  BAILB0AD8  AND  BUBAMIiOATB. 

mW  TORE  CENTRAL  BAILROAB. 

Conneetilig  with  Hudion  River  Railroad  and  Steamen. 


Fmt  MvO^Wf  Nligiira  Fali8»;»ttr«it9  'HM0f, 
CLEVFX.AND5  CINCINNATI,  CHICAGO, 

BUIwaukee,  IXIadisoiiy  Rock  Ittand,  Iowa  City,  Bnlinqwey 
Burlii>ctoii»  ^Ittliiciry  6t*  Panly  Si,.  Iioniiii  €al»€i»  ikn^ 

Lake  Shore  Railroad,  BnfBilo  and  Lake  Huron  Railroad,  or  Great 

Weitem  Railway  (Canada). 

vanmovciB  axpnass  v&AistB 

Leavp  D6p6t  of  Hndson  Rivw  Ridhread,  Chftmbers  and  Warren  StreetB,  New 

Tor^  at  7  A.X.,  10  A.if.,  an<l»6  p.x. 


t$|lAC  NSWTONt  HfidOatCK  HUO$i^»«t 

From  foot  of  Courtlandt  Street,  everjr  eveningt  at  6  p.x. 

FMsengers  for  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  IWrs  Ra«to,  Tin* 
oennes,  Lauia^rille,  St.  Louis,  etc.,  oan  take  Lake  Share ^aiiceadfiK>»iMi4al»^ 
Niagara  to  Cleveland ;  thence  by  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  and  Cincinnati  Bail- 
road,  or  the  Cincinnati,  Hamilton,  and  Daytcm  Baflroad  lo  Above  places,  and  all 
ttber  points  West  and  Southwest. 

—  For  nutmi^  lioltat%  apply  at  the  Office  of  the  N.  ^JTork  Ce&tnl  ttailrood, 


im  Bnadway,  eonMr  of  Park  flaee,  mm  T«lb 

€.  IL  GRWNOUGH,  Passenger  Agvai 
JOHH  H.  MORE,  Freight  Ate»i. 


BAILBOAD  BOUTB. 


17> 


Great  Western  Railway 


ISidgam  Falls,  Sii^)6i»io&  Mips,  mi  Betroiti 
Twi  mooMi  wamm  tmm  wum  mm  moLi. 

AttM^ed  to  «M!ih  Night  thdn. 

SIOKIK  CJORS  TO  ALL  0IY  TMIHS. 


All  the  FiMseDger  Coaches  on  this  road  have  attached  to  them  a  Yeiltilalor»  by 
meana  of  which  the  interior  is  kept  cool  and  entirely  fnt  tmtL  dnft  In  sommer, 
and  nnifoniily  wtuna  ^  winter. 

fir  Baggage  oheoked  through  to  aU  Important  Pointa. 

Fan  ai  Low  at  any  other  Route. 

^T  Through  TIcitets  by  this  Bonta  are  for  aale  at  all  the  prfaidpal  TlGk«t  OiBoei 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

jultos  mmtm, 

ZUMAS  SWniGASD,  Qeneral  Agent,  Bnffido,  N.  T. 

General  Msiialiflt^  TBwifflmit  0>  W. 


180 


B0TEL8. 


SHEEMAN   HOUSE, 


Q)WMQ)A^^^  &^l^£l!t<i)S®» 


••^ 


TbiB  HoKKL  is  oentraUy  located  on  the  corner  of  Clark  and  Randolph  streets, 

ppoiite  Court  House  Square ;  was  built,  in  i860,  of  Athens  Marble,  and  has 
all  the  modem  improvements,  including  a  Passenger  Elevator  to  convey  the 
guests  to  and  from  the  several  stories  of  the  house.  In  fact,  it  iS  in  every  particu- 
lar, as 

COMPLETE  AND  MAGNIFICENT  AN  ESTABLISHMENT 


as  there  is  in  the  UiUted  States. 


DAVID  A.  GAGE,        ) 

>-  Froprieton. 
CHABLES  C.  WAITS,  i 


HOTELS. 


181 


TREMONT  HOUSEi 


.* 


Situated  on  corner  of  Lake  and  Dearborn  Streets. 

Be-built,  re-modeled,  and  re-furnished,  in  1862,  at  a  cost  of  $160,000.    It  ton- 
tains  all  the  modem  improyements,  and  is  one  of  the  best-appointed  Hotels  in  th« 

« 

country.    It  has 

NVmEROrS  SUITES  OF  Roomi, 

with  Baths,  Water,  etc.,  attached,  for  the  accommodation  of  fiunilies. 

It  is  easy  of  access  to  all  the  different  Railroad  Depdte,  Places  of  Amusement, 
and  Steamboat  Landings. 

GAGE  ft  DEASX,  Proprietors. 


im 


BOTELB* 


MISSIOM  MOUSE 

MACKINACS,  MICH., 
E.  A.  FBAITKS,  PBOPRnroB. 


\- 


lliii  vld  Mid  flivuflto  Homfti  miMit  deliglitftilfy  dtOAted  m  «lie  lOBiaBtle  Ikaub 
Of  UMtasMAO,  witliiB  •  Aoti  dMaaM  ot  fh«  water'i  •dff«i  tad  vmtigiMm  to  th« 
inMt  iMki  tlfar  Xit^  vid  oth«r  ITaluna  Omloittlit  In  wlildi  thk  iMMd 
Minil  dhiMiBiii :  bainff  alilM  oelfihntad  ior  ill  Dvn  aIi.  KMnuktlo  tettUBtw.  snd  ftii- 
iilf  fvpiiadi. 


"IWWW^II'W^PW" 


mm'^gll*^0f'i>''^t^'*^^^i^''^'f'^ii^^mmmm^mmmiimmim'tmi 


TIm  ISLAHD  HOUHB  bM  been  reoeatly  ftunishiBd  throaghout  witii  New  and 
nMhionable  Furattaie*  and  supplied  wHh  ererj  fkaXhty  to  make  it  a  Flnt'Cliia 
Hotel,  and  is 

NOW  OPEN  FOR  THE  SEASON 

for  the  entertainment  of  Trayelen,  Pleasure  Parties,  foyalids,  and  oUiers,  who  de- 
sire a  comfortable  home  while  seeking  pleasure  or  health  in  the  pure  atmotq^bera 
of  Lake  Snperior,  and  the  beaatifnl  scenery  of  the  sorronnding  country. 

moKBiAO» /ti^,  1862. 


9 


tKfniM, 


HeLEOB 


MACKINAC,  MICH. 


Tills  H^vw  If  ttOw  Open  ftfr  (he  reo0ptioii  (rf  gtteil^  it  Jum  htm  wg^tfA  tm^ 
enHtrged,  u&d  ftunlilied  with  entire  n^w  i(iiniitare.^Iti  proidmltj  to  ik»  SteiiMp 
iKMt  Luidingi,  PlMt«  of>AQiiMe»enti  Mid  bneineii  pert  of  tlie  town,  mekeUt  do- 
drabie  for  the  Bn^nesi  Men  end  Pleaetife-eeeker,  while  the  XnTilid  4mi  reif^ndor 
the  atlinit#«t  IHJWMO^  and  ▼tow  the  enttioTowii,  Bwlior,  FeH,  ond  Ml^  of 

the  Straits,  <9te.  ' 

9"  An  oliitglnv  Potter  wl8  be  In  cttondaaoe  at  the  Boahi  totako  chug*  of  ^N^ 
gige  and  oondndl  BMMengen  to  tike  Some. 

H*  iHteClB^^i  Propiiotor. 
ILlokivao,  Jum  18, 1862.- 


This  &Tor|te  Hotol  la  pioiiHitly  iltnatod,  near  the  Steamboat  Lan^Kngi,  ai  tho 
month  of  the  flbi^  Oanal^  imd  in  the  immediate  Tidnitjr  of  Fort  Bndj. 
No  section  of  oonntry  exceeds  the  Saut  end  its  Tklnitf  fer 

fiMn%i  Hmitliif^,  tr  A^nalte  qpirtl. 

The  table  of  the  Hotel  is  daily  sapplied  with  delightful  White  VUk,  and  otte 
yarieties  of  the  season,  no  pains  being  spared  to  make  this  house  a  comfortslila 
home  tot  the  pleasnro^tmveter  or  man  of  basinets. 

•  "  H.  f.  mffi,  ftropitetor. 


IM 


HOTELS. 


TR:feMONT  HOUSE. 

MABQH^TE.  MICHiGAN. 


»•-•- 


J.  L.  ARMSTRONG,   PbopbiHtob, 

toftre  to  Intonti  the  Pabllo  that  thii  Hotel  is  now  open  for  the  MeMii.  Hut* 
ing  entixelj  BKFUBNISHBD  It  thionghont,  end  introdooed  ell  th«  modem  im- 
pvoTemeati  of  a  « 

FIRST-CLASS  HOTEL. 

He  if  now  ixrepued  to  leceiTe  hie  gneete  in  •  manner  nnsniiAMNd  hf  any  other 
House  on  Lake  Superior. 

Haying  seoored  the  services  of  Bffr.  D.  B.  Bodge%  formerly  of  the  Biohmoiid 
House,  Ohiosgo,  and  the  Hsssssoit  House,  Snringfield,  Mess.,  he  hopes,  with  his 
assistanoe,  to  meet  the  approval  of  all  who  make  the  House  a  resort  for 

BUSINJ^SS    OK    PIiEASIJJBE. 

MABQUim,  Jm$  Idf  1862. 


MABQITETT^ 

Btousii, 

MABQTTETTE,  MICH. 

L.  D.  JACKSON, 


Tbk  Ihvorite  and  well-kept  Honse  is 
Bdightftilly  Situated 

neer  the  Steamboat  Landing,  overlook- 
and  the  a4|aoent  ooontiy. 


MASON 

HOUSE, 


HOUGHTON  COUNTY, 

S.  C.  SMITH, 

PBOPBIETOB. 
This  House  is 

PLEASANTLY  SITUATED, 

near  the  Steamboat  Landing,  overlook- 
ing 


and  the  adjoining  ooimtry. 


•: 


HOTBLB. 


185 


look- 


DOUGLASS  HOUSE, 

•MR.   BARSTOW, 


( 


Q(DIHa®J^|!!l, 


196 


BOWA 


■ieilf€ftll  EXCIIftllfiE, 


JEFFIiRSON    AVENUE,   DETROIT. 

J^j.    LYON,   Pkoprietob. 


MTERMTHHIML  TOTEl, 


NIAaARA  PALLS,  N.  Y. 


■OTBLS. 


187 


ST.  LAWRBNOB  BAXiL, 

-      OttlBAT  8T.  SAMJB&  STJESXX, 

MONTREAL. 


■♦-44 


This  well-managed  and  most  oomfortable  Hool,  kept  by  Henrs.  Bumill,  of 
Quebec,  hai  recently  been  newly  painted  and  re-fomished  throughout.  The  Ball- 
room, need  in  summer,  when  the  hoiMe  is  full  of  strangers,  as  a  dining-room,  has 
been  entirely  resleooratod  in  the  handsomest  style.  The  room  will  oomfortably 
dine  260  persons  at » time.— Ibioiif0  (Tlpis. 


5 


Thii  splendid  Hool,  which  Is  dtoated  in  the  moat  beantlftil  pari  of  tho  Oikf  oi 
Montreal,  near  the  Banks  aad  Fost-OIBoe,  is  famished  throughout  hi  the  best  stylo 
of  the  Kew  York  and  Boiton  Hotels,  and  oompriaea  * 

DINIIIG  SALOON  AND  CONCERT  NOOH, 

unequaled  by  any  Hotel  in  Canada. 

fgr  'Hm  TABLE  will  receive  speoial  attentioa,  with  the  view  of  rendoring  It 
equal,  If  not  superior,  to  any  in  America. 

HOT  AHB  dOLB  BATKS  *  , 

aaa  bo  had  sil  all  hows ;  and  an  OuilNM  will  alwoya  ba  fan  attoodanoe  oa  ll« 

arrival  or  departure  of  Bailwi^  Cars  and  Steamboats. 

H.  HOGAN*  A  CO.,  Proprietors. 


RUSSELL'S  HOTEL,  | 

Pj^la.ce  street, 

QUEBEC, 


188 


BUBINESB  ADYXBTISEMBirrB. 


ttUTVAl  IMSURAIICE  C0. 

FIRE    AND    MARINE. 

'   Capital  and  A«e(i '....$200,000. 

NO  SCRIP  DIVIDENDS. 

Profits  dlFlded  In  Casli  among  Stock  and  Policy  Holders. 

OOakes  Marine  Haaards  of  all  kinds.    Fire  Risks  on  Buildings,  Merchandise,  Fomi- 
ture,  Vessels  in  Port,  and  the  better  dass  of  Bisks  generally. 

William  Hart.  P.  Chamberlin.         L.  D.  Hudson.  0.  M.  Oyiatk 

B.  Pelton.  J.  P.  Robinson.         H.  Garretson.  F.  W.  Pelton. 

Amasa  Stone,  Jr.      William  Wellhouse.  A.  J.  Breed. 

Oflce,  OTiatf 8  Exehaigey  foot  of  Superior  Street^  Clofolaud,  OldOt 

L.  D.  HUDSON,  Secretary.  WnJIAM  EABT,  President 


Gomxnercial  Mutual  Insurance  Go«i 

Office,  DfSXJBANCE  BUILDINO,  foot  of  Superior  Street,  . 

OILEVEL^N^^D,    OHIO. 

This  Compai^  Insures 

Hnlls,  CargoeOi  and  Freights  of  Steamen,  PropeUen,  and  Sail 

Veaaele,  on  Liberal  Terma. 

^  Also,  Merchandise  in  Transit  from  Eastern  CitiA,  and  Fire  Bisks  upon  Buildings 

and  their  0>ntents. 

The  Innired  participato  Annually  in  the  Froflti  of  the  Company. 

Mtrtin  B.  Scott.  John  F.  Warner.  Samuel  Williamson.  Henry  S.  Davis. 

Solon  Burgess.  William  Bingham.  J.  A.  Redington.       WiUiam  J.  Gordon 

Henry  Harvey.  Gen.  A.  Tisdale.  H.  M.  Ghapin.  M.  B.  Clark. 

William  B.  Guyles.  Ralph  H.  Harman.  Geo.  Worthington. 

M.  B.  BOOTT,  President. 

GEOBGB  A.  TI8DALE,  Secretary.        WM.  J.  GOBDON,  Vioe-Presideni 


BUBiKiM  AiivjuH'ismanrw. 


;  OOHHEBCIAI. 


189 


niARIlfE  BISKS  TAKKFI  AT  CVRREMT  BATES. 

Capital,  $175,000»  with  a  Snrplni. 

JOHN  J.  TALLMADGB,  Fres.       G.  D.  NOBBIS,  Y.  Pres.       JAB.  B.  KELLOGO,  So6^. 
B.  OBAMEB,  TrMuranr.  L.  H.  LANE»  Murine  Inapeetor. 

DIRECTORS. 

F.  Lftyton.         T.  littell.  D.  Newhall.        J.  Plankintaa.  E.  H.  Ckx)drioh. 

M.  B.  Medbery.  Ghas.  F.  Daley.  L.  H.  Kellogg.     B.  D.  Chapin.  T.  W.  GkiodridL 

M.  8.  Soott.        G.  R  Norrici.      Robert  Read.       L.  Sexton.  J.  A.  Dutcher. 

D.  Ferguson.      J.  T.  Bradford.  J.  Bonnell.  O.  Bremer.  E.  Boddis.* 

O.  B.  Britt.         E.  Cramer.  ALHutchhuon. J.  H.  Inbusdi.  3.  T.  Hooker. 

Ales.  Mitchell.  WilUam  Tonng.  J.  H.  Ck>rde8.       0.  T.  Bradley.  J.  J.  I^dbiaadge 

CLETELAJirD 

lEON  MINING  COMPAM, 

"  Ifiners  and  Dealers  in 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Ore, 

From  their  Iron  Moontuns,  at  ICarquette,  Lake  Superior, 
GFFIQE  AT  CLEVELAND,  QKIO. 


E)Ol^l©Tr®[^@, ' 

George  A.  Tisdale .ClerelaoA 

Samuel  L.  Mather <* 

Iemmo  N.  Jadson. i .  .New  York. 

M.  L.  Hewitt llfarquelto. 

WILLIAM  J.  GOBIXni,  TnlUM. 

SAMUEL  L.  MATHEBy  Seorotazy  and  Treasurer. 


WiBian^  J.  Gordon Gleyeland. 

John  Outhwaite " 

George  Worthington. .......        '*  ' 

8.  D.  McMillan 


i< 


f  f 


190 


Busiaiwi  Auviuri'gMflnrm. 


WHITE  &  MAYNARp, 

A.TTORNEYS-AT-LAW  • 

Aim 

'.  SOLIOITORS  IN  OHAJS'OERY, 

Will  Fkictioe  in  the  State  and  United  Statee  Goorti  in  thig  State  and  elaewhei»^ 

FOBC^SH. 

Mnf  Land)  Tax,  Colleotioii,  and  I^uraranoa  Ag^ati. 

MARQUETTE,  Mabqubttb  CotrNrr,  Lake  SupebioBi 


PmB  Wuxi. 


M.  H.  Matnabd. 


PETER   WHITE, 

If   BANKER, 

^ •  ,.'-    t . . . 

H.  H.  STAFFORD,  ' 

Wholoiale  and  Retail  Dealer  In 

FAnirs,  OILS,  TUumnB, 

MARQtJETTE,  LAKE  STTFEBIOB. 


BOOKS 

A 


AND     STATIONERY. 

MKiituient  oonstantly  on  hand  and  for  Bale. 
BmatoB%  Perffumeriry  Hair  OIli,  ComOm 


m 


TAYLOf  &  JEWETT. 
Ship  Chattdlers  and  Grocers, 

Dealert  ii  Patmt  CtHagt,  Eagibk  Chaiis  ui  Aiehtn, 
Ctevaa,  Blt^,  Oakui,  FmUiik,  Iftvtf  Storeti  ftM»,  0l]i^  «tft| 

t 

Nos.  4  AND  5  MARtKE  BLOCK,  OHIO  STREET 

BUFFAIA  W.  T. 

Veneli  FtdnirfMid  Willi  OMB^Mto  ^lH>iit  of 


BiggiiMk  Stib,  Chfdnt,  Blocks,  Ca|»tutt,  Winches,  Windlaases,  Hinik  StvJring 
Wneels,  Patent  Ship  Logs,  Compasses,  Telescopes,  Fumituie,  and  Stores. 

SaIIi  Mid  mtvti«I  I'^tl** 

Complete  Suits  of  Sails  and  Gangs  of  Rigging  famished,  of  the  best  materials  md 
on  favorable  terms.    The  work  done  by  experienced  Biggere  and  Hail  Makers. 

f0f  Constantly  on  hand,  the  most  approved  styles  of  Duck,  Russia  Bolt  Rope, 
Bunting,  etie. 

Mann&ctiirerB  of  U.  S.  Havy  Oalnmi. 

"         S.  KAUFMAN,     - 

Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealer  in 

Ready-made  Olotliiiig, 

Boots,  Shoes,  Eats,  Gaps,  Shirty, 

YANKEE  NOTIONS,   TCfflAGOO,   OiaABS,' 

•VAVIlMCBJRV,  WAKX  PAVBB0,  BC«w 

MARQUETTE,  LAKE  SUPERIOR. 

fV*  OLOXHIVa  XADB  TO 


\S^ 


IM 


Bumncss  ADnamBBifERTB. 


,  BECK  &  SAYLES, 


FOB  TBI  PUBOHABS  AKD  SALE  OF  EVERT  DEBCBIFTIOir  OF 

STOCKS   ^2SrD  BONDS. 

f  In  the  Markflte  of 

BOSTON,  NEW  YORK,  AND  PHILADELPHIA. 

1^  Fkittcolar  •ttantbn  given  to  ths 
nUUac  Inteiwrti  •!  I.AKE  aVPEBIOB  wm*  CARADA. 

Ho.  ss  statu:  stsueist, 

BOSTON. 

Jaioi  a.  Ddpo.  Jaxm  Bmk.  Bmkki  Bayim, 

St  Mary's  Canal 

MINBRAl  LAND  COMPANY* 

n.  T.  it  d'ALZOlffT, 

TUB  CtoiftiiMUiky  now  o£fen  fbr  Sale,  on  rearaable  tennit  its  Mineral,  Agiictiltiinl, 
and  Tbtnber  Lands  in  the  Counties  of  Ontdhagon,  Houghton,  Keweenaw,  and  MbxA 
qnette.    All  the  Ck>mpan7's  Lands  are  described  in  the  records  of  the  Begisters  of 
Deeds  in  each  of  said  Counties. 

Asplieatioiis  for  any  of  these  Lands  may  be  made  to  the  Resident  Agent,  and 
will  rSdeiye  pnnnpt  attenUon. 

fir  All  persons  found  trespasdng  upooi  th%  Coinpany'slisnd  will  be  prosecuted 

to  the  extent  of  the  law. 

EO&ATIO  BIOEIOW, 

Land  Agent  of  the  St.  Mary's  Canal  Mineral  Land  Company. 
JinT7,1862. 


k' 


^a 


aES, 

[ON  OV 

STDS. 


ImntBuaii 


INY, 


^Inla 


1|  Agricottural, 
DAW,  and  Mar-l 
lie  BegisteiB  of 

ait  Agent,  aiid 

M)e  prasecated 


id  Company. 


TG?; 


W^ 


\^fc^  •w'i'\i'^'^,-S'^^'n  Ski 


?  i 


^T^^^^^ 


^;!«r fT- 


"N, 


lis/ 


vi 


p^- 


W- 


K^BBH 


.9Q 


f 


Hudson     :B  aff  C  om.?     Tcr  ■*' 

/"<«*f  Oil.  "I 

***  »t»RDj.  ^Hmnti'H  fo  Coninin  3.500.000  Sf  21  f 


Jn/.totn 


'0.9 


V 


^"    h   i    p 


'-^M.l{fe^i: 


^^y^ali^ 


'::.:=::f- 


•**  Cloud'' ^^ 


-4s^gr/ 


^i 


i*  i  /I 


■-«. 


^V 


fUdWu 


vau8 


ffer 


^'chlanal 


(ounci7i 


_  far 


1- 


JTB 


O.OOO  Sq  Mf 


r<»*». 


*// 


\)> 


%^ 


^■jr  r  o  p  p  e 

1m 


JSB.C4fnii** 


._y 


'OyT* 


^ilW 


'^r 


i*  i 


r  n 


fJfeserrZ 


\ 


'i'i^i^^ 


leKttc 


Geni^^^^ 


Mamamsc 


A( 


JhweMlner 


».«^ 


rou 


^*«31 


irtl 


^^nni 


l^ausau ' 


i^sconsin.] 

caster     xj-»- 

'^ia^\i/le  Janes 


iac 


/i 


m\v«ni&^ 


W 


^mmim 


t;^ 


^Si^  .     r*Saiiila(>< 
S  a^n»«^*iP.  Saginaw 


iilllL 


MJ< 


^^     ■/„    ■»!    JAi.itSSS, 


s-.?:..V^TALL«7,JWM      I  MB  IT  a.'J»>li>^vv  ^tg.n7». 


"J-S 


iBJUty 


tMf 


Abbitib^* 


«* 


B  ay     \»  «•  V 


T    «?  X 


-    r 


"V. 


MB. 


A 


\ 


n. 


Fulfil  fcmrwr     fJbi%»^ 


Jo* 


^j»-if  j"*^*; 


**a' 


1^ 


ToMiim 


— iifa»« 


ft  lakes 


f  erthi 


etf«^   I 


>> 


r^«i. — 


mmM 


t^Vl 


i>^;^>Jk^T^^?' 


^"'  rm 


V&i 


m^: 


y'^--"^''^^^^^ 


^ .,  .j^inm^ 


Ci^ttaui 


ecr 


I3ia 

11 


'.^j^y 


■•!^*^«5?HlEZaBSSBB6s^■s::•*^  i^sa^LJimm^m^' 


'Mmmmmum^a^'^ 


^jf.^^mi^rs- 


m.  /  ^\ 


y«v  \AK  .^.ajLAd^^^a^yjJw^. 


^^*ntkrn 


It 


Buai 


Oil  • 


42 


Vmtuau 


Brooi 


Orownirtile. 


liv 


r^ 


iiuaster  \_,-g<» 


ndeace 


j»r/p 


J 


He 


40 


^U..JU'' 


9cE 


fon* 


j^^^ 


A 


AMwuni 


^aUYDO 


BCOt 


lond 


ouii^if0fl(tm. 


ce   < 


StfOW 


Pa 


^jjL^vb     Boone* 


..ti>^' 


*^«?»TH> 


^•'jCvh 


f       Warsaw 


no 


?f  C. 


Vaudfl 


-Q 


HiUaboroj 
Yorks' 


Mast 


-i- 


^^^mmm^wd 


L^'J--^- 


f»ot 


vM 


ffertif 


ylhcManti 
S^Bcoiuiu.  I 


r«irt 


"41 


..L 


'^  Sai^i>\^|b/;..V<tyf>i<iir  L 


IP 


'^. 


Jones 


^Jaefcon. 


MJ< 


r'^f 


'"^  ^''<v4^ 


■'^'«!«il«.. 


uqnn. 


jtttaj 


^iii.finrt>4 j^' cyi"  '      


m  ■> 


t-t         — 


i'ox 


Tuuff0' 
"ftawa 


MMM 


[lecntur 


Crav 
tGreeni 


f'l 


bana 


[ifwtejr 


)cool 


Bedfoxdi 


fGeattslia 

Benton 


S'FLeksant       tK^^ 
reton 


IB/ 


•ieston 
'ays  ' 


Creenuftstmnf 


i     g?BEB^T^  ,/i^ait  i^^ga^MEST?  ^WOTftiiMi/aeHIS 


Hdfien 


'mmmm^^^'mmjA 


IB 


'"' '..sta^'"' '* 


AirT^ 


/ 


^ 

1V^ 


; 


»&■:■*, 


ditf  Albs  ■-         '-■*»1S.  ^f^    .  i 


Cc 


esttr 


7lfV/¥W 


lll Alj '* 


S?if  \ 

M#«6^ 

tofi/h'A 

i 

s 

7»  ^^~" 

.,  . 

.    .    J^^  u 

V*m[|fn 

Aii«idr 

\if^ 

$ 

y . 

P 

Biua 


4§i 


.•^>' 


MpoW*  '^'; 


{^ 


DeDd 


0itf 


tr: 


j^attinS'^^ 


ster^ 


bana 


HB^y*^' 


.^nfe 


Test 
Bitehunp 


— 4o 


toa'i 


k*^'^ 

''/S** 


fci^" 


'ay* 


fadettsh 


a4i 


jj^'wiiw  J 

S  e*        o 

^ 

1 

Sir>       ' 

j^ _  • 

HI 

iflTanaSjp 


sonhMf, 


Louidf 


ftia 


asv 


mi^.':^''mmm'4[ 


^Bk 'wk^E3  v'    i^K^ri^^'' /m  *      ^^' 


^ 


-t.->.'^.^ 


^4 


4  Mt'' 


^&:r? 


rth-i^ 


.'::T!^ 


mw 


Wfrj»j 


J^ 


c 


,  'S 


'ui' 


So 


BO*' 


link 


U« 


9«n:i 


WlfJ 


leDiL 


aitti 


Ipcve 


^/.■' 


inUl 


^^-' 


rroi" 


Mr,. 


^'^•^i 


FjqiljauiUaii. 
iUttals       

lUt^IUHIlls 

^eie^mph  lutes  . 

Staff  e  /ti'tiA'j 

fMinishedJimli&s. 

Sttutnhottt  Lnn-s 


Jlc'Rfi'^  B.M 


.Scale  of  Statute  Abies  (iTCO  Yijlsv 
lo    ao    30   40    s.o  iDo 


14AP  OF  THE     - 

siJRR6TmDiN&  country: 


NEW  YORK, 

Published   b^^  J.  Disturnell. 


38 


Ji 


70 


PRt*tTED BY  LAH^tt COOPER.  117. FULTtfH ST.N.Y, 


